Browse Topic: Collision intervention systems

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Crowdsourcing Indian traffic scenarios for ADAS development and testing2026-26-00461/16/2026
In the Indian context, introduction of ADAS can play a positive role in improving road safety by assisting the driver and preventing unsafe driver behaviour. Technologies like Automated Emergency Braking (AEB), Lane Keep System, Adaptive Cruise Control, Driver Drowsiness Detection, Driver Alcohol detection etc., if deployed safely and used in a safe manner can help prevent many of the current road deaths in India. Safe deployment and safe use of such ADAS technologies require the systems to operate without failure within their operational design domains (ODD) and not surprise the drivers with sudden or unpredictable failures, to help develop their trust in the technology. As a result, identifying test scenarios remain a key step in the development of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS). This remains a challenge due to the large test space especially for the Indian context due to the unpredictable traffic behaviour and occasional road infrastructure. In this paper, we introduce a
Dodoiu, Tudor, Serry, Hamid, Alakkad, Fadi, Zhang, Xizhe, Jennings, Paul, Khastgir, Siddartha
Market Research On Actual User Experience And Efficacy Of ADAS Features in Indian Driving Conditions2026-26-00351/16/2026
Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) have become increasingly prevalent in modern vehicles, promising improved safety and reducing accidents. However, their implementation comes with several challenges and limitations. The efficacy of these systems in diverse and challenging road conditions of India, remains as a concern. For deeper understanding of the ADAS feature related concerns in Indian market due to the factors such as unique road conditions, traffic situations, driving patterns, an extensive study was done throughout Indian terrain. The functionality and performance of different ADAS features were evaluated in the real-world scenarios. The objective data of the observations and occurrence conditions were captured with help of data loggers & camera setups inside the vehicle. This research paper represents a comprehensive study on the challenges faced by user while using ADAS enabled cars in Indian road conditions. We captured the performance data of various ADAS features
Kumbhar, Prasad Uttam, Pyasi, Praveen
Methodical Approach to preparedness of India specific automotive database matrix with example of AEB scenarios.2026-26-06511/16/2026
The purpose of this report is to identify systematic approach of formation of India specific automotive database matrix. Section 2 reviews the practices used to prepare automotive dataset catalogue with established pattern to showcase automotive dataset from which appropriate data clusters can be picked up judiciously in order to train ADAS algorithms. Section 3 applies this framework which helps to establish strategy to build a grid in which Indian automotive dataset can be contoured and selection of serviceable data bunches can be picked. This would make sure prompt selection of database aiming model training with valid input. This serves the purpose of implementation and evaluation of varied ADAS levels in India which insist upon good quality of distinguished dataset pertaining to Indian scenarios. Section 4 explains the described approach with the example of AEB scenarios and present appropriate matrix readiness comprising of relevant data objects excluding unnecessary junk data
Behere, Sayali Rajendra, Karle, Manish, Karle, Ujjwala
Integrated Evaluation of Pre-Crash Braking and Crash Injury Outcomes Using Human Body Models and ATDs2026-26-00191/16/2026
Traditionally, vehicle occupant safety research has focused on passive safety aspects like crashworthiness and occupant restraint systems. However, with the advent of Active Safety technologies such as Forward Collision Warning (FCW) and Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB), research has expanded to include occupant kinematics during the pre-crash phase. AEB, by inducing occupant movement, often leads to out-of-position (OOP) behavior, compromising available space during the crash phase. Current Anthropometric Test Devices (ATDs) are limited in simulating occupant kinematics during the pre-crash phase, especially in the neck and torso regions. These devices are rigid and unable to replicate human body dynamics during low-acceleration events like AEB. To address this gap, Human Body Models (HBMs) such as THUMS, GHBMC, and SAFER are used to provide more biofidelic simulations. This study begins with physical vehicle trials conducted with human volunteers at various speeds to measure
Pendurthi, Chaitanya Sagar, THANIGAIVEL RAJA, T, Kondala, Hareesh, Sudarshan, B.Sudarshan, Nehe, Vaibhav, Rao, Guruprakash
Mileage Accumulation Target Identification For AEBS Validation for Medium & Heavy Trucks Considering Real-World Accidents In India2026-26-00361/16/2026
Robust validation of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) considering real-world conditions is a vital for ensuring safety. Mileage accumulation is a one of the validation method for ensuring ADAS system robustness. By subjecting systems to diverse real-world driving environments and edge-case scenarios, engineers can evaluate performance, reliability, and safety under realistic conditions. In accordance with ISO 21448 (SOTIF), known hazardous scenarios are explicitly tested during robustness validation in combination of virtual and physical testing at component, sub system and vehicle level, while unknown hazards may emerge through extended mileage by running vehicles on roads, allowing them to be identified and classified. However, defining a mileage target that ensures comprehensive safety remains a significant engineering challenge. This paper proposes a data-driven approach to define mileage accumulation targets for validating Autonomous Emergency Braking Systems (AEBS
Koralla, Sivaprasad, Ravjani, Amin, Tatikonda, Vijay, GADEKAR, GANESH
Advancing Safe and Sustainable Mobility: A Review of Emerging Trends and Challenges in ADAS2026-26-00421/16/2026
India’s severe road safety challenges, marked by high accident rates and fatalities, necessitate innovative solutions like Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) to align with SIAT 2026’s theme, “Innovative Pathways for Safe and Sustainable Mobility. This review synthesizes recent studies to explore ADAS’s role in enhancing safety and sustainability in India’s unique traffic environment. Technologies such as automatic emergency braking, lane departure warnings, and driver monitoring systems show promise in reducing crashes caused by human error, a leading factor in road incidents. However, India’s complex road conditions unmarked lanes, dense urban traffic, and prevalent two-wheelers pose significant challenges to ADAS effectiveness. Recent surveys highlight strong public support for ADAS, with many Indian road users recognizing its safety benefits and advocating for its integration into vehicles. Despite growing adoption by automakers like Tata and Mahindra, barriers such as high
Neelakanthu, Karra, Sreenivasulu, T, Kumar, Om, Haregaonkar, Rushikesh Sambhaji, Kumar, Rajiv
Leveraging road accident database to enhance ADAS features and testing protocols in context of Indian driving conditions2026-26-00141/16/2026
Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) are pivotal in enhancing road safety by reducing human error and assisting drivers in critical situations. Since, major ADAS technologies are developed and validated using data and test scenarios that are predominantly based on driving conditions and road environments of developed countries. But for country like India where driving behaviour, traffic dynamics, road infrastructure and the accident characteristics differ significantly, the ADAS technologies and test scenarios validated by different forums create a critical gap in deploying such systems on vehicles to work on Indian roads. The objective of this research is to identify and generate India specific ADAS test scenarios from the Road Accident Sampling system India (RASSI) database, available MoRTH reports, data available from previously executed ADAS test cases, etc. Through this research we propose a methodology to identify, extract and analyse accident scenarios pertaining to Indian
Adhikari, Mayur, Bhagat, Ajinkya, Verma, Harshal, Kale, Jyoti Ganesh, Sharma, Chinmaya, Karle, Ujjwala
Guidelines for the Integration of Electronic Engine Control Systems for Transport Category (Part 25) and General Aviation (Part 23) AircraftAIR5924B (Current)11/26/2025
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) provides methodologies and approaches that have been used to install and integrate full-authority-digital-engine-control (FADEC) systems on transport category aircraft. Although most of the information provided is based on turbofan engines installed on large commercial transports, many of the issues raised are equally applicable to corporate, general aviation, regional and commuter aircraft, and to military installations, particularly when commercial aircraft are employed by military users. The word “engine” is used to designate the aircraft propulsion system. The engine station designations used in this report are shown in Figure 1. Most of the material concerns an Electronic Engine Control (EEC) with its associated software, and its functional integration with the aircraft. However, the report also addresses the physical environment associated with the EEC and its associated wiring and sensors. Since most of today’s transport category
E-36 Electronic Engine Controls Committee
Detect and Avoid function for UAVs using ACAS Xu for Non-Cooperative TargetsF-0081-2025-02745/20/2025
Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) is an innovative concept that aims to revolutionize air transportation through electric and unmanned aircraft, enabling applications such as urban air taxis and medical transport. However, one of the key challenges to its widespread adoption is ensuring safety, particularly in collision avoidance. This study focuses on the development of a perception and guidance system for avoiding collisions with non-cooperative targets, which do not share their position or trajectory. To achieve this, a Frequency-Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) radar and an InfraRed(IR) camera are used. Compared to traditional pulsed or panel radars, FMCW radars offer higher resolution, better detection of small and slow-moving objects, and improved performance in cluttered environments. The IR camera enhances situational awareness by providing visual confirmation and additional tracking capability, making this sensor fusion approach particularly suitable for AAM applications. Our
Brivio, Riccardo, Crippa, Anna, Baiguera, Matteo, Portanti, Samuele, Bertolo, Mattia
Evaluation of Automated Emergency braking systems for collision avoidance2024-26-01851/16/2024
From the past few years, there is a pressing need for implementation of automatic in-vehicle safety systems to avoid vehicle crashes and fatalities. Development of autonomous emergency braking systems (AEB) to detect and avoid collisions in such critical moments is of paramount importance. In this paper, AEB control systems are developed for a four-wheeler system that aims to detect pedestrians and/or vehicles and halts the ego vehicle based on the time to collision (TTC). This control system aims to react based on the real-time relative distance & speed of the ego vehicle to actuate appropriate braking force. Control systems developed in Altair ActivateTM are co-simulated with CARLA, a virtual reality simulator for autonomous driving research. Various scenarios including sudden pedestrian entry, low and high-speed car to car motion, urban high traffic density environment, changing weather condition etc. are simulated to study the robustness of the control system. Further, studies are
K V, Manoj, Kamikkiya, P, Urs, Hriday V.
Framework for the Verification & Validation (V&V) of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems2024-26-00221/16/2024
Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) systems play a critical role in ensuring vehicle safety by detecting potential rear-end collisions and automatically applying brakes to mitigate or prevent accidents. This paper focuses on establishing a framework for the Verification & Validation (V&V) of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) by testing & verifying the functionality of a RADAR-based AEB ECU. A comprehensive V&V approach was adopted, incorporating both virtual and physical testing. For virtual testing, closed-loop Hardware-in-Loop (HIL) simulation technique was employed. The AEB ECU was interfaced with the real-time hardware via CAN. Data for the relevant target such as the target position, velocity etc. was calculated using an ideal RADAR sensor model running on the real-time hardware. The methodology involved conducting a series of test scenarios, including various driving speeds, obstacle types, and braking distances. Automation was leveraged to perform automated testing and
Bhagat, Ajinkya, Kale, Jyoti Ganesh, Pachhapurkar, Ninad, Karle, Manish, R, Manish, Karle, Ujjwala
Evaluating forward collision warning and autonomous emergency braking systems in India using dashboard cameras2024-26-00311/16/2024
Road traffic fatalities in India have been increasing, reaching around 150,000 fatalities a year. To reduce fatalities, some prospective studies suggested using active safety technologies such as Forward Collision Warning (FCW), and Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB). However, the effectiveness of FCW and AEB on Indian roads using retrospective studies is not known. Vehicle data such as radar, and controller area network signals could be used for the evaluation of the systems (FCW and AEB). However, these data are not readily accessible. This exploratory study aims to explore the opportunities and limitations of using simple dashboard cameras for a Field Operational Test. One European car with state-of-the-art FCW and AEB systems was rented. Fifteen drivers shared the vehicle, driving almost 10,000 km over 29 days. The vehicle was mounted with a set of dashboard cameras. The navigator noted the “system activated” events and “no activation” events in the logbook during the drive. Post
Shaikh, Junaid, Lubbe, Nils
Regulatory trends for enhancement of Road Safety2024-26-01651/16/2024
Various Advanced Driver Assistance systems are being introduced to the Indian Market with the aim of reducing the road fatalities and injuries leading to severe trauma. India being one of the largest markets for the automobile sector always stands committed towards providing safe and sustainable transportation to its citizens. Advanced Driver Systems such as Anti-lock Braking Systems (ABS), Autonomous Emergency Braking systems (AEBS), Lane Departure Warning Systems, Auto Lane Correction Systems, Driver Drowsiness Monitoring Systems, Speed Limiting and Assisting Systems, Automated Crusing Control Systems, Automated Commanded Steering Functions, Traffic Jam assist systems etc., assist the driver during driving. They tend to reduce road accidents and related fatalities by their advanced and artificial intelligent fed programs. This paper will share an insight on the past, recent and the upcoming developments in the regulations with respect to driver assist systems, that are being enforced
Nayak, Pratik, Rawal, Vishal, Patil, Kamalesh, Tandon, Vikram, Badusha, Akbar
A Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Radar-Based Rider Assistance System for Personal Light Electric Vehicles2023-01-50407/6/2023
The use of personal light electric vehicles (PLEVs), such as electric scooters, has rapidly increased in recent years. However, their widespread use has raised concerns about rider safety due to their vulnerability in shared traffic spaces. To address this issue, this paper presents a radar-based rider assistance system aimed at enhancing the safety of PLEV riders. The system consists of an adaptive feedback system and a single-channel anti-lock braking system (ABS). The adaptive feedback system uses multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar sensors to detect nearby objects and provide real-time warnings to the rider through haptic, visual, and acoustic signals. The system takes into account traffic density and uses online data to warn about obscured objects, thereby improving the rider’s situational awareness. Results from testing the feedback system show that it effectively detects potential collisions and provides warning signals, reducing the risk of accidents. The ABS is
Pyschny, Jan, Berger, Felix, Rothen, Samuel, Denker, Joachim, Frantzen, Michael, Roder, Felix, Kneiphof, Simon
Routing and Security Mechanisms Design for Automotive TSN/CAN FD Security Gateway2022-01-01223/29/2022
With the explosion of in-vehicle data, Time Sensitive Network (TSN) is increasingly becoming the backbone of the in-vehicle network to ensure deterministic real-time communication and Quality of Service (QoS). However, legacy buses such as CAN FD and LIN will not disappear for a long time in the future. The gateway can be connected to many different protocols and is an important component in the security and functional safety of the communication process. In this paper, the recommended Electrical/Electronic Architecture is first given and the use cases for the TSN/CAN FD gateway are illustrated. Then, a TSN/CAN FD routing mechanism is designed and security mechanisms are deployed. The routing mechanism includes the protocol conversion module, queue cache module, and forwarding scheduling module. The protocol conversion module maps the priority of CAN FD messages to TSN messages and unpacks or packs the messages according to the routing table. Dynamic space of queue is utilized in the
Luo, Feng, Yang, Zhenyu, Wang, Zitong, Wang, Jiajia
The Acquisition and Validation of Historical Vehicle Event Data from Ford SYNC Generation 3 Systems Using Berla iVe2022-01-10123/29/2022
The availability of crash data recorded by automotive event data recorders (EDRs) has grown significantly over the past two decades. These data have been tested and analyzed via numerous instrumented crash tests with validation results reported in many technical papers. More recently, vehicle infotainment systems have offered investigators another avenue to historical timestamped speed data as well as historical location data. These data can possibly go back in time for days, weeks, months, or years. These data have also been validated through the analysis of instrumented testing, with the results published in several technical papers. A branch of digital forensics known as vehicle system forensics has sprouted in the last several years revealing a wealth of data recorded by modern automobiles that may serve as key evidence to investigators. In addition to historical vehicle speeds and locations, investigators are now able to acquire the historical occurrences of vehicle events
Vandiver, Wesley, Anderson, Robert
A study of the Performance of Autonomous Emergency Braking Systems when presented with Pedestrian Targets 2022-01-09893/29/2022
This paper reviews and analyzes the testing conducted by the IIHS with respect to Automatic Emergency Braking systems equipped on passenger vehicles when presented with a pedestrian hazard ahead. The paper addresses the differences in how vehicles respond to a moving and stationary pedestrian, the difference in vehicle behaviour if the pedestrian is initially not visible, and the differences in vehicle behaviour when the hazard is a stopped vehicle vs. a pedestrian. Finally, the paper addresses differences in human performance and vehicle behaviour when faced with a pedestrian in motion
Miholjcic, Djordje, Erazo, Fabian, Polak, Anna
Design and Hardware in the Loop testing of AEB controllers2022-01-01063/29/2022
Current ADAS systems can improve vehicle safety directly influencing its dynamics, reducing the impact of human error while driving. These functionalities have a high impact on the complexity of each unit installed on the car, potentially increasing the development time. In this work, a Hardware in the Loop testing methodology for Autonomous Emergency Braking system is presented, aiming to enable a faster system development process. A commercial production brake by wire unit has been installed on a real-time driving simulator. The AEB functionality of the unit is activable in real-time during the simulation, by the means of a customizable control strategy. Three different AEB controllers have been implemented: the first one reproduces the unit stock functionality, while the two remaining compute the requested deceleration using a PID and a Fuzzy control strategy. The three controllers have been tested in standardized EuroNCAP Car-to-Car Rear (CCR) collision scenarios, implemented on
Alfatti, Federico, Garinei, Michele, Annicchiarico, Claudio, Capitani, Renzo
Research on High-efficiency Test Method of Vehicle AEB based on High-precision Detection of Radar Turntable Encoder2021-01-127310/11/2021
With the increasingly complex traffic environment, the vehicle AEB system needs to go through a large number of testing processes, in order to drive more safely on the road. For speeding up the development process of AEB and solve the problems of long cycle, high cost and low efficiency in AEB testing, in this paper, a millimeter wave radar turntable is built, and a high-precision detection algorithm of turntable encoder is designed, at the same time, a test method of vehicle AEB based on the detection data of radar turntable encoder is designed. The verification results show that methods described in this paper can be used to develop the vehicle AEB test algorithm efficiently.
Li, Kun, Cao, Guohua, Ding, Hongchang, Hou, Han, Li, Xin
Improving Pedestrian Automatic Emergency Braking2021-01-126510/11/2021
Abstract: Most new vehicles sold in 2018 (56%) had, as either a standard or optional feature, Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) equipped with Pedestrian Automatic Emergency Braking (AEB). However, current testing protocols implemented by safety organizations and programs, such as Euro NCAP, NCAP, and IIHS largely do not evaluate the performance of PAEB in dark conditions without streetlights. This is true despite data from the National Highway Traffic Safety Association (NHTSA) showing that more pedestrian fatalities occur in dark conditions without streetlights than in daylight conditions. Additionally, independent tests conducted by NHTSA and the American Automobile Association (AAA) reveal that, in every scenario considered, PAEB systems frequently fail to protect pedestrians in dark conditions. Within this context, to encourage improvement in PAEB performance and increase nighttime pedestrian safety, this paper includes the following sections: 1. A proposal for the
Naikal, Nikhil
A Comparative Study on Various Methodologies and Solutions for Evaluation of Short-Range Radar to Validate the Features of Autonomous Vehicle.2021-26-04689/22/2021
Autonomous vehicle is a vehicle capable of sensing its environment and taking decisions automatically with no human interventions. To achieve this goal, ADAS (Advance Driving Assistance System) technologies play an important role and even today technologies are improving and emerging. The sensing of environment can be achieved with the help of sensors like Radar and Camera. Radar sensors are used in detecting the range, speed and directions of multiple targets using complex signal processing algorithms. Radar with long range and short range are widely used in the autonomous vehicles. Radar sensors with long range can be used to realize features like Adaptive Cruise Control, Advance Emergency Brake Assist. The short-range radar sensors are used for Blind Spot Monitoring, Lane Change Assist, Rear Pre-Crash System, Rear Cross Traffic Alert, Occupant safe exist, Trailer Merge Assist and Front Cross Traffic Alert. To realize the Autonomous Vehicle functionalities four short range radar
Sujeendra, M R, Kesana, Sindhu Prabha, Saddaladinne, Jagadeesh Babu
INTEGRATED ACTIVE SAFETY SYSTEM FOR MOTOR GRADERS2021-26-01379/22/2021
Safety of the operators in any equipment can be achieved by both passive and active systems. Passive safety system includes Seat belt, primary air bag, bumper, and other structural components which protects the operator from injuries during accidents. On the other side, Active safety systems like Braking, Steering, Collision avoidance system, operator fatigue monitoring systems minimise and eliminates the accidents among which the Brake system is primarily used to control and stop the equipment. Motor graders are work equipment which are designed to carry out many works like grading, spreading, levelling, metal mixing in road construction and many other infrastructure projects. Considering the field operating conditions of motor grader, it is very essential to provide excellent brake system to control and stop the equipment. In order to obtain maximum productivity the equipment speed is kept substantially high. Brake systems are operated using Air, Hydraulics, etc., among which the Air
KUMARAN, RAJASEKAR, hs, satish chandra
Simulation based Verification and Validation of AEBS2021-26-01289/22/2021
ADAS and AV technologies are going to disrupt the entire transportation industry as we know it, with a profound impact on human life. They promise to enhance human lives by providing a safer and much more accessible transportation ecosystem to all of society. But to deliver on all of its promises, they need to be at least as good as a 'good' human driver. And therefore, they need to be very safe and robust, having the ability to perform in a variety of driving scenarios, and be very secure, being immune from any external cyberattacks. Hence, such technologies need to be tested very extensively. But from various studies, it has been found that, to declare a full AV as good as a human driver, the AV will be required to drive more than a billion miles on real roads, taking tens and sometimes hundreds of years to drive those miles, considering even the most aggressive testing assumptions. Every small update to the AV will require another billion miles of testing to be approved for real
Bhagat, Ajinkya Shirish, Karle, Ujjwala, Kale, Jyoti, Karle, Manish
Design and Development Methodology of Automatic Electric Start System for Power Tiller2021-26-00939/22/2021
This paper deals with designing and development methodology of Automatic Electric Start (AES) system for power tiller which has horizontal diesel engine as prime mover. Designing of AES system constitutes of designing of Starter Motor, Starter Motor Bracket, Flywheel Ring Gear, Battery, Electrical Circuit, Fan Alternator and then development these components as integrated system prototype. Unlikely tractor market, AES system are not so common in Indian power tiller market therefore, unprecedented design approach towards design of AES system on power tiller engine has been presented in this paper. An engine without AES system requires of huge amount of engine starting effort by farmer whereby farmers fatigue levels are always on higher side. AES system on power tiller has made 0 N force requirement to start engine which was approximately 92 N earlier. Design of AES system depends on analysis engine cranking torque, which is a complex process and involves calculation of moments, such as
singh, sahildeep, sakthiendran, s, kanase, kedar
Fighter Jet ArmamentsTBMG-398689/1/2021
MBDA Les Plesis Robinson, France +33 1 71 54 10 00
Simulation Framework for Testing Autonomous Vehicles in a School for the Blind Campus2021-01-01184/6/2021
With the advent of increasing autonomous vehicles on public roads, the safety of vulnerable road users such as pedestrians, cyclists, etc. has never been more important. These especially include Blind or Visually Impaired (BVI) pedestrians who face difficulty in making confident decisions in road crossings without the help of accessible pedestrian signals (APS). This paper addresses some of the safety measures that can be taken to improve and assess the safety of BVI pedestrians in a controlled environment like a BVI school campus where autonomous vehicles are operated. The majority of research on autonomous vehicle safety does not consider the edge cases of encounters with BVI pedestrians. Based on this motivation, requirements and characteristics of Non-BVI and BVI pedestrians have been stated along with the motion models used to predict their future movements. Existing tools based on Bayesian multi-model filters were used for pedestrian tracking and motion predictions. These can be
Kalidas, Karthik, Gelbal, Sukru Yaren, Aksun Guvenc, Bilin
An Automatic Emergency Braking System for Collision Avoidance Assist of Multi-Trailer Vehicle Based on Model Prediction Control2021-01-01174/6/2021
The autonomous collision avoidance problem for multi-trailer vehicle maneuvering is investigated in this paper. Different from conventional vehicle systems that contain one single moving part or multi-parts that can be considered as one rigid body, the interconnection between the tractor and each trailer, and interactions between trailers in the multi-trailer system introduce a high dimensional and highly complex dynamic system for the controller design. The external disturbance and parametric uncertainties further increase the difficulty in system identification and state space formulation. To implement a real time control system for various scenarios where the locations and states of the obstacles are not known beforehand, a supervisory algorithm is designed to convert the control problem to a discrete event system. The model predictive control (MPC) using limited lookahead policy is employed in the proposed algorithm. By viewing the system model under consideration as a finite
Liu, Yucheng, Ball, John, Abdelwahed, Sherif, He, Ge
Coalesce of Artificial Intelligence into ADAS Hardware-In-the-Loop Testing2021-01-01934/6/2021
Automotive industry is inclined towards connected, comfortable, environment friendly, efficient and smarter systems. Advanced Driver Assist System (ADAS) technology assist drivers to achieve a safer as well as better ride by automation and improvisation of the vehicular systems. With the advent of ADAS system, there is a significant focus not only in the development of Electronic Control Units (ECUs) and its features to cater to the emerging market but also on the information that could be displayed to meet the functional as well as safety requirements. This ADAS information display ensures timely notification to the driver with unique alerts that can be acoustic or visual. These systems should be tested thoroughly to ensure reliability as failures may impose severe risk on the OEM. Hardware in the loop testing has been largely adopted by industry against manual testing in lieu of the testing constraints imposed by the latter. This paper discusses on the existing test methods for ADAS
Krishnamoorthy, Bharathi, Nammalwar, Giri, Wulf, Torsten, Pazhur, Nandini
Performance of the Ford Pre-Collision Assist with Automatic Emergency Braking System in Instrumented Tests2021-01-08944/6/2021
Modern Ford vehicles can be manufactured with a system known as Pre-Collision Assist with Automatic Emergency Braking (AEB). The Pre-Collision Assist feature uses camera technology to detect a potential collision with a vehicle or pedestrian directly ahead. If a potential collision is detected, an alert sound is emitted, and a warning message displays in the vehicle’s message center. If the driver response is not sufficient, AEB will be pre-charged and brake-assist sensitivity will be increased to provide full responsiveness if the driver does brake. If there is no perceived corrective action and a collision is imminent, the vehicle’s brakes can apply automatically. By detecting the possible collision and actuating the braking system, it is possible to prevent some collisions and lessen the severity of others. Testing of this system was conducted using a 2020 Ford Explorer. During several tests, the instrumented Ford was driven at a simulated target vehicle or pedestrian dummy. Data
Vandiver, Wesley, Anderson, Robert
Letter from the Guest Editors12-04-01-00013/17/2021
Letter from the Guest Editors
Hamid, Umar Zakir Abdul, Sandblom, Fredrik, Habibovic, Azra, Li, Bin
Motorcycles Enter the ADAS Age21AVEP03_033/1/2021
The latest models from BMW, Ducati and KTM feature Bosch's new ACC setup, but further advancements will require navigating critical rider-control strategies. Motorcycles finally are entering the advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) age, dipping both wheels into autonomous waters with the production debut of adaptive cruise control (ACC). On passenger cars, ACC appeared more than two decades ago, double the time it took ABS to migrate from four wheels to two. Tier-1 supplier Bosch played a large initial role in bringing both those features to automobiles, and is again leading the OEM technology adoption for motorcycles. The slower pace of ADAS feature migration to the moto set is understandable, given the lack of powered/integrated controls and passenger restraints, and the far more extensive role of the rider in vehicle dynamics. Thanks to these unique parameters, active and intervening ADAS roles will remain limited for motorcycles in the near term, until rider monitoring and
Seredynski, Paul
CES 2021: GM creates BrightDrop electrified delivery and logistics company21AUTP02_092/1/2021
During her CES 2021 keynote in January, GM Chairman and CEO Mary Barra announced the creation of a new logistics company called BrightDrop. The new business will create an ecosystem of electrified products, software and services for first-to-last-mile delivery. This includes EPI, a new electric pallet to shuttle packages, as well as a new commercial delivery truck based on GM's Ultium battery platform, the EV600. The first customer of the new business will be FedEx Express. According to GM, BrightDrop's electrified solutions were created to help businesses reduce costs, maximize productivity, improve employee and freight security and support sustainability efforts. The EP1 pallet will be available in early 2021 and the EV600 light commercial vehicle (LCV) is expected to be on the road by late 2021. The EV600 is GM's first commercial application of its Ultium battery platform and the truck will feature both Level-2 and DC fast-charging capabilities.
Seredynski, Paul
Velodyne Preps for Volume Lidar21AVEP01_071/1/2021
The $500 Velarray H800 is aimed at ADAS applications and automated production at scale. Prior to 2020, there were allegedly 80 to 100 “lidar companies” in the world, depending on who in Silicon Valley was compiling the list. Such was the over-inflated bubble of autonomous mobility prior to the pandemic. How many of those fledglings retain any viability today is anyone's guess, but one thing is certain: Velodyne is real, and remains the best-known player of the lidar world. So, its announcement last November of the Velarray H800 - first in a new family of solid-state lidars aimed at automotive ADAS and AV applications - continues to resonate among OEMs and Tier-1 integrators. In development since 2017, the H800 is based on Velodyne's MLA (micro-lidar array) technology that uses eight edge-emitting lasers. It also features the company's proprietary photo detectors and its own ASIC microchip - an application-specific integrated circuit designed for a special application.
Brooke, Lindsay
Level 2+: Taking High-Value ADAS Mainstream21AVEP01_031/1/2021
Enhanced SAE Level 2 automated driving systems avoid the cost, complexity - and uncertainty - of Level 3. Soon after SAE International released its J3016 “Levels of Automated Driving” standard in January 2014, engineers and product planners working in automated-vehicle development were probing the space between Level 2 and Level 3. New sensing and processor capabilities were poised to alter the lines of demarcation between L2's focus on driver assist and the controversial (and tricky) driver alerts and “handback” required by L3. There was room to expand the ADAS (advanced driver-assistance systems) frontier. Those doing the probing believed SAE Level 2 could be effectively built upon, with greater functionality and safety potential, as new innovations became available. The terms “enhanced L2” and “Level 2-point-something” coined by engineers gave way to a more market-friendly “Level 2+.” And as 2021 begins, Level 2+ is the dominant ADAS trend, engineers and analysts tell Autonomous
Brooke, Lindsay
Ford expands EV lineup with E-Transit cargo van20TOFHP12_1012/1/2020
Ford revealed on November 12 its next fully electric vehicle (EV), the 2022 E-Transit cargo van, with the automaker's new president and CEO Jim Farley stating, “The transition of fleet vehicles to zero emissions, especially for the fast-growing last-mile delivery segment, is critical to achieve our carbon neutrality goal by 2050. We're standing with California for higher standards, lower emissions and cleaner air. And we're proud to support and live up to the Paris Agreement.” Farley and Ford expect the global demand for full-size vans to grow another one-third by the end of this decade. That includes a potential market for more than 1.1 million full-size, fully electric and connected commercial vehicles worldwide, Farley said during the virtual product launch.
Gehm, Ryan
Western Star develops all-new 49X with quieter cab, lighter but stronger chassis20TOFHP12_0912/1/2020
Purpose-built from the ground up, the next-generation Western Star 49X vocational truck is underpinned by a stronger, lighter chassis and equipped with a new X-series steel-reinforced aluminum cab that's claimed to be the segment's largest with 10 to 13% more space while being 8% lighter. Technology upgrades that bolster productivity, safety and uptime for the vocational market include Detroit Assurance active safety systems such as Side Guard Assist and the Detroit DT12 Vocational series of automated manual transmissions, which debuts on the Class 8 vocational truck. “We've completely rethought the foundation of the 49X to make it easier to upfit,” David Carson, senior vice president, vocational segment, Daimler Trucks North America, stressed during a virtual press event introducing the new truck. Engineers focused on clear back-of-cab packaging and features that contribute to easier upfitting: forward-mounted DEF tanks; standard in-cab battery box; multiple air tank mounting
Gehm, Ryan
AV and ADAS Testing from Out of the Box20AVEP11_1011/1/2020
A new tool from Foretellix guides engineers through virtual systems testing to minimize the risk of getting dangerous predeployment bugs. For self-driving vehicle systems to gain the full confidence of the public, the mobility industry and government regulators, OEMs have to prove that AVs (and those equipped with enhanced SAE Level 2 automated-driving systems) are safer being driven by software than by humans. But a recent string of unfortunate events in 2020 involving automatic emergency braking (AEB) systems is causing concerns. Early in the year, Volvo recalled 750,000 cars from 2019 and 2020 production over a fault in its AEB. Engineers discovered a software glitch that prohibited the system from activating under certain temperatures. Then in June, in Taiwan, a Tesla Model 3 operating in Autopilot mode slammed into an overturned tractor-trailer rig at 70 mph, reportedly due to software issues related to the car's forward-facing sensor array and an AEB that failed to react. This
Brooke, Lindsay
Reconstructing Accidents in the ADAS Age20AVEP09_099/1/2020
Data access and privacy concerns will be key challenges to determine ADAS-influencing factors, according to an SAE WCX Digital Summit expert panel. With advanced driver-assist systems (ADAS) evolving rapidly, the technology will continue to improve safety as it augments the skill and attention of human drivers. Accidents will still occur, however, and when they do, determining fault and failures will become more complex when a range of electronic sentinels are involved. A panel discussion during SAE's 2020 WCX Digital Summit [www.sae.org/attend/virtual-events/wcx-digital-summit] brought together experts in the accident reconstruction field to discuss how ADAS might influence the determining factors contributing to a crash. Moderated by Origin Forensics' principal Jarrod Carter, the “Accident Reconstruction in an ADAS Future” panel speakers included: Edward Fatzinger, forensic engineer, Momentum Engineering Corp.; Eldon Leaphart, principal engineer, Carr Engineering Inc.; Alan Moore
Seredynski, Paul
Reconstructing accidents in the ADAS age20TOFHP08_068/1/2020
With advanced driver-assist systems (ADAS) evolving rapidly, the technology will continue to improve safety as it augments the skill and attention of human drivers. Accidents will still occur, however, and when they do, determining fault and failures will be become more complex when a range of electronic sentinels are involved. A panel discussion during SAE's 2020 WCX Digital Summit (www.sae.org/attend/virtual-events/wcx-digital-summit) brought together experts in the accident reconstruction field to discuss how ADAS might influence the determining factors contributing to a crash. Moderated by Origin Forensics' principal Jarrod Carter, the “Accident Reconstruction in an ADAS future” panel speakers included: Edward Fatzinger, forensic engineer, Momentum Engineering Corp.; Eldon Leaphart, principal engineer, Carr Engineering Inc.; Alan Moore, consultant, A.B.Moore Forensic Engineering; and David Plant, mechanical engineer, D P Plant & Associates. Highlights and insights from the
Seredynski, Paul
DATALINK GROUND SYSTEMS STANDARD AND INTERFACE SPECIFICATION (DGSS/IS)ARINC620-10 (Current)7/31/2020
ARINC Specification 620 defines the interfaces between the Datalink Service Provider (DSP) and the aircraft, other ground-based datalink services, and users. The datalink ground system standard definition supports traditional ACARS and AOA protocols, as well as Media Independent Aircraft Messaging (MIAM) as defined by ARINC Specification 841. MIAM messages can be much larger than ACARS messages (5 MB versus 3.3 kB per message). Supplement 10 improves Controller-Pilot Data Link Communications (CPDLC) by defining a “Deliver By (DB)” period that allows the DSP, that originated the message, to intercept and discard the message if it is not delivered by the specified time. Supplement 10 also adds a Media Advisory code for ACARS over IP (AoIP) indicating that an ACARS non Safety Services messages is being transferred over IP links. New Reason Codes are assigned for un-transmittable or undeliverable messages. ACARS Character set clarifications are also provided in Supplement 10.
Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee
2021 Mustang Mach-E20AUTP08_017/1/2020
Ford's first dedicated electric platform reveals the challenges and opportunities in developing a state-of-the-art EV. The 2021 Ford Mustang Mach-E is an all-new vehicle. It's Ford's first dedicated battery electric vehicle (BEV) and it's built on an all-new electric vehicle (EV) platform. If that wasn't enough pressure on its development team, the Mach-E also leverages the Mustang nameplate traditionally reserved for iconic sports coupes and serves as a technology flagship debuting a host of new features to expand convenience and safety. One of the lead engineers has likened it to simultaneously engineering an EV, a cellphone and an SUV. “You're delivering the vehicle, that's old-school stuff, we created that at Ford. Now we've got to deliver the new-school stuff too,” explained Robert Iorio, vehicle engineering manager for the Mustang Mach-E.
Seredynski, Paul
WHAT WE'RE DRIVING20AUTP08_077/1/2020
Before I started a drive in the 2020 Mazda3, I had to toggle the drive-select to “sport.” And release the parking brake. Each and every time. At least the two switches are in proximity on the center console. But this annoyance mars the generally good experience of the Mazda3 (all-new in 2019) and once again suggests it's a refreshing but occasionally cockeyed prism through which Mazda engineers and planners view the world.
Collision Probability Field for Motion Prediction of Surrounding Vehicles Using Sensing Uncertainty2020-01-06974/14/2020
Intelligent driving assistant systems have been studied meticulously for autonomous driving. When the systems have the responsibility for driving itself, such as in an autonomous driving system, it should be aware of its’ surroundings including moving vehicles and must be able to evaluate collision risk for the ego vehicle's planned motion. However, when recognizing surrounding vehicles using a sensor, the measured information has uncertainty because of many reasons, such as noise and resolution. Many previous studies evaluated the collision risk based on the probabilistic theorem which the noise is modeled as a probability density function. However, the previous probabilistic solutions could not assess the collision risk and predict the motion of surrounding vehicles at the same time even though the motion is possible to be changed by the estimated collision risk. Thus, this paper proposes the collision probability field to simultaneously predict the motions of surrounding vehicles
Lee, Minchul, Sunwoo, Myoungho, Jo, Kichun
Runtime Active Safety Risk-Assessment of Highly Autonomous Vehicles for Safe Nominal Behavior2020-01-01074/14/2020
Fatal crashes involving automated driving systems, has been raising the concern of minimum standard requirement for safety, reliability and performance required for Autonomous Driving System (ADS)/Advanced Driver Assistance System (ADAS) before this cutting-edge technology takes on public roads. Hence, in order to ensure necessary safety requirements of ADS/ADAS systems we propose a runtime active safety assurance module known as SConSert. SConSert performs dynamic risk assessment of “Sensing, Planning and Action module of ADS/ADAS”; to provide minimal risk maneuver in any given driving scenario. The dynamic risk assessment of ADS/ADAS system is based on the operational design domain (ODD) knowledge of the driving scenario plus the sensor capability, ADS/ADAS algorithm requirement and capability, and finally smooth and collision free maneuver requirement. So, the main concept behind SConSert is runtime derivation of situational and conditional set of contracts for a given driving
Rathour, Swarn Singh, Ishigooka, Tasuku, Otsuka, Satoshi, MARTIN, RAUL
Dynamic Object Map Based Architecture for Robust CVS Systems2020-01-00844/14/2020
Connected and Autonomous Vehicles (CAV) rely on information obtained from sensors and communication to make decisions. In a Cooperative Vehicle Safety (CVS) system, information from remote vehicles (RV) is available at the host vehicle (HV) through the wireless network. Safety applications such as crash warning algorithms use this information to estimate the RV and HV states. However, this information is uncertain and sparse due to communication losses, limitations of communication protocols in high congestion scenarios, and perception errors caused by sensor limitations. In this paper we present a novel approach to improve the robustness of the CVS systems, by proposing an architecture that divide application and information/perception subsystems and a novel prediction method based on non-parametric Bayesian inference to mitigate the detrimental effect of data loss on the performance of safety applications. The architecture is validated with simulations and in a real environment using
Valiente, Rodolfo, Raftari, Arash, Zaman, Mahdi, Pourmohammadi Fallah, Yaser, Mahmud, Syed
Development of a Procedure to Correlate, Validate and Confirm Radar Characteristics of Surrogate Targets for ADAS Testing2020-01-07164/14/2020
Surrogate targets are used throughout the automotive industry to safely and repeatably test Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) and will likely find similar applications in tests of Automated Driving Systems. For those test results to be applicable to real-world scenarios, the surrogate targets must be representative of the real-world objects that they emulate. Early target development efforts were generally divided into those that relied on sophisticated radar measurement facilities and those that relied on ad-hoc measurements using automotive grade equipment. This situation made communication and interpretation of results between research groups, target developers and target users difficult. SAE J3122, “Test Target Correlation - Radar Characteristics”, was developed by the SAE Active Safety Systems Standards Committee to address this and other challenges associated with target development and use. J3122 addresses four topics. First, it describes standardized equipment and
Silberling, Jordan, Nicols, George, Buller, William, Lenkeit, John
A Study on the Effect of Tire Temperature and Rolling Speed on the Vehicle Handling Response2020-01-12354/14/2020
Rubber is a non-linear viscoelastic material which properties depend upon several factors. In a tire two of these factors, namely the temperature and excitation frequency, are significantly influenced by the vehicle operating conditions. In the past years, applied research studied how rubber viscoelastic characteristics affect structural and frictional tire properties. The present study focuses on how these effects interact with the vehicle handling response. Based on state of the art theory of friction, structural properties of rubber and on experimental evidence, the dependency of key tire parameters on temperature and rolling speed is established. These results are then used in combination with a single-track vehicle model to assess their impact on key vehicle parameters; as an example, the understeer coefficient, yaw resonance peak / damping and maximum acceleration are studied. Furthermore, to ensure accurate results in realistic situations, a novel tire thermodynamic model is
Lugaro, Carlo, Alirezaei, Mohsen, Konstantinou, Ioannis, Behera, Abhijeet
Empirical Study of the Braking Performance of Pedestrian Autonomous Emergency Braking (P-AEB)2020-01-08784/14/2020
Vehicle manufacturers are beginning to improve existing autonomous emergency braking (AEB) algorithms by adding pedestrian identification and avoidance capability. The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) has performed tests on eleven such vehicles; data are publicly available and were analyzed for this study. The first objective of this study was to compare Forward Collision Warning (FCW) engagement distance to target, pedestrian automatic emergency braking (P-AEB) brake application time, and incidences of impact across different manufacturers. It was observed that there exists a wide variation in FCW and AEB performance across manufacturers. FCW engagement distance tended to increase with test speed. Time from FCW engagement to AEB engagement was usually less than one second, with some manufacturer-specific variation. Incidences of impact tended to increase with travel speed, although some vehicles tested maintained constant number of incidences of impacts at all speeds
Siddiqui, Omair, Famiglietti, Nicholas, Nguyen, Benjamin, Hoang, Ryan, Landerville, Jon
Heavy Vehicles Kinematics of Automatic Emergency Braking Test Track Scenarios2020-01-09954/14/2020
This paper presents the test track scenario design and analysis used to estimate the performances of heavy vehicles equipped with forward collision warning and automatic emergency braking systems in rear-end crash scenarios. The first part of this design and analysis study was to develop parameters for brake inputs in test track scenarios simulating a driver that has insufficiently applied the brakes to avoid a rear-end collision. In the second part of this study, the deceleration limits imposed by heavy vehicles mechanics and brake systems are used to estimate automatic emergency braking performance benefits with respect to minimum stopping distance requirements set by Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards. The results of this study were used to complete the test track procedures and show that all heavy vehicles meeting regulatory stopping distance requirements have the braking capacity to demonstrate rear-end crash avoidance improvements in the developed tests.
Salaani, M. Kamel, Elsasser, Devin, Boday, Christopher
Testing methods and recommended validation strategies for Active Safety to optimize efficiency2020-01-13484/14/2020
Given the current proliferation of active safety features on new vehicles, especially for Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) and Highly Automated Driving (HAD) technologies, it is evident that there is a need for testing methods beyond a vehicle level physical test. This paper will discuss the current state of the art in the industry for simulation-based verification and validation (V&V) testing methods. These will include, but are not limited to, "Hardware-in-the-Loop", "Software-in-the-Loop", "Model-in-the-Loop", "Driver-in-the-Loop", and any other suitable combinations of the aforementioned. Aspects of the test processes and needed components for simulation will be addressed, detailing the scope of work needed for various types of testing. The paper will provide an overview of standardized test aspects, active safety software validation methods, best practices and standards. The focus will be on trade-offs of cost and performance, as well as providing general guidance for the
Allen, Jace, Koo, Winston, Murugesan, Dhyaneshwar, Zagorski, Chad
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