Browse Topic: Collision intervention systems

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Evaluating forward collision warning and autonomous emergency braking systems in India using dashboard cameras2024-26-003101/16/2024
Road traffic fatalities in India have been increasing, reaching around 150,000 fatalities a year. To reduce fatalities, some prospective studies suggested using active safety technologies such as Forward Collision Warning (FCW), and Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB). However, the effectiveness of FCW and AEB on Indian roads using retrospective studies is not known. Vehicle data such as radar, and controller area network signals could be used for the evaluation of the systems (FCW and AEB). However, these data are not readily accessible. This exploratory study aims to explore the opportunities and limitations of using simple dashboard cameras for a Field Operational Test. One European car with state-of-the-art FCW and AEB systems was rented. Fifteen drivers shared the vehicle, driving almost 10,000 km over 29 days. The vehicle was mounted with a set of dashboard cameras. The navigator noted the “system activated” events and “no activation” events in the logbook during the drive. Post
Shaikh, Junaid, Lubbe, Nils
Evaluation of Automated Emergency braking systems for collision avoidance2024-26-018501/16/2024
From the past few years, there is a pressing need for implementation of automatic in-vehicle safety systems to avoid vehicle crashes and fatalities. Development of autonomous emergency braking systems (AEB) to detect and avoid collisions in such critical moments is of paramount importance. In this paper, AEB control systems are developed for a four-wheeler system that aims to detect pedestrians and/or vehicles and halts the ego vehicle based on the time to collision (TTC). This control system aims to react based on the real-time relative distance & speed of the ego vehicle to actuate appropriate braking force. Control systems developed in Altair ActivateTM are co-simulated with CARLA, a virtual reality simulator for autonomous driving research. Various scenarios including sudden pedestrian entry, low and high-speed car to car motion, urban high traffic density environment, changing weather condition etc. are simulated to study the robustness of the control system. Further, studies are
K V, Manoj, Kamikkiya, P, Urs, Hriday V.
Regulatory trends for enhancement of Road Safety2024-26-016501/16/2024
Various Advanced Driver Assistance systems are being introduced to the Indian Market with the aim of reducing the road fatalities and injuries leading to severe trauma. India being one of the largest markets for the automobile sector always stands committed towards providing safe and sustainable transportation to its citizens. Advanced Driver Systems such as Anti-lock Braking Systems (ABS), Autonomous Emergency Braking systems (AEBS), Lane Departure Warning Systems, Auto Lane Correction Systems, Driver Drowsiness Monitoring Systems, Speed Limiting and Assisting Systems, Automated Crusing Control Systems, Automated Commanded Steering Functions, Traffic Jam assist systems etc., assist the driver during driving. They tend to reduce road accidents and related fatalities by their advanced and artificial intelligent fed programs. This paper will share an insight on the past, recent and the upcoming developments in the regulations with respect to driver assist systems, that are being enforced
Nayak, Pratik, Rawal, Vishal, Patil, Kamalesh, Tandon, Vikram, Badusha, Akbar
The Acquisition and Validation of Historical Vehicle Event Data from Ford SYNC Generation 3 Systems Using Berla iVe2022-01-101203/29/2022
The availability of crash data recorded by automotive event data recorders (EDRs) has grown significantly over the past two decades. These data have been tested and analyzed via numerous instrumented crash tests with validation results reported in many technical papers. More recently, vehicle infotainment systems have offered investigators another avenue to historical timestamped speed data as well as historical location data. These data can possibly go back in time for days, weeks, months, or years. These data have also been validated through the analysis of instrumented testing, with the results published in several technical papers. A branch of digital forensics known as vehicle system forensics has sprouted in the last several years revealing a wealth of data recorded by modern automobiles that may serve as key evidence to investigators. In addition to historical vehicle speeds and locations, investigators are now able to acquire the historical occurrences of vehicle events
Vandiver, Wesley, Anderson, Robert
A study of the Performance of Autonomous Emergency Braking Systems when presented with Pedestrian Targets 2022-01-098903/29/2022
This paper reviews and analyzes the testing conducted by the IIHS with respect to Automatic Emergency Braking systems equipped on passenger vehicles when presented with a pedestrian hazard ahead. The paper addresses the differences in how vehicles respond to a moving and stationary pedestrian, the difference in vehicle behaviour if the pedestrian is initially not visible, and the differences in vehicle behaviour when the hazard is a stopped vehicle vs. a pedestrian. Finally, the paper addresses differences in human performance and vehicle behaviour when faced with a pedestrian in motion
Miholjcic, Djordje, Erazo, Fabian, Polak, Anna
Design and Hardware in the Loop testing of AEB controllers2022-01-010603/29/2022
Current ADAS systems can improve vehicle safety directly influencing its dynamics, reducing the impact of human error while driving. These functionalities have a high impact on the complexity of each unit installed on the car, potentially increasing the development time. In this work, a Hardware in the Loop testing methodology for Autonomous Emergency Braking system is presented, aiming to enable a faster system development process. A commercial production brake by wire unit has been installed on a real-time driving simulator. The AEB functionality of the unit is activable in real-time during the simulation, by the means of a customizable control strategy. Three different AEB controllers have been implemented: the first one reproduces the unit stock functionality, while the two remaining compute the requested deceleration using a PID and a Fuzzy control strategy. The three controllers have been tested in standardized EuroNCAP Car-to-Car Rear (CCR) collision scenarios, implemented on
Alfatti, Federico, Garinei, Michele, Annicchiarico, Claudio, Capitani, Renzo
Research on High-efficiency Test Method of Vehicle AEB based on High-precision Detection of Radar Turntable Encoder2021-01-127310/11/2021
With the increasingly complex traffic environment, the vehicle AEB system needs to go through a large number of testing processes, in order to drive more safely on the road. For speeding up the development process of AEB and solve the problems of long cycle, high cost and low efficiency in AEB testing, in this paper, a millimeter wave radar turntable is built, and a high-precision detection algorithm of turntable encoder is designed, at the same time, a test method of vehicle AEB based on the detection data of radar turntable encoder is designed. The verification results show that methods described in this paper can be used to develop the vehicle AEB test algorithm efficiently.
Li, Kun, Cao, Guohua, Ding, Hongchang, Hou, Han, Li, Xin
Improving Pedestrian Automatic Emergency Braking2021-01-126510/11/2021
Abstract: Most new vehicles sold in 2018 (56%) had, as either a standard or optional feature, Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) equipped with Pedestrian Automatic Emergency Braking (AEB). However, current testing protocols implemented by safety organizations and programs, such as Euro NCAP, NCAP, and IIHS largely do not evaluate the performance of PAEB in dark conditions without streetlights. This is true despite data from the National Highway Traffic Safety Association (NHTSA) showing that more pedestrian fatalities occur in dark conditions without streetlights than in daylight conditions. Additionally, independent tests conducted by NHTSA and the American Automobile Association (AAA) reveal that, in every scenario considered, PAEB systems frequently fail to protect pedestrians in dark conditions. Within this context, to encourage improvement in PAEB performance and increase nighttime pedestrian safety, this paper includes the following sections: 1. A proposal for the
Naikal, Nikhil
Simulation based Verification and Validation of AEBS2021-26-012809/22/2021
ADAS and AV technologies are going to disrupt the entire transportation industry as we know it, with a profound impact on human life. They promise to enhance human lives by providing a safer and much more accessible transportation ecosystem to all of society. But to deliver on all of its promises, they need to be at least as good as a 'good' human driver. And therefore, they need to be very safe and robust, having the ability to perform in a variety of driving scenarios, and be very secure, being immune from any external cyberattacks. Hence, such technologies need to be tested very extensively. But from various studies, it has been found that, to declare a full AV as good as a human driver, the AV will be required to drive more than a billion miles on real roads, taking tens and sometimes hundreds of years to drive those miles, considering even the most aggressive testing assumptions. Every small update to the AV will require another billion miles of testing to be approved for real
Bhagat, Ajinkya Shirish, Karle, Ujjwala, Kale, Jyoti, Karle, Manish
INTEGRATED ACTIVE SAFETY SYSTEM FOR MOTOR GRADERS2021-26-013709/22/2021
Safety of the operators in any equipment can be achieved by both passive and active systems. Passive safety system includes Seat belt, primary air bag, bumper, and other structural components which protects the operator from injuries during accidents. On the other side, Active safety systems like Braking, Steering, Collision avoidance system, operator fatigue monitoring systems minimise and eliminates the accidents among which the Brake system is primarily used to control and stop the equipment. Motor graders are work equipment which are designed to carry out many works like grading, spreading, levelling, metal mixing in road construction and many other infrastructure projects. Considering the field operating conditions of motor grader, it is very essential to provide excellent brake system to control and stop the equipment. In order to obtain maximum productivity the equipment speed is kept substantially high. Brake systems are operated using Air, Hydraulics, etc., among which the Air
KUMARAN, RAJASEKAR, hs, satish chandra
Design and Development Methodology of Automatic Electric Start System for Power Tiller2021-26-009309/22/2021
This paper deals with designing and development methodology of Automatic Electric Start (AES) system for power tiller which has horizontal diesel engine as prime mover. Designing of AES system constitutes of designing of Starter Motor, Starter Motor Bracket, Flywheel Ring Gear, Battery, Electrical Circuit, Fan Alternator and then development these components as integrated system prototype. Unlikely tractor market, AES system are not so common in Indian power tiller market therefore, unprecedented design approach towards design of AES system on power tiller engine has been presented in this paper. An engine without AES system requires of huge amount of engine starting effort by farmer whereby farmers fatigue levels are always on higher side. AES system on power tiller has made 0 N force requirement to start engine which was approximately 92 N earlier. Design of AES system depends on analysis engine cranking torque, which is a complex process and involves calculation of moments, such as
singh, sahildeep, sakthiendran, s, kanase, kedar
Fighter Jet ArmamentsTBMG-3986809/01/2021
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An Automatic Emergency Braking System for Collision Avoidance Assist of Multi-Trailer Vehicle Based on Model Prediction Control2021-01-011704/06/2021
The autonomous collision avoidance problem for multi-trailer vehicle maneuvering is investigated in this paper. Different from conventional vehicle systems that contain one single moving part or multi-parts that can be considered as one rigid body, the interconnection between the tractor and each trailer, and interactions between trailers in the multi-trailer system introduce a high dimensional and highly complex dynamic system for the controller design. The external disturbance and parametric uncertainties further increase the difficulty in system identification and state space formulation. To implement a real time control system for various scenarios where the locations and states of the obstacles are not known beforehand, a supervisory algorithm is designed to convert the control problem to a discrete event system. The model predictive control (MPC) using limited lookahead policy is employed in the proposed algorithm. By viewing the system model under consideration as a finite
Liu, Yucheng, Ball, John, Abdelwahed, Sherif, He, Ge
Simulation Framework for Testing Autonomous Vehicles in a School for the Blind Campus2021-01-011804/06/2021
With the advent of increasing autonomous vehicles on public roads, the safety of vulnerable road users such as pedestrians, cyclists, etc. has never been more important. These especially include Blind or Visually Impaired (BVI) pedestrians who face difficulty in making confident decisions in road crossings without the help of accessible pedestrian signals (APS). This paper addresses some of the safety measures that can be taken to improve and assess the safety of BVI pedestrians in a controlled environment like a BVI school campus where autonomous vehicles are operated. The majority of research on autonomous vehicle safety does not consider the edge cases of encounters with BVI pedestrians. Based on this motivation, requirements and characteristics of Non-BVI and BVI pedestrians have been stated along with the motion models used to predict their future movements. Existing tools based on Bayesian multi-model filters were used for pedestrian tracking and motion predictions. These can be
Kalidas, Karthik, Gelbal, Sukru Yaren, Aksun Guvenc, Bilin
Letter from the Guest Editors12-04-01-000103/17/2021
Letter from the Guest Editors
Hamid, Umar Zakir Abdul, Sandblom, Fredrik, Habibovic, Azra, Li, Bin
Motorcycles Enter the ADAS Age21AVEP03_0303/01/2021
The latest models from BMW, Ducati and KTM feature Bosch's new ACC setup, but further advancements will require navigating critical rider-control strategies. Motorcycles finally are entering the advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) age, dipping both wheels into autonomous waters with the production debut of adaptive cruise control (ACC). On passenger cars, ACC appeared more than two decades ago, double the time it took ABS to migrate from four wheels to two. Tier-1 supplier Bosch played a large initial role in bringing both those features to automobiles, and is again leading the OEM technology adoption for motorcycles. The slower pace of ADAS feature migration to the moto set is understandable, given the lack of powered/integrated controls and passenger restraints, and the far more extensive role of the rider in vehicle dynamics. Thanks to these unique parameters, active and intervening ADAS roles will remain limited for motorcycles in the near term, until rider monitoring and
Seredynski, Paul
CES 2021: GM creates BrightDrop electrified delivery and logistics company21AUTP02_0902/01/2021
During her CES 2021 keynote in January, GM Chairman and CEO Mary Barra announced the creation of a new logistics company called BrightDrop. The new business will create an ecosystem of electrified products, software and services for first-to-last-mile delivery. This includes EPI, a new electric pallet to shuttle packages, as well as a new commercial delivery truck based on GM's Ultium battery platform, the EV600. The first customer of the new business will be FedEx Express. According to GM, BrightDrop's electrified solutions were created to help businesses reduce costs, maximize productivity, improve employee and freight security and support sustainability efforts. The EP1 pallet will be available in early 2021 and the EV600 light commercial vehicle (LCV) is expected to be on the road by late 2021. The EV600 is GM's first commercial application of its Ultium battery platform and the truck will feature both Level-2 and DC fast-charging capabilities.
Seredynski, Paul
Level 2+: Taking High-Value ADAS Mainstream21AVEP01_0301/01/2021
Enhanced SAE Level 2 automated driving systems avoid the cost, complexity - and uncertainty - of Level 3. Soon after SAE International released its J3016 “Levels of Automated Driving” standard in January 2014, engineers and product planners working in automated-vehicle development were probing the space between Level 2 and Level 3. New sensing and processor capabilities were poised to alter the lines of demarcation between L2's focus on driver assist and the controversial (and tricky) driver alerts and “handback” required by L3. There was room to expand the ADAS (advanced driver-assistance systems) frontier. Those doing the probing believed SAE Level 2 could be effectively built upon, with greater functionality and safety potential, as new innovations became available. The terms “enhanced L2” and “Level 2-point-something” coined by engineers gave way to a more market-friendly “Level 2+.” And as 2021 begins, Level 2+ is the dominant ADAS trend, engineers and analysts tell Autonomous
Brooke, Lindsay
Velodyne Preps for Volume Lidar21AVEP01_0701/01/2021
The $500 Velarray H800 is aimed at ADAS applications and automated production at scale. Prior to 2020, there were allegedly 80 to 100 “lidar companies” in the world, depending on who in Silicon Valley was compiling the list. Such was the over-inflated bubble of autonomous mobility prior to the pandemic. How many of those fledglings retain any viability today is anyone's guess, but one thing is certain: Velodyne is real, and remains the best-known player of the lidar world. So, its announcement last November of the Velarray H800 - first in a new family of solid-state lidars aimed at automotive ADAS and AV applications - continues to resonate among OEMs and Tier-1 integrators. In development since 2017, the H800 is based on Velodyne's MLA (micro-lidar array) technology that uses eight edge-emitting lasers. It also features the company's proprietary photo detectors and its own ASIC microchip - an application-specific integrated circuit designed for a special application.
Brooke, Lindsay
Ford expands EV lineup with E-Transit cargo van20TOFHP12_1012/01/2020
Ford revealed on November 12 its next fully electric vehicle (EV), the 2022 E-Transit cargo van, with the automaker's new president and CEO Jim Farley stating, “The transition of fleet vehicles to zero emissions, especially for the fast-growing last-mile delivery segment, is critical to achieve our carbon neutrality goal by 2050. We're standing with California for higher standards, lower emissions and cleaner air. And we're proud to support and live up to the Paris Agreement.” Farley and Ford expect the global demand for full-size vans to grow another one-third by the end of this decade. That includes a potential market for more than 1.1 million full-size, fully electric and connected commercial vehicles worldwide, Farley said during the virtual product launch.
Gehm, Ryan
Western Star develops all-new 49X with quieter cab, lighter but stronger chassis20TOFHP12_0912/01/2020
Purpose-built from the ground up, the next-generation Western Star 49X vocational truck is underpinned by a stronger, lighter chassis and equipped with a new X-series steel-reinforced aluminum cab that's claimed to be the segment's largest with 10 to 13% more space while being 8% lighter. Technology upgrades that bolster productivity, safety and uptime for the vocational market include Detroit Assurance active safety systems such as Side Guard Assist and the Detroit DT12 Vocational series of automated manual transmissions, which debuts on the Class 8 vocational truck. “We've completely rethought the foundation of the 49X to make it easier to upfit,” David Carson, senior vice president, vocational segment, Daimler Trucks North America, stressed during a virtual press event introducing the new truck. Engineers focused on clear back-of-cab packaging and features that contribute to easier upfitting: forward-mounted DEF tanks; standard in-cab battery box; multiple air tank mounting
Gehm, Ryan
Reconstructing Accidents in the ADAS Age20AVEP09_0909/01/2020
Data access and privacy concerns will be key challenges to determine ADAS-influencing factors, according to an SAE WCX Digital Summit expert panel. With advanced driver-assist systems (ADAS) evolving rapidly, the technology will continue to improve safety as it augments the skill and attention of human drivers. Accidents will still occur, however, and when they do, determining fault and failures will become more complex when a range of electronic sentinels are involved. A panel discussion during SAE's 2020 WCX Digital Summit [www.sae.org/attend/virtual-events/wcx-digital-summit] brought together experts in the accident reconstruction field to discuss how ADAS might influence the determining factors contributing to a crash. Moderated by Origin Forensics' principal Jarrod Carter, the “Accident Reconstruction in an ADAS Future” panel speakers included: Edward Fatzinger, forensic engineer, Momentum Engineering Corp.; Eldon Leaphart, principal engineer, Carr Engineering Inc.; Alan Moore
Seredynski, Paul
Reconstructing accidents in the ADAS age20TOFHP08_0608/01/2020
With advanced driver-assist systems (ADAS) evolving rapidly, the technology will continue to improve safety as it augments the skill and attention of human drivers. Accidents will still occur, however, and when they do, determining fault and failures will be become more complex when a range of electronic sentinels are involved. A panel discussion during SAE's 2020 WCX Digital Summit (www.sae.org/attend/virtual-events/wcx-digital-summit) brought together experts in the accident reconstruction field to discuss how ADAS might influence the determining factors contributing to a crash. Moderated by Origin Forensics' principal Jarrod Carter, the “Accident Reconstruction in an ADAS future” panel speakers included: Edward Fatzinger, forensic engineer, Momentum Engineering Corp.; Eldon Leaphart, principal engineer, Carr Engineering Inc.; Alan Moore, consultant, A.B.Moore Forensic Engineering; and David Plant, mechanical engineer, D P Plant & Associates. Highlights and insights from the
Seredynski, Paul
WHAT WE'RE DRIVING20AUTP08_0707/01/2020
Before I started a drive in the 2020 Mazda3, I had to toggle the drive-select to “sport.” And release the parking brake. Each and every time. At least the two switches are in proximity on the center console. But this annoyance mars the generally good experience of the Mazda3 (all-new in 2019) and once again suggests it's a refreshing but occasionally cockeyed prism through which Mazda engineers and planners view the world.
2021 Mustang Mach-E20AUTP08_0107/01/2020
Ford's first dedicated electric platform reveals the challenges and opportunities in developing a state-of-the-art EV. The 2021 Ford Mustang Mach-E is an all-new vehicle. It's Ford's first dedicated battery electric vehicle (BEV) and it's built on an all-new electric vehicle (EV) platform. If that wasn't enough pressure on its development team, the Mach-E also leverages the Mustang nameplate traditionally reserved for iconic sports coupes and serves as a technology flagship debuting a host of new features to expand convenience and safety. One of the lead engineers has likened it to simultaneously engineering an EV, a cellphone and an SUV. “You're delivering the vehicle, that's old-school stuff, we created that at Ford. Now we've got to deliver the new-school stuff too,” explained Robert Iorio, vehicle engineering manager for the Mustang Mach-E.
Seredynski, Paul
Data-Driven Confidence Model for ADAS Object Detection2020-01-069504/14/2020
The majority of road accident is due to human error. Advanced Driver Assistance System (ADAS) has the potential to reduce human error and improve driving safety. Customers have shown a growing acceptance for ADAS technology. With the rising demand for safety and comfortable driving experience, the global market for ADAS is expected to grow to $67 billion by 2025. A reliable ADAS system requires an accurate and robust object-detection system. There is often a trade-off in tuning the system. On one hand, miss-detection can cause accidents; on the other hand, false-detection can result in ghost-braking and harm the driving experience. The ADAS system can access various information from different sources. However, a unified confidence model, which combines different indicators, has not been much studied in the literature. In this paper, we propose a data-driven method, which utilizes the features from radar, camera and the tracking system to produce a high-level confidence model. In
Yang, Hang, Zhang, Darui, Wang, Daihan, Zhou, Jianguang
A Study on the Effect of Tire Temperature and Rolling Speed on the Vehicle Handling Response2020-01-123504/14/2020
Rubber is a non-linear viscoelastic material which properties depend upon several factors. In a tire two of these factors, namely the temperature and excitation frequency, are significantly influenced by the vehicle operating conditions. In the past years, applied research studied how rubber viscoelastic characteristics affect structural and frictional tire properties. The present study focuses on how these effects interact with the vehicle handling response. Based on state of the art theory of friction, structural properties of rubber and on experimental evidence, the dependency of key tire parameters on temperature and rolling speed is established. These results are then used in combination with a single-track vehicle model to assess their impact on key vehicle parameters; as an example, the understeer coefficient, yaw resonance peak / damping and maximum acceleration are studied. Furthermore, to ensure accurate results in realistic situations, a novel tire thermodynamic model is
Lugaro, Carlo, Alirezaei, Mohsen, Konstantinou, Ioannis, Behera, Abhijeet
Empirical Study of the Braking Performance of Pedestrian Autonomous Emergency Braking (P-AEB)2020-01-087804/14/2020
Vehicle manufacturers are beginning to improve existing autonomous emergency braking (AEB) algorithms by adding pedestrian identification and avoidance capability. The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) has performed tests on eleven such vehicles; data are publicly available and were analyzed for this study. The first objective of this study was to compare Forward Collision Warning (FCW) engagement distance to target, pedestrian automatic emergency braking (P-AEB) brake application time, and incidences of impact across different manufacturers. It was observed that there exists a wide variation in FCW and AEB performance across manufacturers. FCW engagement distance tended to increase with test speed. Time from FCW engagement to AEB engagement was usually less than one second, with some manufacturer-specific variation. Incidences of impact tended to increase with travel speed, although some vehicles tested maintained constant number of incidences of impacts at all speeds
Siddiqui, Omair, Famiglietti, Nicholas, Nguyen, Benjamin, Hoang, Ryan, Landerville, Jon
Heavy Vehicles Kinematics of Automatic Emergency Braking Test Track Scenarios2020-01-099504/14/2020
This paper presents the test track scenario design and analysis used to estimate the performances of heavy vehicles equipped with forward collision warning and automatic emergency braking systems in rear-end crash scenarios. The first part of this design and analysis study was to develop parameters for brake inputs in test track scenarios simulating a driver that has insufficiently applied the brakes to avoid a rear-end collision. In the second part of this study, the deceleration limits imposed by heavy vehicles mechanics and brake systems are used to estimate automatic emergency braking performance benefits with respect to minimum stopping distance requirements set by Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards. The results of this study were used to complete the test track procedures and show that all heavy vehicles meeting regulatory stopping distance requirements have the braking capacity to demonstrate rear-end crash avoidance improvements in the developed tests.
Salaani, M. Kamel, Elsasser, Devin, Boday, Christopher
Testing methods and recommended validation strategies for Active Safety to optimize efficiency2020-01-134804/14/2020
Given the current proliferation of active safety features on new vehicles, especially for Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) and Highly Automated Driving (HAD) technologies, it is evident that there is a need for testing methods beyond a vehicle level physical test. This paper will discuss the current state of the art in the industry for simulation-based verification and validation (V&V) testing methods. These will include, but are not limited to, "Hardware-in-the-Loop", "Software-in-the-Loop", "Model-in-the-Loop", "Driver-in-the-Loop", and any other suitable combinations of the aforementioned. Aspects of the test processes and needed components for simulation will be addressed, detailing the scope of work needed for various types of testing. The paper will provide an overview of standardized test aspects, active safety software validation methods, best practices and standards. The focus will be on trade-offs of cost and performance, as well as providing general guidance for the
Allen, Jace, Koo, Winston, Murugesan, Dhyaneshwar, Zagorski, Chad
All-wheel-drive returns to Chrysler Pacifica for 202120AUTP04_1304/01/2020
The refresh of the 2021 model-year Chrysler Pacifica minivan premiers a top-of-the-line luxury trim, the debut of a next-generation infotainment system, and the return of all-wheel-drive. Chrysler minivans haven't offered AWD since 2004, but the driveline choice is revived for the 2021 model. “We'll make AWD available in the current generation minivan for about 90 days, starting in the second quarter of 2020, to get it into the market,” Matt Davis, director of Chrysler and Fiat Brands for Fiat Chrysler Automobiles, said prior to the 2021 Pacifica's unveiling at the 2020 Chicago Auto Show.
Buchholz, Kami
An Experimental Confirmation of the Occupant Kinematic Response for Out of Position and Belt Tensioning Effect during Collision Avoidance System2019-22-002403/31/2020
The methodology of ensuring safety to occupants' is one of the major challenges about the Integral safety system. Many studies have focused on verification to securing occupants’ restraint during collision avoidance, but the out-of-position (OOP) parameter was not considered sufficiently. The aim of this study is to verify the occupant's kinematic response at OOP seat conditions via the sled platform which simulated the collision avoidance system. In this experiment, 18 volunteers’ motion was measured by infrared cameras and electromyography sensors. According to results, the OOP seat made frontal head motion to 1.5±0.5 times higher than normal seat position (NSP) in braking maneuver. In swerving maneuver at the NSP seat, however, the neck joint peak was represented 0.2 sec quicker, 3 times longer, and higher than the OOP seat. For future work, this study proposes that kinematic compensation of the occupant’s response should be considered with countermeasure onto seat position change.
Kang, Myeongkwan, Lim, Dohyung, Kim, Hyung Joo, Kim, Seonglae, Cho, Youngkuen
Modification of Density-Based Clustering and Threshold Adjustment Detection-Tracking Integration Algorithm for 77 GHz Automotive Radar2020-01-502702/24/2020
In this paper, a modification of Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise (DBSCAN) algorithm is proposed based on real-world high resolution point clusters, which is obtained by 77-GHz frequency modulated automotive radar through CFAR technology. The modification of DBSCAN includes introducing normalized DBSCAN pre-processing method and a scale factor for dimension stretching/compression, which makes the target have similar measurement in three different dimensions of two-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system and velocity dimension, a The scale factor can adjust the sensitivity of DBSCAN algorithm to velocity dimension to deal with velocity expansion problem. Based on the clustering results, this paper proposes CFAR-JPDA algorithm, which integrates detection and tracking, and proposes a new extended Kalman filter state equation and measurement equation for road moving targets. In terms of data association, the modified JPDA algorithm is proposed, and the shape
Houyuan, Zhang, Yicheng, Jiang, Zhenwei, Miao, Gang, Ye, Bing, Wang
Editorial20AVEP01_0101/01/2020
What are your greatest needs related to Standards? That question is one I typically ask during my conversations and formal interviews with mobility-industry engineers. As might be expected, those involved with AV development tend to offer a robust list of standards they'd like SAE International to pursue. Bryan Salesky, CEO of self-driving vehicle systems supplier Argo AI, recently told me and my SAE Media colleague Bill Visnic that his development teams want “more terminology and definitions,” an area in which SAE's Standards Committees are already focused. The committees' scope goes beyond vehicle nomenclatures, to include the various interrelated ecosystems.
Brooke, Lindsay
Research on Control Algorithm of Active Steering Control Based on the Driver Intention2019-01-506411/04/2019
Active steering technology can improve the operability of the driver by the involvement to the steering system. Driver is the major controller of the vehicle Therefore, the involvement of advanced technologies including the active steering technology shouldn’t interfere with the intention of the driver, and the driver should still have great control of the vehicle. The aim of this paper is to solve the problem of the driver’s control when the active steering system works to improve the flexibility of the low speed and the stability of the high speed, and the active steering model based on the driver’s steering intention is established. Through the CarSim simulation software, this paper adopts 9 parameters related to the vehicle steering of the DLC (Double Line Change). And PCA (Principal Component Analysis) algorithm, a tool of statistical analysis, is applied to select 4 parameters which can stand for the DLC from the 9 parameters, which makes the data processing easier. Through the 4
Zhang, Pengcheng, Zheng, Hongyu
Study on Comprehensive Evaluation Index of Front Collision Hazard of Intelligent Vehicle2019-01-504411/04/2019
Collision avoidance technology is one of the key areas in the longitudinal safety research of intelligent vehicles. For the research of collision avoidance system, the existing methods usually use the evaluation index based on time interval or braking process to carry out risk assessment. In order to overcome the shortcomings of the formulas for describing the longitudinal hazard degree established in most studies, such as great differences, inconsistent standards and weak normalization, a comprehensive evaluation method for the longitudinal hazard in front-impact scenarios is established. This method takes into account both the analysis of time interval and braking process, and considers the non-linear variation of the longitudinal hazard degree with the real-time distance and speed of two vehicles. It can describe the longitudinal hazard degree of vehicles in dangerous traffic scenarios. Compared with the existing longitudinal hazard assessment methods, the effectiveness and
Jiaxiang, Qin, Zhang, Sumin, Weiwen, Deng, Rui, He
Composite Steering Strategy for 4WS-4WD EV Based on Low-Speed Steering Maneuverability2019-01-505211/04/2019
A composite steering control strategy, which combines four-wheel steering (4WS) and differential steering, is proposed in this paper, to optimize steering maneuverability in the conditions where the vehicle speed is below 15 Km/h, mainly for U-turning and parking conditions. A dynamic model is developed for the steering system and the tire system. Taking different steering wheel inputs into consideration, a 4WS control strategy proportional to the front wheel steering angle is quoted to improve the steering maneuverability in the low speed conditions and guarantee the manipulability by controlling the side slip of the vehicle. Based on the 4WS system, this paper explores the possibility of further improving the low-speed maneuverability of the vehicle through differential steering. And the differential steering control strategy is developed, including four hub-motor output modes. A composite steering controller is designed based on the 4WS-4WD electric vehicle platform. Through the
Wang, Yang Yang, Liu, Zhi Guang, Jiang, Yuan Xing
Braking Control Strategy Based on Electronically Controlled Braking System and Intelligent Network Technology2019-01-503811/04/2019
In order to solve the coupling problems between braking safety, economical efficiency of braking and the comfort of drivers, a braking control strategy based on Electronically Controlled Braking System (EBS) and intelligent network technology under non-emergency braking conditions is proposed. The controller utilizes the intelligent network technology’s characteristics of the workshop communication to obtain the driving environment information of the current vehicle firstly, and then calculate the optimal braking deceleration of the vehicle based on optimal control method. The strategy will distribute the braking force according to the ideal braking force distribution condition based on the EBS according to the braking deceleration; the braking force will be converted to braking pressure according to brake characteristics. Computer co-simulations of the proposed strategy are performed, the strategy is verified under different initial speeds. The results show that the strategy enables
Zheng, Hongyu, Li, Rui
The Navigator19AVEP11_0211/01/2019
Science-fiction author Arthur C. Clarke once wrote, “Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic.” When I was learning to drive, like many teens, I struggled with some of the more mundane tasks such as parallel parking. In recent years though, technological advances have made even that seem magical at times. But like watching a novice magician struggling with an illusion trick, if the tech isn't ready, the spell is broken. The performer then needs to go back to practicing. Such is the case with Tesla and its new Smart Summon feature.
Abuelsamid, Sam
An ADAS Feature Rating System: Proposing a New Industry Standard2019-24-025110/07/2019
More than 90% of new vehicles include Advanced Driving Assistance Systems that offer features such as Lane Keep Assist and Adaptive Cruise Control [1]. These ever-improving vehicle systems present a great opportunity to increase driving safety and reduce the number of roadway deaths and injuries. Indeed, they are already having a positive effect. However, the wide variety of features offered in the marketplace can be confusing to consumers, who may not clearly understand their vehicles’ true capabilities and limitations, or have an easy way of comparing system performance between vehicle models. This lack of information has the potential to reduce the safety gains of ADAS features by increasing the risk of improper use. To encourage transparency in the marketplace and thus engender the maximum positive effect of ADAS technologies, this paper proposes a five-level rating system, which utilizes diamonds to denote significant milestone achievements in vehicle system performance. The
Heeren, David, Gradu, Mircea
New-generation Nissan Versa breaks for higher ground19AUTP10_1410/01/2019
Subcompact cars hardly are spotlight-grabbers at the moment, but Nissan's nonetheless delivered up an all-new 2020 Versa that notches higher fuel economy, quicker acceleration, tighter S-curve poise and a quieter cabin compared to the outgoing Versa. “Nissan's third-generation Versa is well-balanced in terms of performance, handling, and ride comfort,” Jose Romo, the car's marketability engineer, told Automotive Engineering during a recent media ride-and-drive program in Nashville, Tenn.
Buchholz, Kami
Rethinking ADAS materials19AUTP09_0309/01/2019
New specialized thermoplastics offer greater design freedom to improve sensor performance and packaging, at reduced cost. Advanced driver assistance system (ADAS) technologies-including automatic emergency braking, collision avoidance, adaptive cruise control and parking assist-are quickly going mainstream. OEMs, regulators and consumers recognize their value in improving driving and preventing accidents. As a global market, ADAS is expected to grow at a CAGR of 19.0% through 2025, according to Grand View Research. The current ADAS sensor suite also is evolving rapidly to respond to market demand for improved performance, more efficient packaging, and lower costs. For example, engineers are exploring the integration of different sensors into a single unit, as well as “fusing” the radar and camera data into a single output to overcome limitations of the individual technologies and provide safety redundancy. Miniaturization of sensor hardware is aimed at reducing its “footprint” at the
Pedrotti, John
Coupling Safety Distance Model for Vehicle Active Collision Avoidance System2019-01-013004/02/2019
As an important part of the active collision avoidance system of the vehicle, the safety distance model determines the safety of the vehicle and the utilization of the road. The safety distance is too large to affect the traffic flow of the road. If it is too small, it will cause traffic accidents. Therefore, the design of the safety distance model depends on whether it can adapt to the complex and changing traffic environment, and effectively balance the safety of the driving process, the car following and the utilization of the road. According to the actual requirements of system security alarm and system false alarm reduction, three safety distance models and one constraint condition are established. The safety distance model maintained by the vehicle spacing, the safety distance model reflecting the characteristics of the driver, and the longitudinal minimum safety distance model when steering the lane change. When the pre-crash time is equal to the driver response time, the
Dong, Jie, Chu, Liang
A Novel Approach for Validating Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) Using Two Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) Simulation Benches2019-01-103804/02/2019
Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) is becoming a common feature in modern day vehicles with the advancement of Advanced Driver Assist Systems (ADAS). Simultaneously, Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) simulation has emerged as a major component of the automotive product development cycle as it can accelerate product development and validation by supplementing in-vehicle testing. Specifically, HIL simulation has become an integral part of the controls development and validation V-cycles by enabling rapid prototyping of control software for Electronic Control Units (ECUs). Traditionally, ACC algorithms have been validated on a system or subsystem HIL bench with the ACC ECU in the loop such that the HIL bench acts as the host or trailing vehicle with the target or preceding vehicle usually simulated using as an object that follows a pre-defined motion profile. In this setup, the host vehicle HIL bench generally includes physical components and subsystems or their corresponding simulated
Joshi, Adit
Automated Surface Preparation of Embraer’s Commercial Jet Fuselage for Painting Process2019-01-133903/19/2019
The surface preparation of the fuselage prior to painting is largely done manually in the Aerospace Industry; utilizing scrubbers, sanders, chemicals, and manlifts resulting in safety and ergonomic issues without delivering a consistent result. The automation of the process employing robots, vision systems, machine movers, and automated process equipment provided the following benefits: Improved Safety and Ergonomics Reduced exposure to hazardous materials and working conditions Improved Consistency and Quality Improved Production Capabilities and Reduced Labor Costs Reduced Material Usage Less weight Lower environmental risks Lower cost This paper will describe the equipment used and the process changes required to automate the surface preparation process, then discuss the benefits that were realized.
Schuknecht, Karl, Scotton, Rogerio Scafutto
SAE WCX: Bringing You the Future of MobilityTBMG-3391603/01/2019
WCX™ World Congress Experience 2019 — presented by SAE International — is for forward-thinking engineers, executives, OEMs, suppliers, decision-makers, disruptors, and the entire spectrum of the mobility engineering field. Held April 9-11 in Detroit, WCX will offer technical education, peer-to-peer networking, a technology-driven exhibit floor, and global mobility solutions. The event covers every corner of the mobility industry from IoT, Big Data, and connectivity, to unmanned vehicles, sustainability, and cybersecurity. More than 10,000 technical experts and business leaders attend WCX for a look into the latest trends and innovations.
Deep Learning in Machine VisionTBMG-3389403/01/2019
FLIR Systems has introduced their Firefly machine vision camera with open platform deep learning inference onboard. Deep learning makes it possible to easily develop high performance solutions for difficult vision problems.
Detroit auto show 2019: Cadillac finally gets its 3-row crossover19AUTP02_1502/01/2019
Cadillac has added another SUV to its lineup with the global debut of the all-new, three-row XT6 at the 2019 Detroit auto show. The XT6 joins the two-row XT4 and XT5 in Caddy's lineup and is a unibody alterative to Cadillac's other three-row SUV, the truck-based Escalade. The 6- or 7-passenger XT6 will be available in two trims-Premium Luxury and Sport-with each offering distinct interior and exterior styling. The XT6 provides a host of available safety technology and should compete directly with Lincoln's new 2020 Aviator three-row SUV. The 2020 XT6 will be powered by GM's 3.6L V6 (310 hp/231 kW). Active fuel management permits V4 operation in lower-load scenarios. All models will feature a 9-speed automatic and four selectable drive modes, with AWD available on the Premium Luxury model and standard on the XT6 Sport. The Sport model will also feature a “twin-clutch” AWD setup with active yaw control, a quicker steering ratio and active dampers. The Sport model will be available with
Seredynski, Paul
Detroit auto show 2019: Next-gen Ford Explorer goes rear-drive19AUTP02_1402/01/2019
The 6th-generation Ford Explorer looks to retain its all-time best-selling-SUV in America status by adding driver assist and other technologies, while dropping its former front-drive/all-wheel-drive (AWD) platform in favor of Ford's new “corporate” CD6 rear-wheel-drive/AWD architecture first revealed for the 2020 Lincoln Aviator. The 2020 Ford Explorer and its Lincoln Aviator sibling are the first midsize SUVs arriving in the marketplace after the automaker's 2018 downshift from nine global platforms to five flexible vehicle architectures. “This is a pretty significant change for us,” Hau Thai Tang, Ford Motor Company's executive VP of product development and purchasing told reporters at the 2020 Explorer's January 9 global debut at Detroit's Ford Field.
Buchholz, Kami
Nissan's all-new Altima gets variable-compression engine, AWD18AUTP11_0911/01/2018
The Altima sedan is an important product for Nissan, what it calls its “brand ambassador.” Long a solid choice in the midsize sedan segment, its typically conservative sheetmetal over the nameplate's five generations has set benchmarks for inoffensive design. For MY2019, Nissan has moved the all-new sixth-generation Altima onto an updated, autonomous-capable global platform and is providing two new powertrains, its first all-wheel-drive system for a sedan in this market and styling that is clean, handsome and sharp. Nissan obviously has invested heavily in its new sedan and as a package, the latest Altima looks and drives the business. Pricing and content also appear set to compete with longtime and recently refreshed competitors including the Honda Accord and Toyota Camry. All good, save the almost startingly recent industry-wide decline in U.S. sedan sales.
Seredynski, Paul
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