Browse Topic: Fire fighting

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Establishing a High-Pressure Direct Injection Hydrogen Engine Test Facility with Integrated Ammonia Fuel Capability: Technical Considerations, Safety Framework, and Best Practices2026-26-02671/16/2026
The transition toward zero-carbon propulsion technologies has highlighted the urgent need for specialized test infrastructure to support hydrogen and alternative fuel research. This paper presents the conceptualization, design, and operation of a High-Pressure Direct Injection (HPDI) Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine (H2 ICE) test facility with integrated ammonia fuel testing capability, marking a significant advancement in India’s sustainable automotive research efforts. Drawing from practical experience, it outlines crucial technical specifications, safety protocols, and best practices for establishing robust, adaptable, and secure testing environments. Addressing the industry’s need for dedicated infrastructure, it is engineered for adaptability across various engine types—including heavy-duty, light-duty, and multi-utility vehicles—while aligning with global technical standards. Key technical considerations include the use of a transient dynamometer that features an advanced
Dhyani, Vipin, Kurien, Caneon, Subramanian, Balaji, Khandai, Chinmayananda, Muralidharan, M
Augusta Regional Airport Preparation for Transformative VTOL Air Vehicle OperationsF-0081-2025-01325/20/2025
The emergence of electric Vertical Takeoff and Landing (eVTOL) air vehicles is transforming how people and freight are moved in short distances. This transformation has a profound impact on surrounding infrastructure necessary to provide Aircraft On Ground support for eVTOLs. The hover capabilities of eVTOLs have similar operating characteristics within terminal and uncontrolled airspace. However, the need to conserve battery energy via rapid approaches and departures affects terminal airspace management. To attract eVTOL operators, existing airports, landing zones, and vertiports are modifying their infrastructure to include fixed electric charging stations, additional taxiways, upgraded fire suppression systems, separate hangers, and capable MRO facilities. Augusta Regional Airport (KAGS) is the base airport for the annual Masters Golf Tournament which experiences five times the normal airport traffic and some 40,000 commuting patrons. eVTOLs can offset land traffic issues associated
Stanzione, Kaydon, Johnston, Diane
Ground Coverage Simulations for Firefighting HelicopterF-0081-2025-00395/20/2025
This study numerically investigates the relationship between airspeed, drop height, and ground water coverage during helicopter-based aerial firefighting. With the effect of global warming and human activities the threat of forest fires has increased and finding optimal water dumping strategies for effective suppression is a crucial part of the firefighting operations. How varying airspeed and water drop height influence water dispersion and ground coverage has been analyzed utilizing numerical simulations with the VOF model in STAR-CCM+. Findings show that to maximize firefighting efficiency, balancing two contradicting phenomena is essential. These are, minimizing ineffective mist formation due to high drop height/high airspeed and fueling of the fire from rotor downwash due to low height/low airspeed passing by over the fire zone.
Goksan, Arin, Güngör, Osman, Ezertaş, Ahmet Alper
The Advancement of Aerial Firefighting Concept of OperationsF-0080-2024-11605/7/2024
Advancing technology has driven continuous improvements across most aspects of human endeavors. In the time since the first modern helicopter flew in 1939, the world has seen inventions like the microwave, personal computers, cell phones, and the internet. If helicopters predate these society-changing innovations, then it stands to reason that the manner in which helicopters operate has drastically shifted as well. Specifically, this paper reviews historical concepts of operations (CONOPS) in rotorcraft aerial firefighting and analyzes where technology advancements have made an impact on firefighting operations and the performance of helicopters in suppressing fires. These shifts were evaluated using analytical assessments and highlighting snapshots in time of how capability impacted the aerial firefighting mission effectiveness. As companies innovate and technology advances, further benefits to rotorcraft CONOPS in aerial firefighting will be realized.
Gil, Monica, Gorelick, Jordan, Melhorn, Shawn
Analysis of Aerial Firefighting with Rotorcraft PlatformsF-0079-2023-181345/16/2023
ABSTRACT
Gil, Monica, Melhorn,  Shawn, Gorelick, Jordan
The Bambi Bucket: Evolution of the Most Versatile Aerial Firefighting ToolF-0078-2022-175895/10/2022
ABSTRACT
Roedts(II), Robert
Drone Parachute Rescue SystemTBMG-3824812/1/2020
Drone Rescue Systems GmbH Graz, Austria +43 660 140 80 55
Fire Resistant Container Design, Performance, and Testing RequirementsAS8992 (Current)10/27/2020
This Aerospace Standard (AS) specifies the minimum design and performance criteria and testing methods of passive fire resistant containers (FRCs) used either: a In those cargo compartments of civil transport aircraft where they constitute one means of complying with applicable airworthiness regulations, or b On a voluntary basis, when deemed appropriate by operators to improve fire protection in aircraft cargo compartments where airworthiness regulations do not mandate their use.
AGE-2 Air Cargo
Fire Resistant Container Design, Performance, and Testing RequirementsAS8992-TEST-REC (Historical)10/27/2020
This Aerospace Standard (AS) specifies the minimum design and performance criteria and testing methods of passive fire resistant containers (FRCs) used either: a In those cargo compartments of civil transport aircraft where they constitute one means of complying with applicable airworthiness regulations, or b On a voluntary basis, when deemed appropriate by operators to improve fire protection in aircraft cargo compartments where airworthiness regulations do not mandate their use.
AGE-2 Air Cargo
Fire Prevention on Forestry MachineryJ1212_202010 (Current)10/6/2020
This document applies to off-road forestry work machines defined in SAE J1116 or ISO 6814.
MTC4, Forestry and Logging Equipment
Safety Considerations for Airplane LavatoriesARP1315E (Current)6/25/2020
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) establishes safety recommendations for lavatories in transport category airplanes.
S-9B Cabin Interiors and Furnishings Committee
Wool Mask Used to Fight Fires in Space Improves Fire Equipment on EarthTBMG-370276/1/2020
Spinoff is NASA’s annual publication featuring successfully commercialized NASA technology. This commercialization has contributed to the development of products and services in the fields of health and medicine, consumer goods, transportation, public safety, computer technology, and environmental resources.
Fire Containment Cover - Operation and UseARP6905 (Current)4/23/2020
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides guidelines for the effective operation and use of fire containment covers (FCCs). Technical Standard Orders (TSOs) C203 and C90e (and later revisions) incorporate AS6453, and provide the Minimum Performance Standards (MPS) for an FCC design. The net and pallet used with the FCC must be approved using the updated net and flammability requirements in TSO C90e and later revisions. However, fire containment performance also requires this equipment is properly used. Fire safety is compromised when FCCs are used in an inadequate manner.
AGE-2 Air Cargo
Fire Containment Cover - Operation and UseARP6905-TEST-REC (Historical)4/23/2020
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides guidelines for the effective operation and use of fire containment covers (FCCs). Technical Standard Orders (TSOs) C203 and C90e (and later revisions) incorporate AS6453, and provide the Minimum Performance Standards (MPS) for an FCC design. The net and pallet used with the FCC must be approved using the updated net and flammability requirements in TSO C90e and later revisions. However, fire containment performance also requires this equipment is properly used. Fire safety is compromised when FCCs are used in an inadequate manner.
AGE-2 Air Cargo
SUPPLIER EYE20AUTP04_074/1/2020
Just when it seems that the industry isn't facing enough challenges, COVID-19 swoops in out of the blue. No extraneous shock that's hit the automotive sector in the past decade-including a tsunami, floods, tornados, critical-supplier facility fires and multi-week labor stoppages-compares with this global health crisis. To an extent, the previous events have had a defined impact with a light at the tunnel's end. COVID-19's full impact is much less certain. Both short- and long-term ramifications are likely to result from COVID-19. Beyond the obvious threat to life, the industry must grapple with new supply-and-demand challenges. While disruptions first became obvious through China's Wuhan area, the interconnected automotive supply chain immediately rose to the surface. Subsequent issues in other parts of China, South Korea, Italy and other countries have and will certainly stress the global ecosystem. I doubt that all issues will be behind us soon, though I'm hopeful that the virus's
Motion-Powered, Fireproof SensorTBMG-3543111/1/2019
Researchers have created a motion-powered, fireproof sensor that can track the movements of firefighters, steelworkers, miners, and others who work in high-risk environments where they cannot always be seen. The sensor alerts someone outside if the movement ceases.
A Dynamic Fault Tree Approach for Time-Dependent Logical Modeling of Autonomous Flight Systems2019-01-13583/19/2019
This paper addresses the urgent need for adequate methodologies to use in analyzing autonomous flight systems, including Unmanned Aircraft. These systems are inherently dynamic and require analysis that is explicitly time dependent. Autonomous flight systems are becoming more commonly used, especially for Part 23 aircraft including Business (Corporate) and Regional Jets or Unmanned Aircraft deployed in hazardous environment/situation. Such systems are expected to make their own decisions under uncertain conditions caused by potential system structure changes when entering a new flight phase or switching to a new system configuration due to system degradation or failure(s) [1]. This paper highlights significant modeling errors that can arise in analyzing dynamic scenarios where these time dependencies are ignored. Model-based solutions are provided by incorporating a time-dependent algebraic formalism into Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) and Dependency Diagram (DD) with updated descriptions
Wang, John
NIST/NASA Study Shows One Detector Doesn't Fit All for Smoke in SpacecraftTBMG-328729/1/2018
What had been a peaceful and productive mission for the six men aboard the Russian space station Mir, including U.S. astronaut Jerry Linenger, nearly became a tragic nightmare during the evening of Feb. 24, 1997. A lithium-perchlorate canister, designed to generate oxygen via a chemical reaction, suddenly burst into flames when activated. Although the fire was quickly subdued, a dense, life-threatening smoke — different in form and movement from its gravity-bound counterpart on Earth — rapidly filled the station. Being confined in a limited area 360 kilometers (224 miles) above the nearest fire brigade made the situation even more precarious.
Remote Sensing for Smarter Forest Fire FightingTBMG-297217/1/2018
Spinoff is NASA's annual publication featuring successfully commercialized NASA technology. This commercialization has contributed to the development of products and services in the fields of health and medicine, consumer goods, transportation, public safety, computer technology, and environmental resources.
Full Scale Burn Demonstration of Two 2013 Ford Fusions - Arc Mapping Analysis2018-01-14394/3/2018
Vehicle fire investigators sometimes use the existence and location of thermally damaged wiring (arced, shorted, melted, & beaded) discovered in a post burn analysis of a vehicle as an indication of the fire origin and its cause. One systematic method of analysis is to use the process of arc mapping. To examine the reliability of arc mapping in motor vehicle fires, two full scale burn demonstrations were conducted on 2013 Ford Fusions. Both vehicles had similar fire origins artificially initiated in the interior of the vehicles near the driver’s front seat. The engines were running and all accessories were off. During the burn sequence, occurrences of fire induced unintended electrical activity were captured with video and still photography. Examples of this unintended activity include lights, horn, wipers, and decklid latch activation. The burn concluded when the measured battery voltage went to zero in demonstration 1. The burn concluded in demonstration 2 after the measured battery
DeMarois, Paul H., Ballard, William, Engle, James, West, Gregory, Pappas, Bill, Williams, Jeff
Aircraft Rescue Fire Fighting Vehicles (ARFF)TBMG-271796/1/2017
Oshkosh Defense, LLC Oshkosh, WI 920-235-9150
The Evolution of Heavy-Lift Operations Performed by Tandem Rotor Helicopters at Columbia HelicoptersF-0073-2017-122145/9/2017
ABSTRACT Columbia Helicopters, Inc. was founded in 1957 by Wes Lematta. Lematta wanted to find a use for helicopters other than transporting people, and with that vision, built a company that spurred the industry of heavy-lift helicopter operations. In the early years of the company, operations included construction and helilogging. Columbia was one of the first successful helilogging companies in the world. In 1969, Columbia purchased its first tandem rotor helicopter, a Boeing-Vertol 107-II. Today, the company's fleet consists entirely of tandem rotor helicopters. Columbia holds the Type Certificates and Parts Only Production Certificates for the Model 107-II and the Model 234. Columbia also owns a Restricted Type Certificate for the Model CH-47D Chinooks. The company uses these three aircraft models to complete a variety of heavy-lift operations including firefighting, logging, government services, construction, stream work, oil and gas exploration, and humanitarian support. As the
Royce, Anna, Johnson, Elle, Makowski, Daniela
Structural and Flight Test of a Composite Bubble Door for the CHI CH-47DF-0073-2017-121915/9/2017
ABSTRACT Columbia Helicopters, Inc, (CHI) has procured several military-surplus CH-47D helicopters for use in heavy-lift operations, including fire-fighting and other external lift operations. For decades, CHI has successfully utilized Direct Visual Operational Control (DVOC) to precisely control the load at the end of a long line. The key to DVOC is the use of a bubble window at both pilot and co-pilot positions on the aircraft, which allows the pilot flying the aircraft to see the load directly. CHI designed, manufactured, tested, and qualified a replacement cockpit door to hold a bubble window in the CH-47D. The new doorframe is made of carbon-fiber epoxy composite, holds an 18-inch-deep bubble window in the upper section, and holds a sliding ventilation window in the lower section. An abbreviated composite building block test was completed to prove the structure, and flight test was used to determine the optimal flight attitude to evacuate the cockpit of smoke.
Pilkington, Lawrence, Solem, Courtney, Royce, Anna
Air Cargo Unit Load Devices - Reference DocumentsAIR36105B (Current)4/13/2017
The present SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) provides a list of the main government regulations, SAE and international standards, and standing industry recommendations applying to air cargo unit load devices (pallets, nets, and containers) to be loaded with either baggage or freight on board civil transport aircraft.
AGE-2 Air Cargo
Effects of Wind Speed and Longitudinal Direction on Fire Patterns from a Vehicle Fire in a Compact Car2017-01-13533/28/2017
This paper compares the material consumption and fire patterns which developed on four nearly identical compact sedans when each was burned for exactly the same amount of time, but with different wind speed and direction during the burns. This paper will also compare the effects of environmental exposure to the fire patterns on the vehicles. The burn demonstrations were completed at an outdoor facility in southeast Michigan on four late model compact sedans. The wind direction was controlled by placing the subject vehicle with either the front facing into the wind, or rear facing into the wind. Two of the burns were conducted when the average observed wind speed was 5-6kph and two of the burns were conducted at an average observed wind speed of 19kph. The origin of the fire in each vehicle was the same, with the fire being set by a small incendiary device and allowed to burn freely for twenty-four minutes, then extinguished using water applied using techniques typical of municipal fire
Leffert, Michael G.
Full Scale Burn Test of Four Aluminum Body Ford F-150’s2017-01-13553/28/2017
Four full scale burn tests on aluminum body Ford F-150’s were conducted with four unique origins. The purpose of these burn tests was to determine if the origin of the fire could be accurately identified after the vehicle fires progressed to near complete burn (with near absence of the aluminum body panels). The points of origin for the four burn tests were: 1) Engine Compartment - driver’s side front of engine compartment, 2) Passenger Compartment - Instrument panel, driver’s side near the headlamp switch, 3) Passenger Compartment - passenger side rear seat, 4) Outside of Vehicle - passenger side front tire. Photographic, video, and temperature data was recorded to document the burn process from initiation to extinguishment. Post-fire analysis was conducted in an attempt to determine the origin of the fire based solely on the burn damage. The analysis showed that due to the lack of body structure remaining, since the aluminum body panels burned/melted, no origin could be determined
DeMarois, Paul H., Pappas, Bill, Ballard, William G., Williams, Jeffrey R., West, Gregory
Fire Suppression Modeling & Simulation Framework for Ground Vehicles2017-01-13513/28/2017
The US Army Tank Automotive Research, Development and Engineering Center (TARDEC) has developed a unique physics based modeling & simulation (M&S) capability using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) techniques to optimize automatic fire extinguishing system (AFES) designs and complement vehicle testing for both occupied and unoccupied spaces of military ground vehicles. The modeling techniques developed are based on reduced global kinetics for computational efficiency and are applicable to fire suppressants that are being used in Army vehicles namely, bromotrifluoromethane (Halon 1301), heptafluoropropane (HFC-227ea, trade name FM200), sodium-bicarbonate (SBC) powder, water + potassium acetate mixture, and pentafluoroethane (HFC-125, trade name, FE-25). These CFD simulations are performed using High Performance Computers (HPC) that enable the Army to assess AFES designs in a virtual world at far less cost than physical-fire tests. This methodology is applied to vehicle crew
Korivi, Vamshi, McCormick, Steven, Hodges, Steven
Darmindra Arumugam, Senior Research Technologist, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CATBMG-265793/21/2017
In outdoor locations, firefighters and emergency responders can use GPS technology to track one another. Indoor environments like high-rises and steel-reinforced structures, however, frequently block radio signals. With the development of POINTER (Precision Outdoor and Indoor Navigation and Tracking for Emergency Responders), Darmindra Arumugam has addressed the sensing challenge, and provided a potentially game-changing tool for search and rescue teams.
Lightweight, Flexible Thermal Protection System for Fire ProtectionTBMG-261451/1/2017
CHIEFS (Convective Heating Im provement for Emergency Fire Shelters) is being developed by NASA’s Langley Research Center to potentially improve the performance of emergency fire shelters for wildland firefighters. A fire shelter is a last-resort safety measure that may protect firefighters entrapped by wildfire that has compromised their escape route. The current shelter design, resembling a small foldable tent, is primarily designed to protect the user from exposure from radiant heat. It provides limited protection when exposed to direct flame contact and convective heat. The Washington Office Fire and Aviation Management (WO-FAM) initiated a product review for the fire shelters to be completed by 2018. NASA is working closely with the USDA Forest Service to understand the emergency fire shelter requirements and testing procedures.
Edward Chow, AUDREY Program Manager, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CATBMG-2561010/25/2016
Carbon Brake Contamination and OxidationAIR5490A (Current)4/12/2016
This document provides information on contamination and its effects on brakes having carbon-carbon composite friction materials (carbon). Carbon is hygroscopic and porous, and therefore readily absorbs liquids and contaminants. Some of the contaminants can impact intended performance of the brake. This document is intended to raise awareness of the effects of carbon brake contamination and provide information on industry practices for its prevention. Although not addressed in this report, contaminants can cause problems with other landing system components including tires.
A-5A Wheels, Brakes and Skid Controls Committee
Fire Protection in Military Ground Vehicles2016-01-14044/5/2016
Fire protection, active and passive, has been, and is, an important area of concern during the design, development and deployment phases for all modern ground vehicles. All US military vehicles carry handheld fire extinguishers, and many tactical and all combat vehicles have automatic fire protection systems that protect the crew, engine, and in some cases, external components such as fuel tanks and wheels, from potentially catastrophic combat events involving fire. Vehicle designs also mitigate fire hazards by separating the vehicle occupants from the most flammable materials, e.g., fuel and ammunition, as much as practical. Explosion protection of the crew and passengers in military vehicles is a unique application with unique requirements that must balance suppression actions with safety limits. This paper presents an overview of general guidelines related to protecting military ground vehicle crews from injury due to fire, and lessons learned from the experiences of fielded systems
Hodges, Steven E.
Hydrostatic Hyperbaric Oxygen Treatment ChamberTBMG-2349512/1/2015
A hyperbaric chamber has been designed to achieve the goals of maximizing safety, minimizing complexity, and minimizing cost of hyperbaric chamber therapy. This design minimizes the volume of compressed gas in the chamber, and eliminates the need for complex gas mixing, carbon dioxide scrubbing, thermal management, and fire suppression systems. The simple pressurization system affords safe operation by minimally trained personnel. It requires only clean water and small volumes of compressed oxygen, and uses no electrical power. These features allow the chamber to be used in remote, undeveloped locations where hyperbaric oxygen therapy is currently not feasible.
Hydrostatic Hyperbaric Oxygen Treatment ChamberTBMG-2304110/1/2015
A hyperbaric chamber has been designed to achieve the goals of maximizing safety, minimizing complexity, and minimizing cost of hyperbaric chamber therapy. This design minimizes the volume of compressed gas in the chamber, and eliminates the need for complex gas mixing, carbon dioxide scrubbing, thermal management, and fire suppression systems. The simple pressurization system affords safe operation by minimally trained personnel. It requires only clean water and small volumes of compressed oxygen, and uses no electrical power. These features allow the chamber to be used in remote, undeveloped locations where hyperbaric oxygen therapy is currently not feasible.
Walt Bruce, Convective Heating for Improvement for Emergency Fire Shelters (CHIEFS) Senior Engineer and Anthony Calomino, Materials and Structures EngineerTBMG-228378/24/2015
After a 2013 wildfire led to the loss of 19 elite Arizona firefighters, Langley Research Center engineers, including Walt Bruce and Anthony Calomino, worked with the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Forest Service to see how NASA’s spacecraft thermal protection system could be used to create new emergency fire shelters on Earth.
Fire Prevention on Forestry MachineryJ1212_201501 (Historical)1/20/2015
This document applies to off-road forestry work machines defined in SAE J1116 or ISO 6814.
MTC4, Forestry and Logging Equipment
Patient Simulators Train Emergency CaregiversTBMG-2080210/1/2014
Medical training is one of the most important aspects of preparing astronauts for space. Every crewmember must become proficient in basic emergency skills, such as CPR, ventilation, and intubation.
Patient Simulators Train Emergency CaregiversTBMG-3609410/1/2014
Medical training is one of the most important aspects of preparing astronauts for space. Every crewmember must become proficient in basic emergency skills, such as CPR, ventilation, and intubation.
Global Fire Detection ConstellationTBMG-2073010/1/2014
Wildfires that start in backcountry areas sometimes burn for hours before being detected and reported. Satellites offer a vantage point from which infrared sensors can detect fires. Individual satellites in low Earth orbit (LEO) offer infrequent overpasses, making the delay from ignition to detection unacceptably long. Geostationary satellites offer a platform from which to maintain a round-the-clock vigil, but lack geographic precision, and cannot detect a rather small fire within a large pixel definitively above noise.
Video Acuity Measurement SystemTBMG-205059/1/2014
There is a widely acknowledged need for metrics to quantify the performance of video systems. Existing metrics are either difficult to measure or are largely theoretical. They do not reflect the full range of effects to which video may be subject, or do not relate easily to video performance in real-world tasks. The empirical Video Acuity metric is simple to measure and relates directly to task performance. Video acuity is determined by the smallest letters that can be automatically identified using a video system. It is expressed most conveniently in letters per degree of visual angle.
Wireless Sensor Node for Autonomous Monitoring and Alerts in Remote EnvironmentsTBMG-193654/1/2014
The current radio infrastructure for firefighters provides voice communications, but does not support data transfer capability for continuous monitoring of people in the field. Current radios require user interaction to perform manual voice check-in for firefighter status. A new infrastructure is required to enable continuous, autonomous monitoring of firefighters at work via a remote command and control center. The system also needs the capability to send two-way alerts in real time as early warning of impending danger to firefighters and as indication of an emergency in the field due to a downed firefighter(s).
Aircraft Crash AxesAIR5401A (Current)9/19/2013
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) provides information demonstrating the need for establishing design and performance standards for aircraft crash axes.
S-9A Safety Equipment and Survival Systems Committee
Review of Canadian Flight Deck and Cabin Smoke and Fire Incidents: 2001-20102013-01-23079/17/2013
This paper presents a review of the flight deck and cabin fire and smoke incidents reported to the Canadian airworthiness authorities over a ten year span. The fire and smoke related diversions are categorized to identify areas where efforts could be increased to improve safety. The costs of diversions are estimated to identify areas where operators could reduce costs by seeking technologies to reduce the number of diversions without any impact on safety. Only twenty-eight investigation reports into fire and smoke incidents onboard aircraft have been published over the past three decades. These reports are not sufficient to identify areas where operators can reduce their operating costs. The Canadian airworthiness authorities received over 1,000 smoke and fire incidents from the years 2001 to 2010, of which, over 680 reported fire and smoke in the flight deck and cabin compartments for various makes and models of aircraft. Some of these flight deck and cabin incidents were related to
Lebbin, Paul
Small and Lightweight Innovative Obstacle Detection Radar System for the General Aviation: Performances and Integration Aspects2013-01-21009/17/2013
Since 2011, ROD Ltd. and Boggi srl have started to cooperate in the field of airborne platform safety through the development and the integration of an innovative radar system, based on the radar system patented by in 2009 [1]. ROD Ltd. is a startup company, created in 2011, in order to commercialize an innovative Obstacle and Terrain Avoidance Sensor concept (OTAS™). Boggi srl is an EASA DOA (21.J.453) [2] that has developed the capability of designing and certifying aerospace components from small changes to complex systems such as Remotely Piloted Air System (RPAS) or mission avionic. The direct experience of the operators in general aviation has shown that a number of accidents occur because of collisions with obstacles and, especially, but not only, with cables. During the years of 1997-2009, a total of 996 reported aviation accidents/collisions involving wires/power lines occurred in the United States. Of the 996 accidents, 301 involved at least one fatality [3]. This paper
Vazzola, Matteo, Slapak, Alon, Cassino, Pierangelo, Boggi, Stefano, Niv, Haim
Fire Containment Cover - Design, Performance, and Testing RequirementsAS6453 (Historical)8/6/2013
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS), identical to ISO 14186, specifies the minimum design and performance criteria and testing methods of fire containment covers (FCCs) used either: a in those cargo compartments of civil transport aircraft where they constitute one means of complying with applicable airworthiness regulations, or b on a voluntary basis, when deemed appropriate by operators to improve fire protection in aircraft cargo compartments where airworthiness regulations do not mandate their use.
AGE-2 Air Cargo
Test Method for Fire Suppression Systems in Bus and Coach Engine Compartments2013-01-02084/8/2013
This paper presents a recently developed method meant to act as a tool for objectively assessing and comparing the performance of automatic fire suppression systems. This methodology specifies requirements and procedures for evaluating the efficiency and performance of automatic fire suppression systems permanently installed in the engine compartments of buses and coaches. The testing is done according to SP method 4912 and carried out in a test enclosure where the fire performance of different suppression systems can be objectively assessed in a well-defined way. The test methodology includes a battery of fire tests simulating different engine loads, air flows and fire scenarios. Every tested system is rated according to its performance. The test method also includes testing of re-ignition due to hot surface ignition of liquid fuels.
Brandt, Jonas, Modin, Håkan, Rosen, Fredrik, Försth, Michael, Ochoterena, Raúl
Practical Case Studies of Thermal Events in Buses2013-01-02124/8/2013
Buses often combine high occupancy loads, limited pathways for egress, and the involvement of passengers with limited mobility. In the event of a fire, the potential for passenger injury and loss of life is significant. Additionally, there can be substantial financial losses due to equipment loss and service interruption. In order to prevent future occurrences, it is critical to thoroughly investigate bus fires and develop an understanding of their causes. The causes of non-arson bus fires typically can be categorized as electrical, friction at the wheel level, or engine component failures. This paper examines actual fire occurrences, their root cause investigation, and the measures that were taken to prevent future incidents.
Jones, Aaron, Schimpf, Nicole, Dube, Normand
High-Pressure Systems Suppress Fires in SecondsTBMG-162564/1/2013
Orbital Technologies Corp. (ORBITEC) of Madison, WI, has been a longtime NASA partner, working with the Agency on numerous projects, many through the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program. ORBITEC collaborated with Marshall Space Flight Center to develop products such as a cool-wall vortex combustion chamber that represents a new method of rocket engine design. By feeding liquid or gas oxidizer into the combustion chamber in a manner that generates a swirling vortex flow, the design confines the mixing and burning of the propellant to the core of the chamber, keeping the walls free from volatile thermal stresses. ORBITEC applied this innovation to an advanced vortex hybrid rocket engine that combines solid and liquid fuel to power a low-cost, highly reliable, and versatile propulsion option.
ISS Experiment Studies Flames and Fire Suppression in SpaceTBMG-1492910/1/2012
A combustion experiment jointly designed by scientists and engineers at NASA’s Glenn Research Center (Cleveland, OH) and the Universities Space Research Association (USRA) is currently in operation onboard the International Space Station (ISS). The Burning and Suppression of Solids (BASS) experiment will bridge the gap among normal-gravity material flammability screening tests, short-time ground-based microgravity tests, and actual zero-gravity spacecraft conditions. The basic applied hypothesis is that in certain conditions, a material in zero-gravity will be more flammable than it is in normal gravity.
Japan - Amendments to the Fire Services ActRS-BNA-AUG_12_166/27/2012
The Cabinet has issued amendments to the Fire Services Act requiring businesses to submit necessary information to fire authorities on products manufactured or imported, such as electrical and electronic equipment (EEE), burning appliances (e.g. oil heater), and vehicles, when requested to do so by the authorities. This applies only when such products are suspected to be a probable cause of a fire. The amendments were adopted June 27, 2012, and are effective April 1, 2013.
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