Browse Topic: Event data recorders

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Study on Influencing Factors of Hippocampal Injury in Closed Head Impact Experiments of Rats Using Orthogonal Experimental Design Method2023-01-00014/11/2023
The hippocampus plays a crucial role in brain function and is one of the important areas of concern in closed head injury. Hippocampal injury is related to a variety of factors including the strength of mechanical load, animal age, and helmet material. To investigate the order of these factors on hippocampal injury, a three-factor, three-level experimental protocol was established using the L(3) orthogonal table. A closed head injury experiment regarding impact strength (0.3MPa, 0.5MPa, 0.7MPa), rat age (eight- week-old, ten-week-old, twelve-week-old), and helmet material (steel, plastic, rubber) were achieved by striking the rat's head with a pneumatic-driven impactor. The number of hippocampal CA3 cells was used as an evaluation indicator. The contribution of factors to the indicators and the confidence level were obtained by analysis of variance. The results showed that impact strength was the main factor affecting hippocampal injury (contribution of 89.2%, confidence level 0.01
Wang, Peng, Song, Xuewei, Zhu, Xiyan, Qiu, Jinlong, Yang, Shuaijun, Zhao, Hui
Using Artificial Intelligence to Determine the Speed Change of Frontal Collisions2022-01-09983/29/2022
The speed change (Delta-V) sustained by a vehicle during a collision is a key element in many traffic collision investigations. Accident reconstructionists have a variety of investigation techniques that can be used to estimate speed change including crush energy, momentum based simulations and event data recorders. This paper proposes that artificial intelligence can be used to analyze photos of damaged vehicles in order to estimate the speed change. An artificial intelligence model was trained using images from over 1000 investigations of frontal collisions (the training set). The resulting model was tested using images from a new set of 250 frontal collision investigations (the test set). In about 85% of the test set, the resulting model predicted the speed change to within ±5mph of the original collision investigation results. By adopting artificial intelligence based algorithms, the accident reconstruction community can gain an additional check on their speed change calculations
King, Mathieu
Halfshaft Joints Lifetime Prediction Method and Tool Development2022-01-02903/29/2022
This study is inspired by the technological developments across all product development areas for the elimination of physical testing based on data analytics. As one of the important driveline components, halfshaft fatigue performance is mostly limited by CV Joints life. That being the case, product development engineering teams are challenged to deal with black box CV joint designs from various suppliers and validate them for different applications. In this paper, it's mentioned about the method development of road load data usage to have robust lifetime prediction for CV joints. Instantaneous joint angles which are not possible to acquire during vehicle testing with conventional equipments are one of the main parameters for the damage rating. A solution is provided to generate a correlation between theoretical angle calculations and available parameters from the given road load data. At the end of the study, calculated CV joint fatigue life in mileage are compared with the real life
Ayber, Barış, Kaplan, Murat, Genc, Utku, ÖZEN, Erman, POSA, Chris, ATKINSON, Nancy
Damaged Device Forensics of Vehicle Event Data Recorders and Mobile Devices.2022-01-10163/29/2022
Over the past two decades, digital data stored within vehicle systems has been highly useful in determining the events leading to a crash, especially when combined with traditional accident reconstruction techniques. With the proliferation of Internet of Things (IOT), the sources of that data have grown exponentially and techniques for applying that data have been refined and expanded. These sources of data range from engine control modules (ECM), airbag control modules (ACM), infotainment modules, telematics modules, and mobile devices. For these reasons, the demand for successful retrieval of vehicle systems data is increasing. Severe crashes are no exception and often present a unique challenge to reconstruction experts because these vehicle system modules - which contain the crash data - are often damaged in serious crashes. When the modules themselves are damaged; whether it be physical, fire, or water damage; standard techniques for data retrieval may be impossible without
Burgess, Shanon
Physics-guided Sparse Identification of Nonlinear Dynamics for Prediction of Vehicle Cabin Occupant Thermal Comfort2022-01-01803/29/2022
Thermal cabin comfort is the largest consumer of battery energy second only to propulsion in Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV’s). Accurate prediction of thermal comfort in the vehicle cabin with fast turnaround times will allow engineers to study the impact of various thermal comfort technologies and develop energy efficient Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems. In this study a novel data-driven model based on physics-guided Sparse Identification of Nonlinear Dynamics (SINDy) method was developed to predict Equivalent Homogeneous Temperature (EHT), Mean Radiant Temperature (MRT) and cabin air temperature under transient conditions and drive cycles. EHT is a recognized measure of the total heat loss from the human body that can be used to characterize highly non-uniform thermal environments such as a vehicle cabin. The SINDy model was trained on drive cycle data from Climatic Wind Tunnel (CWT) for a representative Battery Electric Vehicle. The performance of the
Warey, Alok, Kaushik, Shailendra, Han, Taeyoung
VALIDATION OF FROZEN SPEEDOMETER READINGS AGAINST EDR DATA2022-01-09993/29/2022
Around the turn of this century, the automotive industry introduced a new type of technology to drive the gauges on a vehicle’s instrument cluster. The change was unannounced to the collision reconstruction world, but soon after, investigators observed a marked increase in crashed vehicles displaying frozen gauges at what often appeared to be correct readings. The new technology was the use of stepper motors which require power to return to the zero position. Hence if electrical power is lost, the gauges remain in position. There have been a number of previous papers covering the operation of the instruments and crash testing of cars and motorcycles to establish the ability of the instruments to withstand the forces on the instrument during a collision. This paper aims to compare the frozen instrument readings from real world collisions with the available EDR data from the crashed vehicles. With the assistance of the collision reconstruction community a large dataset of 235 vehicles
Goddard, Christopher H., Anderson, Steve
The Acquisition and Validation of Historical Vehicle Event Data from Ford SYNC Generation 3 Systems Using Berla iVe2022-01-10123/29/2022
The availability of crash data recorded by automotive event data recorders (EDRs) has grown significantly over the past two decades. These data have been tested and analyzed via numerous instrumented crash tests with validation results reported in many technical papers. More recently, vehicle infotainment systems have offered investigators another avenue to historical timestamped speed data as well as historical location data. These data can possibly go back in time for days, weeks, months, or years. These data have also been validated through the analysis of instrumented testing, with the results published in several technical papers. A branch of digital forensics known as vehicle system forensics has sprouted in the last several years revealing a wealth of data recorded by modern automobiles that may serve as key evidence to investigators. In addition to historical vehicle speeds and locations, investigators are now able to acquire the historical occurrences of vehicle events
Vandiver, Wesley, Anderson, Robert
Identifying Pedal Misapplication Behavior using Event Data Recorders2022-01-09873/29/2022
Pedal misapplication (PM) crashes, i.e., crashes caused by a driver pressing one pedal while intending to press another, have historically been identified by searching unstructured crash narratives for keywords and verified via labor-intensive manual inspection. This study proposes an alternative method to identify PM crashes using event data recorders (EDRs). Since drivers in emergency braking situations are motivated to hit the brake hard, it follows that drivers in emergency braking situations that commit a PM would likewise hit the accelerator hard, likely harder than an accelerator pedal application of normal driving. Thus, the time-series accelerator pedal position and the derived accelerator pedal application rate were used to isolate accelerator misapplications. Additional strategic filters were applied based on characteristics observed from previous PM analyses to include cases that exhibit certain PM traits and exclude false positives. These include a crash type filter, since
Smith, Colin P, Sherony, Rini, Gabler, H. Clay, Riexinger, Luke E
Study on estimation of traveling trajectory using the recording data in the event data recorder2022-01-10113/29/2022
In a traffic accident investigation, it is important to accurately understand the traveling trajectory of the involved vehicle in order to investigate the cause of the accident. Currently, many event data recorders (EDRs) document the operating status of some electronic control devices and vehicular behavior but do not record the traveling trajectory. If the traveling trajectory can be estimated from the EDR data, it is possible to obtain the relevant information for investigating the cause of the accident. In this paper, for the purpose of using the EDR data in accident investigation, we examined the estimated traveling trajectory based on the data obtained from the experiment. In the experiment, the high-precision device measuring a positioning (GPS) and vehicular behavior was installed in a test vehicle equipped with an EDR. This test vehicle ran on specified test courses to acquire both EDR data and measuring device data, simultaneously. As a result, in the case where the vehicle
Matsumura, Hideki, Itoh, Tatsuya
A Comparative Damage Analysis Approach to Reconstructing Frontal, Rear, and Sideswipe Motor Vehicle Accidents: Verification with Event Data Recorders2022-01-10143/29/2022
A comparative damage analysis (CDA) methodology for assessing the severity of motor vehicle accidents was evaluated, in which the damage sustained by the subject vehicles was compared to damage sustained by exemplar vehicles, in the same type of crash and in which the associated dynamics were known or could be determined. Forty-four real-world frontal, rear, or sideswipe accidents were reconstructed utilizing various sources of information regarding the accident, including photographs, repair estimates, statements. The damage was compared to that sustained by exemplar vehicles in independent vehicle tests, real-world accident reconstructions, and/or simulations. A delta-V (null for sideswipes) was determined for 45 involved vehicles equipped with event data recorder (EDR) capabilities in their airbag control modules (ACMs). Subsequently, the data contained within their ACMs was imaged. Results from the CDA were compared to the EDR data. In 40 vehicles (89.9%), the CDA-derived
Hill, Michael, Zaragoza-Rivera, Yadetsie, Baratta, Richard
Extracting Electronic Crash Data from Damaged Event Data Recorders Using Three-Dimensional Printing Techniques – A Non-Destructive Retrieval Method 2022-01-10133/29/2022
As a result of fire damage or other trauma, electronic crash data recorded to an airbag control module’s (ACM) memory may be inaccessible by traditional imaging. These methods include traditional imaging through a vehicle’s diagnostic link connector (DLC) or accessing the electronic crash data directly through the ACM. Previous literature explored destructive and non-destructive methods to recover electronic crash data from ACMs containing eight-pin small outline integrated circuits (SOIC8) electronically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM). The non-destructive methods described in previous literature can be applied to modules containing SOIC8 storage devices but cannot be applied to more complex multipurpose memory chips due to their unique design, smaller spacing between pins, and the significant increase in pin count. With the advancement of automotive technology, our vehicles are becoming more connected and more automated, resulting in the need for more advanced
Zeitler, Jason P., Wilson, Perry
Rear-End Impacts – Part 1: Field and Test Data Analysis of Crash Characteristics 2022-01-10413/29/2022
Prior to developing or modifying the protocol of performance evaluation tests, it is important to identify field relevant conditions. The objective of this study was to assess the distribution of selected crash variables from rear crash field accidents involving modern vehicles. The exposure and serious-to-fatal injury of non-ejected occupants was determined in 2008+ model year (MY) vehicles using 2007-2015 NASS-CDS and 2017-2019 CISS. In addition, 15 EDRs were collected from 2017 to 2019 CISS cases with a rear delta V ranging from 32 to 48 km/h. Ten rear crash tests were also investigated to identifying pulse characteristics in rear crashes. The tests included five vehicle-to-vehicle crash tests and five FMVSS 301R barrier tests matching the struck vehicle. The analysis of NASS-CDS and CISS data indicates that more than 50% of exposed (MAIS 0+F) occupants were involved in a rear crash with a distributed impact and with no over-ride or under-ride. More than 93% were with a 6 o’clock
Parenteau, Chantal, White, Samuel, Burnett, Roger, Stephens, Gregory, Michalski, David
Beyond EEPROM: Alternative Damaged Event Data Retrieval Methods for Contemporary Complex Integrated-Memory Event Data Recorders 2022-01-10093/29/2022
As a result of fire damage or other trauma, electronic crash data recorded to an airbag control module’s (ACM) memory may be inaccessible by traditional imaging. These methods include traditional imaging through a vehicle’s diagnostic link connector (DLC) or accessing the electronic crash data directly through the ACM. Previous literature explored recovering electronic crash data from ACMs containing eight-pin small outline integrated circuits (SOIC8) electronically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM). The current literature explores a new methodology for dealing with more complex memory chips, such as multipurpose 100-pin microprocessors containing onboard flash memory, found in many passenger vehicle ACMs. The study will present methods to identify integrated-architecture modules, including identification of several known integrated modules. Then, the study will survey potential methods by which data can be recovered from a damaged module. Finally, the recovered data will
Zeitler, Jason P., Craig, William
Damaged Event Data Recorder Information Retrieval by Proxy – A Hexadecimal Approach to Harvesting, Preserving, and Retrieving Electronic Crash Data 2022-01-10103/29/2022
As a result of fire damage or other trauma, electronic crash data recorded to an airbag control module’s (ACM) memory may be inaccessible by traditional imaging. These methods include traditional imaging through a vehicle’s diagnostic link connector (DLC) or accessing the electronic crash data directly through the ACM. Previous literature explored recovering electronic crash data from ACMs containing eight-pin small outline integrated circuits (SOIC8) electronically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM). The current literature explores new methods to extract and clone hexadecimal electronic crash data from multipurpose complex memory chip, without the need to remove the subject complex memory chip. The hexadecimal raw data can be harvested, preserved, and even implanted into surrogate ACMs. This research explores non-destructive methods to clone ACMs using subject hexadecimal data for the purpose of extracting electronic crash data without disturbing the subject modules
Zeitler, Jason P., Craig, William
testing tasks 2 jms test citSAE-PP-004629/28/2021
2 go
SintzADMIN, Jeneane, SintzUSER, Jeneane
Evaluating the effect of Suspension Damping on Ride and Handling Trade-Off in a Passenger Car2021-26-00819/22/2021
In a Passive suspension, damping force is generated by a shock absorber by pressurizing the oil flow between chambers. Typically, vehicle responds with suspension deflection which significantly depends on damping forces and velocity. Tuning damping forces for various road and steering input is a Black box. In any setting, damping force w.r.t velocity is tuned for optimum ride and handling. Practically, to achieve a balance between the two is a tedious task as the choices & arrangements of inner parts like piston, port, valve etc., which defines the forces set up [soft / hard] are infinite. The objective of this paper is to measure, objectify and evaluate the performance of two such optimum setting in various ride and handling events. A passenger car set up with an optimum soft & hard suspension damping force, is studied for various ride and handling sub-attributes and their conflicts are examined in detail from a performance point of view.
Sahoo, Satyaranjan, Reuben, Eric Pranesh De, BAKSHI, Deepak, Krishnan, Hari, Singh, Amardeep
Updating Rotorcraft Simulation Environments by Using Black-Box Input FiltersF-0077-2021-168295/10/2021
ABSTRACT
Greiser, Steffen, Myrand-Lapierre, Vincent, Nadeau-Beaulieu,  Michel, Gubbels, Arthur, Scepanovic, Pavle, Seher-Weiß,  Susanne
Analysis of Crash Data from a 2012 Hyundai Genesis Coupe Event Data Recorder2021-01-09054/6/2021
2012 Hyundai Genesis Coupes were manufactured with Airbag Control Modules (ACMs) with Event Data Recorder (EDR) functionality to record crash-related data. However, 2013 is the first model year supported by the download tool and software manufactured for Hyundai vehicles and distributed by Global Information Technologies (GIT) America, Inc. Prior published research has shown that EDR data can be collected from pre-2013 Hyundai vehicles using the GIT tool and some data elements from 2012 and earlier model year Hyundai vehicles are accurately translated - most notably, vehicle speed. To specifically examine the EDR data recorded by a 2012 Hyundai Genesis Coupe, two instrumented crash tests were conducted. Both tests involved broadside impacts into a second stationary vehicle and resulted in a non-deployment EDR recording. The Hyundai was human driven during both crash tests. EDR data was obtained from the Hyundai following each crash test by using a vehicle identification number (VIN
Vandiver, Wesley, Anderson, Robert
Reconstructing Vehicle and Occupant Motion from EDR Data in High Yaw Velocity Crashes2021-01-08924/6/2021
Among the several data recorded by a typical motor vehicle’s event data recorder (EDR) prior to, during and after a crash event, are sampled time histories of longitudinal and lateral components of delta-v. The delta-v components are not measured directly but are calculated by numerically integrating the outputs of two perpendicular accelerometers contained within the EDR box. As currently designed and implemented a typical EDR does not measure yaw velocity or track vehicle heading during the impulse phase of a crash. Without this yaw information to orient the accelerometers relative to the fixed ground, the delta-v values calculated by the EDR through direct integration of its measured acceleration components should not be interpreted as representing absolute changes in vehicle velocity, especially in cases where the yaw velocity is high. EDR-calculated delta-v components must be adjusted to account for the yaw motion that occurred during acquisition of the data. With reasonable time
Smith, Gregory C.
High-Efficiency Megawatt MotorTBMG-3813712/1/2020
Innovators at NASA Glenn Research Center have designed a High-Efficiency Megawatt Motor (HEMM), a wound-field partially superconducting machine. The HEMM implements a combination of superconducting and non-superconducting elements, along with an integrated cryocooler, to achieve some of the benefits of a superconducting motor without the need for an external cryogenic system.
Heavy Vehicle Event Data Recorder (HVEDR)J2728_202011 (Current)11/30/2020
This document provides nomenclature and references to related documents for heavy vehicle event data recorders (HVEDR) for heavy-duty (HD) ground wheeled vehicles. The SAE J2728 series of documents consists of the following:
Truck and Bus Event Data Recorder Committee
A Machine-Learning Approach for Time-Optimal Trajectory Generation for UAV'sF-0076-2020-1632610/5/2020
This paper presents a data-driven approach towards time-optimal trajectory generation for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV's) using a machine-learned trajectory generation mechanism for point-to-point time-optimal trajectories on-the-fly. To train this machine-learned black box trajectory generator off-line, a model-based optimization problem is first constructed for point-to-point time-optimal trajectory generation, with physical constraints on inputs, states, and rates. The formulated optimization problem is then solved off-line for a range of initial and terminal flight states to generate point-to-point data-sets that consist of the optimal state and input trajectories. This information is compressed by parameterizing the input and state trajectories using a set of basis functions. This data is then used to train the neural network-based trajectory planner. The output of the neural network is the basis function coefficient sets for the state and input trajectories (and the total flight
Lai, Runyu, Zhao, Di, Mishra, Sandipan
AVSC Best Practice for Data Collection for Automated Driving System-Dedicated Vehicles (ADS-DVs) to Support Event AnalysisAVSC000042020099/23/2020
As technology and functionality of vehicle systems change, so do data recording needs. In ADS-dedicated vehicles (DV), the ADS perceives the environment and handles vehicle motion control, i.e., the dynamic driving task (DDT), as described in SAE J3016. When an ADS takes the place of a human driver, its sensing, processing, and control systems necessitate new considerations for data recording. Data recording is important to crash reconstruction, system performance investigations, and event analysis. It enables industry-wide improvements in ADS safety. This best practice makes recommendations for the ADS-DV data needed to support: (1) information about what the ADS "saw" and "did" and (2) identify the technology-relevant factors that contributed to the event. The Best Practice for Data Collection for Automated Driving System Dedicated Vehicles (ADS-DVs) to Support Event Analysis makes recommendations for the collection, storage, and retrievability of onboard motor vehicle ADS event data
Automated Vehicle Safety Consortium
The Particle Number Counter as a “Black Box” - A Novel Approach to a Universal Particle Number Calibration Standard for Automotive Exhaust2020-01-21959/15/2020
The reduction of vehicle exhaust particle emissions is a success story of European legislation. Various particle number (PN) counters and calibration procedures serve as tools to enforce PN emission limits during vehicle type approval (VTA) or periodical technical inspection (PTI) of in-use vehicles. Although all devices and procedures apply to the same PN-metric, they were developed for different purposes, by different stakeholder groups and for different target costs and technical scopes. Furthermore, their calibration procedures were independently defined by different stakeholder communities. This frequently leads to comparability and interpretation issues. Systematic differences of stationary and mobile PN counters (PN-PEMS) are well-documented. New, low-cost PTI PN counters will aggravate this problem. Today, tools to directly compare different instruments are scarce. This is complicated by a dominance of proprietary, undisclosed or only partially disclosed manufacturer
Terres, Alexander, Bacher, Heinz, Ebert, Volker
Development of a Secure Private Neural Network Capability20AERP09_049/1/2020
Machine Learning (ML) tools like Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) have gained widespread popularity due to their ability to quickly and accurately perform discriminative tasks, such as object detection and classification. However, current implementations of this concept have several drawbacks. First, traditional DNNs require access to unprotected (unencrypted) data. Even if the data is secured and the ML tool is made compatible for use with encrypted data, the resulting operational performance is slowed to the point that it renders the approach intractable. Second, recent research has shown many DNNs are susceptible to white box (full access to the machine learning tool and operations) and black box (only access to system input and output) attacks, allowing adversaries to maliciously manipulate the ML tool's output. In its short history, this concept has been successfully applied to a broad spectrum of problems: speech and image recognition, medical imagery diagnostics, drug discovery
Development of a Secure Private Neural Network CapabilityTBMG-376149/1/2020
Machine Learning (ML) tools like Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) have gained widespread popularity due to their ability to quickly and accurately perform discriminative tasks, such as object detection and classification. However, current implementations of this concept have several drawbacks. First, traditional DNNs require access to unprotected (unencrypted) data. Even if the data is secured and the ML tool is made compatible for use with encrypted data, the resulting operational performance is slowed to the point that it renders the approach intractable. Second, recent research has shown many DNNs are susceptible to white box (full access to the machine learning tool and operations) and black box (only access to system input and output) attacks, allowing adversaries to maliciously manipulate the ML tool's output.
CONTACTS, ELECTRICAL, CONNECTOR, SOCKET, CRIMP REMOVABLE (FOR AS81714 TERMINAL JUNCTION SYSTEM SERIES II)AS39029/22E (Historical)8/25/2020
AE-8C1 Connectors Committee
Applying Automotive EDR Data to Traffic Crash Reconstruction Virtual Pre-Conference CertificationC20168/7/2020
EDR\'s were first installed in 1994 and are now installed in 99% of new light vehicles sold in the US. In the US EDR’s are not required, but vehicles with EDR’s made after 9/1/2012 must meet minimum standardized content requirements of 49 CFR, Part 563 including speed, throttle, brake on/off and Delta V. Data must be retrievable with a publicly available tool. Only a few manufacturers install EDR’s worldwide currently, but the EU and China are adopting regulations to require them in the next few years. Some manufacturers provide stability control system data far beyond the US regulation that aid in understanding vehicle movement in the 5 seconds prior to the crash. This course will provide the participant with the skills necessary to analyze EDR data that has already been imaged, apply it to crash reconstruction, and reconcile it with calculations using other data sources. The course will enable the participant to analyze current and potential future EDR data set without regard to
Heavy Vehicle Event Data Recorder (HVEDR) - Data and TriggersJ2728-1_202006 (Current)6/9/2020
This document provides a list of data elements and event triggers for recording of event data relevant to crash investigations for heavy vehicles. The list of data elements includes recommended source(s) and formatting.
Truck and Bus Event Data Recorder Committee
Heavy Vehicle Event Data Recorder (HVEDR) - Data and TriggersJ2728-1_202006-TEST-REC (Historical)6/9/2020
This document provides a list of data elements and event triggers for recording of event data relevant to crash investigations for heavy vehicles. The list of data elements includes recommended source(s) and formatting.
Truck and Bus Event Data Recorder Committee
Evaluation of General Motors Event Data Recorder Performance in Semi-Trailer Rear Underride Collisions2020-01-13284/14/2020
The objective of this study was to analyze the validity of airbag control module data in semi-trailer rear underride collisions. These impacts involve unusual collision dynamics, including long crash pulses and minimal bumper engagement [1]. For this study, publicly available data from 16 semi-trailer underride guard crash tests performed by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) were used to form conclusions about the accuracy of General Motors airbag control module (ACM) delta-V (ΔV) data in a semi-trailer rear underride scenario. These tests all utilized a 2009 or 2010 Chevrolet Malibu impacting a stationary 48’ or 53’ semi-trailer at a speed of 35 mph. Nine tests were fully overlapped collisions, six were 30% overlapped, and one was 50% overlapped [2]. The IIHS test vehicles were equipped with calibrated 10000 Hz accelerometer units. Event Data Recorder (EDR) data imaged post-accident from the test vehicles were compared to the reference IIHS data. For each test, root
Famiglietti, Nicholas, Hoang, Ryan, Fatzinger, Edward, Landerville, Jon
Further Non-Deployment and Deployment Laboratory Experiments Using a Toyota Auris 2007 Event Data Recorder2020-01-13294/14/2020
The experimental campaign discussed in publication 2019-01-0635 was extended to emulate more vehicle parameters and also to increase severity leading to deployment event. The engine speed (RPM) and Accelerator Pedal Position (APP) were emulated using LabVIEW and added to the previously reported emulated parameters of wheel speeds and brake status. Overlapping non-deployment events were generated and the EDR data is presented enriched with additional (faster) CAN bus data sniffed from the vehicle harness. While the non-deployment events were still generated using the rubber mallet in pendulum configuration as in 2019-01-0635, a series of tests were performed using an Izod pendulum to incrementally increase event severity until deployment event was generated. The Izod pendulum was instrumented with a rotational potentiometer to measure its instantaneous angle while laboratory accelerometers were used to separately measure acceleration. The Air bag Control Module (ACM) was mounted in a
Tabone, Miguel, Farrugia, Mario
Determination of Seatbelt Use Following a Crash2020-01-06434/14/2020
When investigating a vehicle crash, the issue of seatbelt usage is frequently part of the information needed to perform an occupant kinematics or injury analysis. A physical inspection of the vehicle is the preferred method to investigate seatbelt usage. However, if the vehicle is no longer available, or the condition has changed since the time of the crash, preventing analysis of seatbelt usage by an occupant, the investigators must rely on other available evidence to assess occupant seatbelt usage. This would typically include a review of the police report, scene or early photographs of the vehicle, physical marks on the occupant in medical records and statements from witnesses. More recently, event data recorders (EDR) can provide data regarding seatbelt status for front seat occupants, and occasionally, rear seat occupants. However, the EDR data must have been previously recovered or the vehicle must be available. In cases where the available data is limited or includes only
Yannaccone, John R.
An Improved Probabilistic Threat Assessment Method for Intelligent Vehicles in Critical Rear-End Situations2020-01-06984/14/2020
Threat assessment (TA) method is vital in the decision-making process of intelligent vehicles (IVs), especially for ADAS systems. In the research of TA, the probabilistic threat assessment (PTA) method is acting an increasing role, which can reduce the uncertainties of driver’s maneuvers. However, the driver behavior model (DBM) used in present PTA methods was mainly constructed by limited data or simple functions, which is not entirely reasonable and may affect the performance of the TA process. This work aims to utilize crash data extracted from Event Data Recorder (EDR) to establish more accurate DBM and improve the current PTA method in rear-end situations. EDR data with responsive maneuvers were firstly collected, which were then employed to construct the initial DBM (I-DBM) model by using the multivariate Gaussian distribution (MGD) framework. Besides, the model was further subdivided into six parts by two important risk indicators, Time-to-collision (TTC) and velocity. To
Zhou, Huajian, Zhong, Zhihua, Wang, Xiaowei, Huang, Jin
Using Vehicle EDR Data to Calculate Motorcycle Delta-V in Motorcycle-Vehicle Lateral Front End Impacts2020-01-08854/14/2020
This research focuses on the use of Event Data Recorders (EDR) to assist in calculating speed loss or ΔV undergone by a motorcycle in a broadside type impact into a vehicle. If the struck vehicle has EDR data, this could be a useful tool in calculating motorcycle ΔV or corroborating motorcycle ΔV calculations from crush or other methodologies. Certain parameters critical to calculation of motorcycle ΔV must be considered, including the appropriate effective mass to use for the motorcycle/rider combination. This study used crash test data to determine a method of applying parameter values to accurately calculate motorcycle ΔV in a motorcycle-vehicle collision. In this study, three crash tests were performed in which a motorcycle with a dummy rider traveling in the range of 42 to 51 mph collided into the right front corner of a vehicle traveling between 5 and 16 mph. In all three tests, both the vehicle and motorcycle were instrumented with triaxial accelerometers and triaxial rate gyros
Fatzinger, Edward, Landerville, Jon
CONTACTS, ELECTRICAL, CONNECTOR, SOCKET, CRIMP REMOVABLE (FOR AS81714 TERMINAL JUNCTION SYSTEM SERIES II)AS39029/22D (Historical)3/24/2020
AE-8C1 Connectors Committee
Optimization of Braking Strategy for Automatic Emergency Braking System in Vehicle-Pedestrian Accidents07-12-02-00093/23/2020
Braking strategy is the core of the automatic emergency braking (AEB) system. How to make the braking strategy of the AEB system more suitable for real traffic conditions and more acceptable to drivers is a very important research. This article carries out the braking strategy optimization for the AEB system. From the vehicle-pedestrian accidents collected by the National Automobile Accident In-depth Investigation System (NAIS) of Songjiang Station, this article selects typical cases equipped with event data recorder (EDR) and then analyzes the EDR data. On this basis, the strategy for the optimization of the AEB system is formed. The optimized strategy is simulated in the test scenario specified in the European New Car Assessment Programme (Euro-NCAP) and compared with the real vehicle test results. The result illustrates that the optimized braking strategy is more effective to avoid or mitigate collisions.
Qian, Yubin, Yang, Xueyan, Xiao, Lingyun, Zhu, Yican
AI Identifies Previously Unknown Cancer FeaturesTBMG-360232/1/2020
Artificial intelligence (AI) technology has successfully found features in pathology images from human cancer patients, without annotation, that could be understood by human doctors. Further, the AI identified features relevant to cancer prognosis that were not previously noted by pathologists, leading to a higher accuracy of prostate cancer recurrence compared to pathologist-based diagnosis. Combining the predictions made by the AI with predictions by human pathologists led to an even greater accuracy.
Wheel and Wheel Trim Weathering Testing for Paint CoatingsJ2633_201910 (Current)10/21/2019
This SAE lab test procedure should be used when performing the following specialized weathering tests for wheels; Florida Exposure, QUV, Xenon and Carbon Weatherometer. In addition to these procedures, some additional post-weathering tests may be specified. Please refer to customer specifications for these requirements.
Wheel Standards Committee
Technology Reveals How AI Makes DecisionsTBMG-3533910/1/2019
Researchers have developed a technology that reveals the criteria AI systems use when making decisions. The innovative Spectral Relevance Analysis (SpRAy) method based on Layer-wise Relevance Propagation technology provides a first peek inside the “black box”.
Data Recorder and Mission ComputerTBMG-351129/1/2019
Curtiss-Wright Corporation Ashburn, VA 703-779-7800
Advanced Technology, Lightweight, Multifunctional Micro-avionics for Manned and Unmanned Rotorcraft Enhance Operational Capability of Future Vertical Lift PlatformsF-0075-2019-145495/13/2019
Emerging microelectronic technologies are expanding functionalities for future decades of vertical lift platforms, enabling both manned and unmanned rotorcraft to fully and safely participate in the NextGen National Airspace System. Specifically, for rotorcraft, benefits from expanded multi-functionality and reduced weight and space requirements, for both mandatory and desired optional avionics, are entering advanced development and flight-testing stages prior to being available to all users. One has only to think about the incredible, multifunctional capabilities of a smartphone to imagine what is possible in avionics with today's advanced technology. This presentation discusses achievements that only a few years ago were beyond imagination – miniaturized avionics that fully employ tiny but powerful digital processors and software defined multi-functional systems on a single chip are rapidly obsoleting the "black boxes" of the past. For both manned and unmanned rotorcraft systems, the
Contarino, RaNae, Healing, Richard, Contarino, V.
Intelligent Black Box Verification, Validation, and Accreditation for Rotorcraft Performance ModelingF-0075-2019-147335/13/2019
The paper addresses process and tool development in support of qualification assessments of performance models. Details are provided regarding developing enablers in the fields of data science, uncertainty quantification, and machine learning. Models are delivered for assessment in all different shapes, for different purposes, with different pedigrees. All or part of the model may be proprietary. In an ideal case, models arrive with detailed documentation, with known data pedigrees, and have successfully passed verification testing. This would be in compliance with the standards outlined in Army Regulation 5-11, Management of Army Models and Simulations (Ref. 1). With other submissions much less is known; documentation and pedigree are absent. It may be missing documentation of requirements or detailed specifications. Traditionally these gaps in information are filled by time-consuming, resource-intensive work of subject matter experts (SMEs), if possible to be filled at all. As
McCandless, William, Dettwiller, Ian
Evaluation of the Heavy Vehicle Event Data Recorder for the Freightliner New Cascadia with Detroit Diesel Engines2019-01-06364/2/2019
For model year 2018, Freightliner introduced the New Cascadia model to their lineup of Class 8 trucks. Testing of the Freightliner New Cascadia with Detroit Diesel engines was conducted to evaluate the accuracy of the reported event data contained in the engine Electronic Control Units (ECUs) for these trucks. The testing showed that there are occurrences in DDEC Reports, specifically in the Last Stop Record and Hard Braking event data, when the time between successive event data points was two seconds rather than the reported one second interval. The occurrence of the two-second anomaly was not always present in a Last Stop Record or Hard Braking event. When the two-second anomaly was present in the event data, it occurred randomly and no pattern to when this anomaly occurs was determined. No method was found to be able to detect the presence of this anomaly from the review of a Last Stop Record or Hard Braking event. The testing also showed that the magnitudes of the reported vehicle
Plant, David, Grimes, Wesley, Wilcoxson, Greg, Higgins, Bradley, Shridharani, Jay, DiSogra, Matthew
Probability of Frontal Airbag Deployment in Bumper-Bumper and Underride Collisions2019-01-06204/2/2019
Airbag deployment thresholds can be a useful metric of collision severity in accident reconstruction applications. The National Automotive Sampling System (NASS) has provided a publicly-available database of real-world motor vehicle collisions, including more than 10,000 event data recorder (EDR) reports retrieved from airbag control modules. These reports typically indicate the airbag deployment status and the corresponding Delta-V of each recorded event. A prior study analyzing crash data in the NASS database demonstrated the airbag deployment threshold varies between vehicle manufacturers and over time. However, the analysis was limited to Ford and GM vehicles due to insufficient data. This paper expands on the prior study of frontal airbag deployment thresholds by analyzing newer years of NASS EDR data (4,000 additional reports). We found that the Delta-V threshold for a 50% probability of deployment event is higher for Toyota than for GM and Ford vehicles. Moreover, SUVs and
Lee, Felix, McCleery, Caitlin H., Ngo, Christina, Limousis-Gayda, Manon, Hashish, Rami
Effects of Innovation in Automated Vehicles on Occupant Compartment Designs, Evaluation, and Safety: A Review of Public Marketing, Literature, and Standards2019-01-12234/2/2019
In recent years, the discussion around the advent of highly automated vehicles has shifted from “if” to “when.” Commercially available vehicles already incorporate automated vehicle (AV) technologies of varying capability, and the eventual transition to fully automated systems, at least within certain predefined Operational Design Domains, is largely considered inevitable. While the full ramifications of this shift and the eventual depreciation of human driver control are still under intense debate, there is broad agreement on one issue -the advent of driverless systems will remove several constraints on the design of vehicle interior spaces, creating the opportunity for innovation. Even at this early stage, ambitious design concepts of purpose specific vehicles - mobile gyms, offices, bedrooms - have been proposed. More grounded designs, such as rotating passenger seats, have also been put forward. However, there are two other points on which general agreement exists - future AVs will
Filatov, Anton, Scanlon, John M., Bruno, Alexander, Danthurthi, Sri Sai Kameshwari, Fisher, Jacob
Performance of Event Data Recorders Found in Toyota Airbag Control Modules in High Severity Frontal Oblique Offset Crash Tests2019-01-06334/2/2019
This paper presents an in-depth analysis of the performance of Event Data Recorders (EDRs) found in the Airbag Control Modules (ACMs), as tested in support of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration’s Frontal Oblique Offset Program. Previous studies have examined EDR performance in high severity full-frontal barrier crash tests and moving deformable barrier side impact tests. This paper presents data from a high severity oblique frontal impact test in which the vehicle was struck by a moving deformable barrier. This paper examines the results of EDR data downloaded from two 2015 model year Toyota Highlanders, and the results of EDR reported change in velocity (delta-v), to vehicle mounted accelerometers and reference instrumentation. This paper will analyze EDR performance in reporting: Seatbelt buckle status, Occupant Size Classification, Front Passenger, Airbag and seatbelt pretensioner deployment time(s), Longitudinal delta-v, and Lateral acceleration/crash pulse.
Bortles, William, Hostetler, Ryan
Event Data Recorder Performance during High Speed Yaw Testing Subsequent to a Simulated Tire Tread Separation Event2019-01-06344/2/2019
This paper presents event data from the Sensing and Diagnostic Module (SDM) of a 2004 Chevrolet Malibu during high speed yaw testing. Yaw tests were performed using tires that were intact and tires that had the tread removed. The tires that had the tread removed were placed at various wheel positions on the vehicle (e.g. leading side - front, leading side -rear, trailing side - rear). This testing simulates the loss of control phase subsequent to a tread separation. Speeds up to 117 km/h (72.9 mph) were achieved. A simple electro-mechanical device was incorporated to the dynamic testing to simulate a low-severity non-deployment event that triggered the recording of pre-crash data by the SDM. The SDM data from the tests was imaged and compared to reference data from vehicle-mounted instrumentation recording wheel speed, steering angle, measured vehicle sideslip angle and GPS calculated over the ground speed. This paper examines the dynamic effect of high sideslip angles and changes to
Bortles, William, Koch, Daniel, Beauchamp, Gray, Pentecost, David, Rayburn, George, Hostetler, Ryan
System Enables Direct Data Transmission Between Underwater and Airborne DevicesTBMG-341654/1/2019
Today, underwater sensors cannot share data with those on land, as both use different wireless signals that only work in their respective mediums. Radio signals that travel through air die very rapidly in water. Acoustic signals, or sonar, sent by underwater devices mostly reflect off the surface without ever breaking through. This causes inefficiencies and other issues for a variety of applications such as ocean exploration and submarine-to-plane communication.
DEMYSTIFYING TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER in Medical Device Contract ManufacturingTBMG-340233/1/2019
For medical device developers and original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), the transition from prototype to commercial-scale production with a contract manufacturing organization (CMO) shouldn’t feel like a leap of faith across a giant chasm. The technology transfer phase, in particular, can mean different things to different people. By better understanding technology transfer’s purpose and priorities, device designers and their CMO partners can embark on this important stage more unified in their shared goals. This article offers a roadmap for what to expect during the tech transfer phase of the medical device product life cycle.
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