Browse Topic: Durability

Items (656)
This SAE Recommended Practice is intended as the definition of a standard test, which may be subject to frequent change to keep pace with experience and technical advances. This should be kept in mind when considering its use.The SAE No. 2 Friction Test Machine is used to evaluate the friction characteristics of automatic transmission plate clutches with automotive transmission fluids. It can also be used to conduct durability tests on wet friction systems.The specific purpose of this document is to define a µPVT Test for the evaluation of the variation of wet friction system performance as a function of speed, temperature, and pressure. This procedure is intended as a standard for both suppliers and end users.The only variables selected by the supplier or user of the friction system are:a. Friction materialb. Fluidc. Reaction platesThese three variables must be clearly identified when reporting the results of this test. If any of the test parameters or system hardware as described in this document are changed, other than the friction material, test fluid, or reaction plates, the data may not be reported as having been obtained using this document.This procedure is intended to evaluate the endpoint/midpoint ratios, midpoint and breakaway coefficients. The procedure can be used to demonstrate changes that occur between the different levels of engagement speed, sump temperature, and apply pressure. Refer to SAE J2487, SAE J2488, or SAE J2489 for coefficient variations due to changes in power level.The procedure, as described in detail in Table 1, consists of four 50 cycle break-in levels at 3500 rpm with increasing steps of apply pressure, followed by 16 levels consisting of 25 dynamic engagements, and one breakaway following completion of the 25th dynamic cycle. The 16 levels are achieved by varying initial engagement speed, apply pressure, and oil sump temperature while the inertia is kept constant at 0.701 kg/m2.
Automatic Transmission and Transaxle Committee
This SAE Recommended Practice is intended as the definition of a standard test, but may be subject to frequent change to keep pace with experience and technical advances. This should be kept in mind when considering its use.The SAE No. 2 Friction Test Machine is used to evaluate the friction characteristics of automatic transmission plate clutches with automotive transmission fluids. It can also be used to conduct durability tests on wet friction systems.The specific purpose of this document is to define a 6000 rpm stepped power test for the evaluation of wet friction system performance variation as a function of power level. This procedure uses an initial engagement speed of 6000 rpm and is intended as a standard procedure for common use by both suppliers and end users.The only variables selected by the supplier or user of the friction system are:a. Friction materialb. Fluidc. Reaction platesThese three variables must be clearly identified when reporting the results of using this test. If any of the test parameters or system hardware as described in this document are changed, other than the friction material, test fluid, or reaction plates, the data may not be reported as having been obtained using this document.This procedure is not intended to evaluate the initial coefficient or break-in characteristics. For this information, refer to SAE J2490 SAE No. 2 Friction Test Machine PVT test.
Automatic Transmission and Transaxle Committee
This SAE Recommended Practice is intended as the definition of a standard test, but may be subject to frequent change to keep pace with experience and technical advances. This should be kept in mind when considering its use.The SAE No. 2 Friction Test Machine is used to evaluate the friction characteristics of automatic transmission plate clutches with automotive transmission fluids. It can also be used to conduct durability tests on wet friction systems.The specific purpose of this document is to define a 3600 rpm Stepped Power Test for the evaluation of wet friction system performance variation as a function of power level. This procedure uses an initial engagement speed of 3600 rpm and is intended as a standard procedure for common use by both suppliers and end users.The only variables selected by the supplier or user of the friction system are:a. Friction Materialb. Fluidc. Reaction PlatesThese three variables must be clearly identified when reporting the results of using this test. If any of the test parameters or system hardware as described in this document are changed, other than the friction material, test fluid, or reaction plates, the data may not be reported as having been obtained using this document.This procedure is not intended to evaluate the initial coefficient or break-in characteristics. For this information, refer to SAE J2490.
Automatic Transmission and Transaxle Committee
An Experimental Study to Evaluate the Droplet Impinging Erosion Characteristics of an Icephobic, Elastic Soft Surface2019-01-19976/10/2019
Elastic soft material/surface, such as Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), is a perspective, useful and low-cost hydrophobic and icephobic coating. While it has been reported to have good mechanical durability, its erosion durability under the high impacting of water droplets pertinent to aircraft inflight icing phenomena has not been explored. In this study, the droplet imping erosion characteristics of an icephobic PDMS surface/material is evaluated systematically upon the dynamic impinging of water droplets at different impact velocities (~ up to 75m/s), in comparison with other state-of-the-art icephobic materials/surfaces, such as superhydrophobic surface (SHS) and slippery liquid-infused porous surface (SLIPS). Surprisingly, the contact angle (CA) of the elastic PDMS is shown to have an over 20° increase (from 105° to 128°), which represents better hydrophobicity, after the erosion test which is mainly contributed to the higher roughness of the eroded PDMS surface. As for the icephobicity evaluation, intact PDMS was found to has ultra-low ice adhesion (~8 kPa), in comparison with SHS (i.e., ~100kPa) and SLIPS (i.e., ~35kPa). PDMS also shows outstandingly stable ice adhesion during the erosion test (i.e., fluctuation only within ~4kPa) as a result of the growth of cracks on the PDMS surface and the increased surface energy.
Ma, LiqunZhang, ZichenLiu, YangHu, Hui
A Novel Heating-Coating Hybrid Strategy for Wind Turbine Icing Mitigation2019-01-20296/10/2019
The electro-thermal method is most commonly used for wind turbine anti-/de-icing. The upmost drawback of such systems is the high power consumption. In the present study, we proposed to use a durable slippery liquid-infused porous surface (SLIPS) to effectively reduce the power requirement of the heating element during the anti-/de-icing process. The explorative study was conducted in the Icing Research Tunnel at Iowa State University (ISU-IRT) with a DU91-W2-250 wind turbine blade model exposed under severe icing conditions. During the experiments, while a high-speed imaging system was used to record the dynamic ice accretion process, an infrared (IR) thermal imaging system was also utilized to achieve the simultaneous surface temperature measurements over the test model. In comparison to the traditional electrical heating strategies to brutally heat massive area of entire turbine blades, a novel heating-coating hybrid strategy, i.e., combining a leading-edge (LE) heating element to cover the first 30% of the chord length (C) along with using SLIPS to coat entire blade surface, was found to be able to keep the entire blade surface completely free of ice, but with only an approximately 30% of the required energy consumption. The readily bouncing of the water droplets upon impinging onto the durable SLIPS and the much lower ice adhesion strength/capillary force over the SLIPS coated surface are believed to be the reasons to lead the better anti-/de-icing performance of the heating-coating hybrid strategy to prevent ice accretion/formation over the surfaces of the wind turbine blades.
Gao, LinyueMa, LiqunLiu, YangHu, Hui
Gear System Parameters and Its Influence on Gearbox Noise2019-01-15626/5/2019
Tonal noise due to gears is one of the fundamental noise problems in a gearbox. Gear tooth deflections generate dynamic forces that lead to unwanted load fluctuations, thus noise. Different factors that are considered to control this noise, some to mention like proper gear macro design, microgeometry corrections, and housing compliance. However, identifying the appropriate variable as a measure of contribution to the overall response helps in getting more accurate remedial solutions. Some outputs to track are different harmonic components of TE, temperature effects, components of forces, rim compliance and friction. For evaluation, usually, the amplitudes of individual harmonics of transmission error are related to the respective orders of the noise levels assuming it as one of the primary excitation parameters of gear noise. In this paper, a brief overview of TE and its harmonic distribution is discussed with the example of an ideal gear mesh model and then quantifying TE with the introduction of mesh misalignment. The effect of providing additional microgeometry corrections to compensate for the misalignment is also discussed. The study in this paper discusses the influence of parameters that are associated with gear whine and will serve as a guideline for the optimizing the gear design. The analysis was performed on a simple external helical gear mesh model in LDP tool for generating loads and TE. Moreover, the radiated noise from the flexible housing was also monitored to study the influence of different parameters on the sound power levels. Some additional results were evaluated with an in-house developed tool as well. The studies performed in this paper will help in identifying the parameters for transmission durability & NVH also their importance in designing quiet and robust gearbox.
Dewangan, Yogesh KumarNair, Pranoy SureshbabuNair, Dipin
Rotorcraft components, which are often made with reinforced fiber composites, are subjected to severe fatigue loadings due to increased performance demands. Therefore, considerable research interest exists in improving fatigue life of conventional fiber reinforced composites. Nanocomposites are a new class of materials which seek to improve mechanical performance of materials by creating nanoscale crack-nanofiller interactions. In this study we demonstrate the fatigue life improvement of conventional composites by addition of SiO2 nanofillers. The epoxy resin was initially modified with nanofillers to test the static fracture toughness. Once the improvement in static facture toughness was confirmed, three phase modified fiber reinforced composites were made using the modified resin. Cyclic tests were performed at various stress level which demonstrate that three phase nanocomposites perform better than conventional fiber reinforced composites. Fractographic analysis suggests that nanofiller de-bonding from the matrix as well as crack deflection around nanofiller clusters contributes to the improved fracture toughness and fatigue life.
Kamble, MithilLakhnot, AniruddhaPicu, CatainKoratkar, Nikhil
Automotive Door Opening Durability Simulation Using Detail Checkstrap Mechanism2019-26-02731/9/2019
In automotive design space, door opening durability is one of the important design attribute to build a door structure. Customer often interact with door while ingress and egress a vehicle and that builds a perception of vehicle in customer’s mind. Now days, Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) is used extensively to simulate the real time door opening and closing event for designing the door structure for durability performance. Early prediction of durability performance and developing the countermeasures saves great amount of time and cost. This paper provides a brief study of detail checkstrap mechanism and its influence on door durability performance. Door checkstrap plays an important role in swing door design, it assists the door opening and closing with the help of check arm profile guided by roller and spring. This allows the load transferred from door to body through checkstrap first and then through hinges. The load interval between door full open to door over-open becomes critical for door durability performance. During this event, the majority of energy absorbed by the checkstrap mechanism and attached door & body components. Hence, the checkstrap mechanism representation is very important for the door durability simulation. Door dynamic analysis for overopen load is performed in LSDYNA solver and fatigue analysis is performed in nCode.
Mahadule, Roshan N.Patil, SuhasHanamshet, Madhav
E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems
E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems
Experimental Determination of the Heat Transfer Coefficient in Piston Cooling Galleries2018-01-17769/10/2018
Piston cooling galleries are critical for the pistons’ capability to handle increasing power density while maintaining the same level of durability. However, piston cooling also accounts for a considerable amount of heat rejection and parasitic losses. Knowing the distribution of the heat transfer coefficient (HTC) inside the cooling gallery could enable new designs which ensure effective cooling of areas decisive for durability while minimizing parasitic losses and overall heat rejection. In this study, an inverse heat transfer method is presented to determine the spatial HTC distribution inside the cooling gallery based on surface temperature measurements with an infrared (IR) camera. The method utilizes a piston specially machined so it only has a thin sheet of material of a known thickness left between the cooling gallery and the piston bowl. The piston - initially at room temperature - is heated up with warm oil injected into the cooling gallery. The transient of the piston’s outer surface temperature is captured with an IR camera from the top. Combining the temperature transient of each pixel, the HTC is later obtained through an inverse heat transfer solver based on one-dimensional heat conduction inside the piston material. To the authors’ knowledge, the current study presents the first application of an inverse heat transfer method for spatially resolved and experimentally determined heat transfer coefficients inside a piston cooling gallery. Preliminary measurements at standstill to demonstrate the method display an area of increased heat transfer where the entering oil jet impinges onto the wall of the cooling gallery.
Binder, ChristianE, VasanthNorling, DanielCronhjort, Andreas
Deterioration Characteristic of Catalyzed DPF Applied on Diesel Truck Durable Ageing2018-01-17019/10/2018
In this paper, it was researched the degradation characteristics of catalytic performance of three kinds of DPFs (C1, C2 and C3, with precious metal concentrations being 15, 25 and 35 g/ft3 respectively) after diesel truck aging. It is found out that the crystallinity of three kinds of DPF samples (Used) in full vehicle aging was higher than that of fresh samples (Fresh) and aged samples (Aged) in the laboratory. Compared with Fresh samples, the concentration of Pt atom in precious metal on the surface of Aged and Used samples tends to decrease in most cases. Activities to CO and C3H8 of Aged and Used samples of three kinds of DPFs had all been degraded, and activity degradation showed a substantial correlation with concentration reduction rate of precious metal on the carrier surface. NO2 productivity of Used samples all rose. Crystallinity of DPF samples after full vehicle aging in Inlet, Middle and Outlet areas successively increased. The reduction rate of Pt atom concentration of Inlet samples was higher, followed by that of Outlet layer samples, and that of Middle layer samples was lower. Activities to CO, C3H8 and NO2 of Inlet samples were relatively low, yet the catalytic activity of Middle samples was relatively high. Activity differences were resulted from the differences of thermal degradation due to different thermal loads during aging.
Zhou, HuaZhao, HongweiYin, ZenghuiFeng, QianZhou, MaoxiangLi, JingyuanQin, KongjianLi, Mengliang
This SAE Standard provides a definition of a rainflow file format. This type of simple text file would contain all relevant information about the rainflow cycle content of a time history. Included information are Comments, Signal Range, Signal Mean, Number of Cycles, Signal Maximum, Signal Minimum. Rainflow cycle counting has become the most accepted procedure for identifying material fatigue relevant cycles in complex variable amplitude load time histories. The cycle counting methods account for the effects of material plasticity and material memory of prior deformation, and the resulting compressed history information is used by durability analysts to estimate the effects of a given service or test history. Standardization of the rainflow counting methods output files, which is the format addressed by the present standard, is important for reliable information transfer between test and design groups, or different calculation software packages, and thus forms a critical step in the evaluation of components and vehicles. Further background information can be found in the SAE publication AE-10 cited in 2.1.1.
Materials, Processes and Parts Council
A-6C2 Seals Committee
A-6C2 Seals Committee
A-6C2 Seals Committee
ABSTRACT A coupled fluid-structure interaction (FSI) simulation was developed to evaluate a new design feature in the LIVE® vibration isolation system of the 505 Jet Ranger X. Efficient modeling of fluid and elastomeric characteristics is enabled by simplifying the internal fluid boundaries and adjusting fluid compressibility. The approach provides an accurate analysis of the internal loading within the LIVE structure. Computed results substantiate the LIVE design in terms of strength, durability, and component deflection. The FSI simulation also supports dynamic tuning of the LIVE to achieve the target operating frequency. Validation is demonstrated by comparison to laboratory test measurements. Correlation to test results, in terms of fluid pressure, is within 3.5% and correlation to natural frequency is within 5%.
Knoll, JonathanOtt, MarkCooney, KevinSeifert, Michael
Automotive Components Fatigue and Durability Testing with Flexible Vibration Testing Table10-02-01-00044/7/2018
Accelerated durability testing of automotive components has become a major interest for the ground vehicle Industries. This approach can predict the life characteristics of the vehicle by testing fatigue failure at higher stress level within a shorter period of time. Current tradition of laboratory testing includes a rigid fixture to mount the component with the shaker table. This approach is not accurate for the durability testing of most vehicle components especially for those parts connected directly with the tire and suspension system. In this work, the effects of the elastic support on modal parameters of the tested structure, such as natural frequencies, damping ratios and mode shapes, as well as the estimated structural fatigue life in the durability testing were studied through experimental testing and numerical simulations. First, a specially designed sub-scaled experimental testing bed with both rigid and elastic supports was developed to study the effects of the additional elastic support and the mass on the change of structural modal parameters. The significant modal parameters variation due to the additional elastic support was clearly illustrated by the experimental results. Moreover, the modal parameters with elastic support were then used to build and tune the finite element model (FEM). Afterwards, the accelerated durability profiles of both sine sweep and random vibration were applied to the FEM to compare the deviation of the cumulative fatigue damage between the tested structures with elastic and rigid supports. This work reveals and explains the inaccuracy of the current Accelerated Durability Testing system with rigid support foundation, which introduces a significant amount of variation in fatigue damage compared with the elastic foundation case for both Sine-Sweep and Random loading conditions while the dynamic properties of the tested structure with rigid support are different to the real situation.
Rahman, EbadurWu, NanWu, Christine
The Unique Dynamic and Structural Solution of a Finite Element Representation of Full Vehicle Based on the Integrated Implicit/Explicit Approach2018-01-12144/3/2018
This article describes a numerical methodology, based on Finite Element approach, able to simulate, with a unique solution, the dynamic and structural response of a full vehicle running on fatigue reference roads. The current durability process is a multidisciplinary one based on a combination of three different phases: load definition, stress definition, and fatigue life prediction. For Long-Time Histories events, the second phase of this process is necessarily based on a Linear assumption using a Static or Dynamic approach. However, in durability events, some situations can lead the material to work in the plastic range, thus putting on the top the strength aspect of the performances and making these phases not independent and sequential, but strongly interdependent. The goal of the methodology reported in this article is to merge, in a unique numerical simulation, the load and stress definition phases. To this purpose, the solution of a full vehicle model of a commercial van, with a complete Finite Element representation of the body structure, running on fatigue roads, is investigated. This work represents an evolution of current load generation methodology and is able to quantify the impact of Nonlinear effects, such as contact and material plastic behavior, on structural response. A comparison of loads and stresses evaluated with the old approach and the new one is performed.
Duni, EfthimioSignorini, AlbertoPuleo, VincenzoSIAS, AlessandroPiccardi, SimoneMennillo, Serena
Automotive engineering has been a game of delivering more value with minimal resources confronting conflicting design choices at every design step. As more and more electronics enters the game, it becomes imperative to critically evaluate various design choices to deliver a robust hardware backbone which guarantees a robust performance on an ever-reducing budget. Hardware interface with the outside environment in particular needs to be equipped with a significant robustness. Harsh transients, tough environmental conditions, further complicate the rules to the game.
Vaidya, Vishwas
Road Loads for Durability Analysis using Virtual Iterations2018-01-05674/3/2018
Durability assessment for suspension systems and vehicle structures requires loads on each component from different road profiles. If a new vehicle is to be assessed for durability early in the design phase, a prototype must be built and tested on proving grounds. This can be time consuming and expensive. A large number of design configurations are considered for designing new vehicles in the truck industry. However, the number of prototypes that can be built and tested will be limited. The only options would be to depend on generic load cases or to use a virtual method that can translate limited measurements to various configurations. Roush CAE has successfully implemented a method called virtual iterations to back calculate the road profiles from the CAE model of a vehicle that has been tested on the desired road tracks. This paper presents the various steps involved in the virtual iterations process, the full vehicle model setup and the most important parameters which affect the output. The underlying assumptions and their influence on the application of the final tire patch displacements to the new vehicle design are discussed. An example problem is presented and correlated results are shown for various continuous vibration events like resonance roads, cobblestones as well as impact events like curb impact and chuckholes.
Vemuri, AchyutTalekar, NitinAvutapalli, Bhaskar
Development of Parallel and Direct Cooling System for EV/FCEV Inverter2018-01-04544/3/2018
This paper presents the direct liquid-cooled power module with the circular pin fin which is the inverter parallel cooling system for high output EV/FCEV. The direct cooling system of a conventional inverter is designed to supply coolant along the direction in which the heating element such as Si-chip is disposed and discharge coolant to the opposite side. In case of the inverter, the higher the output is, the larger temperature difference between inlet and outlet becomes due to the heat exchange of the heat generation element, so that temperature difference depends on the position of Si-chip. Since lifetime is judged on the basis of maximum temperature of Si-chip, the inverter itself must be replaced or discarded due to durability of the inverter even though Si-chip can drive further. The simple way to solve this problem is to increase cooling flow rate, but this leads to excessive increase in pressure loss due to circular pin fin. Purpose of this study is the concept of parallel cooling system which improves junction temperature of Si-chip and pressure loss in cooling channel at once without increasing flow rate when configuration of the circular in-fin is fixed. Numbers of geometries of parallel cooling channel have been modeled for optimization. The decrease in rising temperature of the best geometry achieved about 2.4% which is the same result as 15.6% increase of flow rate compared to conventional design at 8 L/min on 450 V, 8 kHz switching frequency. However, the pressure loss of the best geometry was reduced by 36%.
Seo, Heung SeokShin, Dongmin
There is an ongoing effort in the industry to develop an accelerated corrosion test for automotive heat exchangers. This has become even more important as automakers are focusing on corrosion durability of 15 years in the field versus current target of 10 years. To this end an acid immersion test was developed and reported in a previous paper for condensers (1). This paper extends those results to evaporators and establishes the efficacy of the test using these results and those reported in the literature. The paper also discusses variability in corrosion test results as observed in tests such as ASTM G85:A3 Acidified Synthetic Sea Water Test (SWAAT), and its relation to field durability.
Rungta, RaviPandit, Noori
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