Browse Topic: Steam engines

Items (52)

TBMG-2831302/01/2018

The SolidSense sensor platform measures all EPA-regulated gas emissions (nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons), in addition to ammonia, with high accuracy and sensitivity. The chip-scale gas analyzer provides real-time diagnostics, and is suitable for monitoring emissions from diesel and gasoline engines, turbines, steam power plants, and other combustion technologies.

A Liquid-Piston Steam Engine

2011-28-013710/06/2011

Recently, waste heat recovery system from automobile exhaust gas has attracted a lot of attention as one of the promising technology to improve fuel efficiency and to reduce carbon dioxide emission. In order to put this system into practice, we developed a novel liquid-piston steam engine which has large potential of high efficiency, high reliability and low cost. Thermal efficiency of 12.7 % is achieved at temperatures of Th = 270 °C and l = 80 °C. Finally, electrical output of waste heat recovery system with the liquid-piston steam engine is estimated to be 44 or 79Wh under NEDC or HWFET modes, respectively.

Yatsuzuka, Shinichi, Oda, Shuzo, Niiyama, Yasunori, Fukuda, Kentaro, Nishizawa, Kazutoshi, Shikazono, Naoki

Review on the Fatigue Mechanisms in Automotive Valve Springs

2011-36-000310/04/2011

This paper presents a review on the fatigue mechanisms in automotive valve springs manufactured on high-strength steel, as well as in other similar parts, like as helical suspension spring. The review was conducted with a phenomenological focus to support new developments in material for use in Otto and Diesel engines. Mechanical fatigue is a common process of damage that occurs in components subjected to cyclic loads, but in the particular case of valve springs, this problem is controlled through the project restriction, usually with the limitation of higher levels prescription of shear stress. In an attempt to increase this limit, allowing greater efforts at the elastic region the Material Engineering designs materials with higher toughness and the Manufacturing Engineering plays in the prevention or defects minimization, often inherent to the material. Considering this scenario, the proposal of austempered valve springs instead of the traditional quenched and tempered might assist

Serbino, Edison Marcelo, Tschiptschin, André Paulo

Engine electronics come of age

OFHMAR05_0103/01/2005

Changes in global standards, combined with engineering know-how, have resulted in a new generation of clean, quiet, and efficient engines. Engine electronics have been around for some time. So has the driving force behind their development, according to Ed Handley, Manager of Engine Electronics, International Truck and Engine. Handley and another coworker “actually started engine electronics here at International Engine back in the ‘80s,” he said. “We began by introducing electronics to a 6.9-L V8 engine for Ford. Emissions was a big driver, but we were also interested in features and performance.” Emissions? The EPA didn't start regulating diesel emissions until it crafted Tier 1 requirements in 1994. The phase-in of those standards began in 1996. “Back in the ‘80s it wasn't so much NOx levels,” said Handley. “It was the smoke that comes out of the tailpipe. It just doesn't look good when you take off and there's a plume of smoke. So we were generally trying to resolve those kinds of

Ries, Richard

IAV's Steam Engine A Unique Approach to Fulfill Emission Levels from SULEV to ZEV

2001-01-036603/05/2001

Fulfillment of SULEV standards without catalyst - this is a target engineers at IAV have been working on since the middle of the 1990s. The core of this development is an advanced steam engine with a high performance burner. This burner features extremely low raw pollutant emission. This paper describes new solutions that were found to solve the challenging tasks in the development of such an engine concept.

Buschmann, G., Haas, T., Hoetger, M., Mayr, B.

Analytical Solution of Piston Ring Pack Lubrication for Truck Air Brake Compressor

1999-01-376911/15/1999

This paper presents an analytical solution of piston ring pack lubrication for two-cylinder truck air brake compressor. A system of nonlinear equations with seven variables was developed to describe lubrication phenomena of the piston ring pack for both fully flooded and starvation conditions. The full mass conservation boundary conditions defined by JFO ([14],[15]) theory were employed for complete description of the cavitation algorithm with enclosed and open cavitation patterns. Impact of the piston ring design parameters such as offset, crown height, and tension on the oil transport, lubrication conditions and friction losses of the compressor were discussed in details.

Yu, B., Sawicki, J.T., Dunaevsky, V.

PROPOSAL AND BASIC EXPERIMENTS OF SUPER STIRLING ENGINES

1999-01-250208/02/1999

“Super Stirling Engine” is a Stirling engine assisted by saturated low pressure steam or compressed air of 0.2 ∼ 0.8 Mpa pressure range, which is injected into the cold side of the displacer cylinder at the top dead center of the power piston, and the steam or air expands into power cylinder at constant high temperature after passing regenerator and heater. Near the bottom dead center of the power piston, the steam or air is ejected to outside in low temperature after passing the regenerator again as same as Stirling engine. So, this engine works in the combination of Stirling cycle and steam Rankine cycle when steam is used.

ISSHIKI, Naotsugu, KOJIMA, Hiroshi, USHIYAMA, Izumi, ISSHIKI, Seita

The Thermodynamics of Stirling Engines Revisited: The Relative Merits of Hot Zone or Cold Zone Work Extraction

92902608/03/1992

It was demonstrated by analytical means, that the specific work obtainable from a Stirling type engine, with separate power and displacer cylinders, having the power cylinder connected to the hot zone of the displacer cylinder is, for typical operating conditions, about twice that obtainable when the power cylinder is connected to the cold zone. The analysis, which does not reveal any differences in ideal thermal efficiency between cold-zone and hot-zone power cylinder connections, is based on conventional thermodynamic concepts applied in a manner which differentiates explicitly between the conditions applicable to hot-zone versus cold-zone interconnection of the power and displacer cylinders. A new feature of the analysis is the introduction of what have been termed bithermal processes. These involve two regions of different, but constant, temperatures with mass exchange between the regions which communicate freely via the engine regenerator. At any instant the pressure is equal in

Kentfield, J. A. C.

The Power Formula for Atmospheric Stirling Engines

92902708/03/1992

A new proposed formula allows the evaluation of the indicated power of an atmospheric Stirling engine by means of minimum working fluid volume, mean arithmetical pressure difference and correction factors for dead space and compression ratio, grounded on the simplest geometrical and design characteristics. The practical example given in this paper presents the comparison among the Beale formula and other similar equations, developed by other authors, showing various accuracy. Closer approximation has been reached by the proposed formula in comparison with other expressions.

Lista, Paolo, Naso, Vincenzo

High Tech Development in Transportation-Two Cheers for the Market System

87153508/01/1987

The paper suggests that market failure to provide required transport equipment may be due to inadequate information, an overly static market, or to insufficient funds. Accurate estimation of rates of return to supplier or operator is impeded by “technological risk” -performance may fall short of expectations, “cost risk” - costs may overshoot estimates, “gaming risk” -after a decision, those by others may affect the outcome, “misinformation risk” and “product timing risk” -unforeseeable market changes may destroy profitability. The paper analyzes the extent to which such projects as Advanced Train Control Systems can reduce misinformation, technological and gaming risks and isolate operators from cost overruns. All risks vary as technologies advance from one “plateau” to another. The development of global markets offers the means, not only of obtaining the best equipment at least cost, but also of maximizing purchase volume.

Detmold, Peter J.

Hydraulic Technology Applied in European Excavators

80095809/01/1980

The mobile hydraulic excavator has influenced high pressure hydraulic development more than any other type of equipment. Since the introduction of the first hydraulic excavators in Europe the search for higher operating pressure while retaining compact components, has been critical in the development of more powerful hydrostatic drives. A major breakthrough was achieved when variable displacement axial piston pumps equipped with horsepower control and multiple spool directional control valves (monoblocks) were made available to excavator manufacturers. With the ability of these hydrostatic components to handle higher operating pressures, and the on-going development for larger pumps and actuators, the production of bigger and more powerful hydraulic excavators has become possible.

Wotke, Wilfried W.

The Development of Air Cargo in the South Pacific

76043705/10/1976

Comparatively little is known about air cargo in the South Pacific - about its development, the current situation, or its future prospects. Economic trends as well as industry growth factors are usually exemplified by traffic across the Atlantic, and more recently, the North Pacific. Unfortunately these statistics have only minor bearing on the actual situation in the South Pacific where substantial increases in the past two years have run somewhat contrary to average world figures in a way few of us expected from an area commonly regarded as remote from the rest of the world. This paper is therefore designed to give a comprehensive overview of air cargo activities in the South Pacific. It follows the local evolution of air cargo from the days of single emergency shipments to the present sophisticated air cargo distribution concept.

Ledger, J. D.

The Carter System-Preliminary Test Results of Second Generation Steam Engine

76034102/01/1976

A second generation Carter Steam Engine has been built by Jay Carter Enterprises, Inc. It is now undergoing bench testing prior to installation in a Paratransit Vehicle being produced for the Urban Mass Transportation Administration by AMF Incorporated. Results to date confirm that the goal of very low emissions is being attained. Engine test data has been used in conjunction with a computer simulation of the steam engine in the Paratransit Vehicle. Projected fuel consumption over the Federal City Driving Cycle is 17.5 mpg and over the combined city/highway cycle is 18.9 mpg. The 100 hp engine is capable of vehicle acceleration from 0-45 mph in 11 seconds. All test results indicate that the engine is a viable candidate as an alternate automobile power plant.

Carter, Jay W., Wingenbach, William J.

Transportation and Environmental Design: Opportunities and Conflicts in Cityscape and Regionscape

72063202/01/1972

Socio-aesthetic forces are among the most influential determinants of urban form in present day society. These forces derive from a brief period of history still dominated by the Romantic, Picturesque, point of view. Regional and urban planners, victims of this aesthetic approach, currently provide fixed solutions and unmanoeuvrable transportation networks. An evolving society requires a network system that can respond to its development. The multivariate system of network reserves, justified in this paper, claims a capability of maximum response to change, with maximum adaptability to existing urban forms. It calls, however, for an espousal of monotonic socio-aesthetic principles opposed to those at present endemic in society.

Brown, Ian

A New Type of Engine Governor

68015902/01/1968

Present-day trucking applications are increasing in complexity and placing an ever increasing demand on the truck engine to serve as the power source for operating a wide variety of auxiliary equipment. This equipment is demanding a high level of sophisticated speed control which must respond to greater requirements than simply speed governing. A speed control must be responsive to multiple input control signals and capable of operating at numerous speed levels automatically. This paper describes a recently developed speed control system consisting of a solid-state printed circuit control module coupled with an electrovacuum actuator. This system is responsive to present day flexibility and operational demands. It also offers features such as multilevel speed control, remote speed, load droop, and stability adjustment, monitoring feed back, and responsiveness to control signals from multiple stations.

Kern, Robert D.

Let's Talk Sense About Abrasive Machining

64014101/01/1964

The grinding process has lagged behind other metal cutting processes because of lack of universal data that can be used to predict results, and because there are usually more than 30 interdependent, unevaluated variables connected with each grinding job. This repels people who insist on proved data before making a change. There is little hope of such data being available in the near future; however, a simple method of trial and error will achieve the maximum effect of abrasive machining on jobs already in production. This method works the machine and wheel to higher production until some physical limitation has been reached that, for the moment, cannot be overcome by present techniques.

Fisher, Robert C.

Steam Engine Power Supplies

64025301/01/1964

Although reciprocating steam engines are now used to a limited degree in industry, their potential value in underdeveloped areas, remote locations, and as fixed site power systems should not be underestimated. Their multifuel capability and high reliability as well as their simplicity of operation and maintenance make them as important today as they were at the time of their introduction. This paper discusses design and modifications for their use in specified applications.

Harvey, Robert J., Robinson, Thomas C.

Comparative Economic and Performance Analysis of Indigenous Fuel Power Systems

64026501/01/1964

An analysis is made of power sources available in undeveloped areas for portable radio communication and strategic village needs. In both instances reliability, simple operation, minimum maintenance, and low cost are prime considerations determining power source usage. For short missions, a rechargeable battery is most useful whereas for missions of longer duration a foot-powered generator with rechargeable battery is more attractive. For remote undeveloped areas the optimum power system is the foot pedalled generator charging a lead-acid battery through a modified automotive generator.

Hamilton, R. C.

Propulsion Gearing for Diesel Powered River Boats

62020801/01/1962

This paper discusses very briefly the general need for gearing and its application to river boats. It describes the various types of gears, designs, and rating practices for marine gears and clutches as well as controls and gearing problems. General maintenance information and trouble shooting highlights are outlined. Torsional studies and the need and responsibility for them are reviewed. The functional relationship between the gear and the engine and the manufacturer’s responsibility for performance reliability is emphasized.

Tate, E. M.

Some Aspects on Bow Thrusters for Great Lakes and Inland Waterways Vessels

61027001/01/1961

Scott, Howard H.

NEW IDEAS THROUGH INDIVIDUAL INITIATIVE

61043401/01/1961

WILLIAMS, LYNN A.

The Cryhocycle: a New Concept in a Room-Temperature Integrated Thermal Control and Power-Generation System

61037601/01/1961

May, John R., Silvern, David H.

A 4-WHEEL DRIVE TRACTOR FOR LARGE FARMS

61030001/01/1961

ASKINS, W.J.

VELOCITY AND MECHANICAL GOVERNORS FOR OVER-THE-ROAD VEHICLES

59039401/01/1959

HEDDEN, G. D.

WANTED: PRODUCT DESIGN ENGINEERS

57011801/01/1957

SCRANTON, C. J.

MODERN MACHINE TOOLS - THE KEY TO AMERICA'S FUTURE

57006601/01/1957

BERGSTROM, S. E.

Turbojet-Engine Design Problems for Supersonic Flight

54025301/01/1954

SOME of the aerodynamic and mechanical problems of jet engines designed for supersonic flight speeds are discussed in this paper. The aerodynamic problems considered include the required range of operation of the compressor, the thermal efficiency of the cycle, the inlet-engine airflow match, and jet nozzle design. Structural difficulties due to high operating pressures and temperatures and the bearing and lube problems arising from high temperatures are also presented.

Alford, Joseph S., Auyer, Earl L.

A BRIEF HISTORY OF PISTON RINGS AS OF 1952

52003101/01/1952

Brenneke, A. M.

SPLITTING THE INCH HAS PACED MAN'S PROGRESS

52018501/01/1952

POLK, LOUIS

Foreign Tractors And Implements

51012301/01/1951

GRAY, R. B.

PRESENT PERFORMANCE AND FUTURE OF DIESEL RAILROAD MOTIVE POWER

44005701/01/1944

Cuyler, E. T.

FARM POWER and the POST-WAR TRACTOR

44020201/01/1944

ALTHOUGH the displacement of horses by tractors has been taking place on farms for only 20 years in any large amounts, tractor power is finding it increasingly harder to displace animal power. Mr. Sperry believes this condition is due to two factors: 1. Tractors cost too much for the operators of smaller farms. 2. Evidently there is still something lacking in the ability of the tractor to do varied farm work as suitably as horses. To overcome these difficulties, at least in part, Mr. Sperry suggests the following as the most important requirements for tractors of the future: 1. Provision for quickly attaching or removing mounted farm implements. 2. Greater ease in controls for manipulating these implements. 3. Operator's comfort for long hours on the tractor. 4. Tractor sizes suited to the small acre farm and its limited income. 5. Engine combustion-chamber shape and vaporizing equipment to be studied intensively so that we provide the maximum in power per gallon of fuel, since it is

SPERRY, L. B.

Fundamental Mechanical Aspects of Boundary Lubrication

40012901/01/1940

FROM the physico-chemical side, boundary lubrication already has been investigated fairly thoroughly. However, it is a great handicap in the intelligent selection of lubricants and materials that the physico-chemical results cannot be exploited to the full without knowing the fundamental mechanical aspects; therefore, data on this missing link are discussed first. Starting from the thesis that pressure and temperature in the region of contact between the rubbing surfaces are the basic mechanical factors, it is shown that four main types of boundary lubrication should be distinguished: 1. Low-Pressure and Temperature Boundary Lubrication, briefly, Mild Boundary Lubrication. 2. High-Temperature Boundary Lubrication. 3. High-Pressure Boundary Lubrication. 4. High-Pressure and Temperature Boundary Lubrication, briefly, Extreme Boundary Lubrication. Up to now Type 4 has been called “Extreme Pressure Lubrication” but, logically, the term now proposed should be adopted, as in this region of

Blok, H.

THE TRACK-TYPE TRACTOR'S CONTRIBUTION TO ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL PROGRESS

39010001/01/1939

Heacock, B. C.

FUELS FOR HIGH SPEED DIESEL ENGINES

37003201/01/1937

Rendel, T. B.

Development and Application of the Cathode-Ray Engine Indicator

36015001/01/1936

THIS paper describes a number of applications of the cathode-ray tube to the solution of engine problems, such as indication of pressures in the cylinder and in Diesel fuel lines; mechanical vibration of moving parts; torsional oscillations of shafts; whip of shafts; and time of arrival and duration of flame at any point in the cylinder-head. The different technique involved when hard-vacuum cathode-ray tubes are used instead of the gas-filled variety, is also indicated. An outline is given of some of the work rendered possible by its aid. This includes observations on the nature of the octane scale in so far as its relation to combustion pressure is concerned. A contribution is made to the theory of the mechanism of Diesel knock intensity together with some information on improving the power output and cleanliness of running of a C.F.R.-Pope Diesel engine. It also is shown how different blending agents in a fuel affect the combustion rate after ignition has occurred, and some general

Dodds, E. M.

The Tire Factor in Automobile Riding-Quality

32002401/01/1932

METHODS are outlined for measuring the characteristics of tires that affect riding-qualities, and typical curves showing rate of deflection and contact area versus tire size are presented. Coordination of service performance with simple laboratory tests is illustrated. Means of securing the inter-effect of tires and springs are outlined and curves of typical axle-body frequency versus tire size are shown. Use of the solenoid accelerometer in conjunction with equipment for interpretation of physical effect of accelerations is suggested for service tests. Secondary riding-quality factors such as tire traction, horsepower and rim diameter are discussed and numerous others mentioned. The influence of tread design and other factors of tire design is indicated. Discussers raise questions regarding change in inflation pressure with a change to a rim of smaller diameter and a tire of larger section; absence in the low-pressure cord tire of the damping effect of friction in the carcass of the

Brown, Roy W.

Accounting for Depreciation as a Production Cost

29007001/01/1929

IF the costs of almost any group of manufacturers who market the same product are analyzed, two kinds of differences will be detected, according to the author. The real differences in costs arise from superior management, higher productivity, and better disposition and utilization of capital. The accidental differences result from the failure of manufacturers to include in cost records all of the proper legitimate items of expense. Confining his treatment of the subject to an analysis of the depreciation of plant and equipment, the author states that depreciation is a decline in the value which is certain to occur as a result of wear and tear and gradual obsolescence. It is caused by the possession and use of an asset, and is therefore a part of the cost of production. The accountant attempts to recover depreciation loss in the value of the capital assets by charging it into the cost of production. This cost must be collected as the product is sold, and the primary questions are the

BARON, L. A.

A New Electrical Engine-Indicator

28005001/01/1928

AFTER enumerating the fundamental qualities that make an engine indicator successful, the authors classify existing indicators and discuss a few of the more successful ones. Then is introduced the new electrical indicator, which makes its record from variation between the resistances of two carbon-piles which form the branches of a Wheatstone bridge. The pressure element is a thin diaphragm flush with the inner walls of the combustion-chamber. This is connected by an invar rod to a cantilever spring, the displacement of which reduces the resistance in one carbon-pile and increases the resistance in the other. The diagram is recorded by either an ordinary oscillograph or a portable cathode-ray oscillograph. Diagrams taken with this indicator are presented to illustrate its performance under varied conditions. A natural frequency of more than 3000 cycles per second makes possible the faithful recording of phenomena having frequencies as high as 800 cycles per second.

MARTIN, E. J., CARIS, D. F.

PHOTOGRAPHIC RECORDING OF ENGINE DATA

22000701/01/1922

Believing that it is one of the functions of the purely scientific man to direct engineering attention to practical possibilities that will be of use in solving important problems, the author outlines the history of the photographic recording apparatus he describes later in detail and comments upon its general features that are of advantage in engineering practice, with illustrations, inclusive of the use that is made of the string galvanometer. The subject of indicators for high-speed engines is discussed in general terms introductory to a full and detailed description of how this automatic photographic recording apparatus can be used to overcome difficulties that pertain to ordinary indicator-diagrams taken on the internal-combustion engine by former methods. A further use of this apparatus is in anti-knock research and its recent usage for this purpose is described and illustrated.

TROWBRIDGE, AUGUSTUS

THE MEASUREMENT OF THE PROPERTY OF OILINESS

22000901/01/1922

The term “oiliness” is defined as that property of lubricants by virtue of which one fluid gives lower coefficients of friction (generally at slow speeds or high loads) than another fluid of the same viscosity. Its importance under practical operating conditions is shown to be greater than is generally recognized. Unfortunately, however, no satisfactory method has ever been developed for the quantitative measurement of this property in comparing different lubricants. The paper describes the variety of possible methods of measuring the property of oiliness and of throwing light on the mechanism of partial lubrication, including (a) the use of a Deeley-type machine to measure coefficients of friction between plane surfaces at slow speeds; (b) a refined and reproducible method of determining static coefficients of friction between partially lubricated metal surfaces; (c) the measurement of the interfacial nergy between oil and mercury; (d) measurements of the electrical resistance and the

WILSON, ROBERT E, BARNARD, DANIEL P

COMMERCIAL MOTORBOATS AND THE DIESEL ENGINE

21003401/01/1921

It is stated that, in the commercial motor boat field, the boat owner must choose between the various types of internal-combustion engine, broadly speaking there being three forms of such engines available today in small and moderate sizes; (a) the gas engine, (b) the surface-ignition or hot-bulb engine and (c) the Diesel engine. Charts are presented which show certain approximate costs of operation of the three types for various sizes of engine. Fuel and lubricant economy are discussed in connection with the question of the choice between a Diesel and a hot-bulb engine and, in regard to mechanical operation, it is stated that there is little choice between any of the three types under discussion, since all are reliable. For sizes of 100 b. hp. and less, some form of hot-bulb or surface-ignition engine has the field to itself, but for sizes above 100 hp. the Diesel engine shows its superiority.

DAVISON, G C

THE APPLICATION OF STEAM POWER TO AN AUTOMOTIVE TRUCK

21002901/01/1921

The paper describes the steam-operated 2-ton truck developed by E. C. Newcomb and the author. It has a direct drive-shaft from the engine to a rear-axle worm, with a 5 to 1 gear-reduction at the axle, and is operated without any transmission or clutch. The engine has been simplified since the author's first report on it in 1919, the changes relating to valve-gear, crankshaft and cam design. After presenting illustrations and describing them, the author gives nine specific advantageous features in this steam powerplant and comments upon them, submitting charts of torque curves which are analyzed. The engine control, fuel, oil and water consumption are next described and discussed and the results of acceleration tests are then shown in tabular form, with comments thereon.

SCOTT, L L

TECHNICAL KNOWLEDGE THE BASIS OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT

The free, resilient, self-expanding, one-piece piston-ring is a product of strictly modern times. It belongs to the internal-combustion engine principally, although it is applicable to steam engines, air-compressors and pumps. Its present high state of perfection has been made possible only by the first-class material now available and the use of machine tools of precision. The author outlines the history of the gradual evolution of the modern piston-ring from the former piston-packing, giving illustrations, shows and comments upon the early types of steam pistons and then discusses piston-ring design. Piston-ring friction, the difficulties of producing rings that fit the cylinder perfectly and the shape of rings necessary to obtain approximately uniform radial pressure against the cylinder wall are considered at some length and illustrated by diagrams. The best material for piston-rings is stated to be cast iron; the average of 10 different analyses of satisfactory cast iron used for

NILSON, L G

COMMERCIAL FUTURE OF AIRPLANES FROM AN ENGINEER'S STANDPOINT

19002601/01/1919

DAY, C H

ADAPTING THE FUEL TO THE ENGINE ¹

19003501/01/1919

BUREAU of Mines refinery statistics for the calendar year 1918 show a production of different types of petroleum fuel products represented by the following approximate figures: Added to this are 3,100,000,000 gal. of crude oil, used as fuel without refining. The statistics do not distinguish the different classes of fuel oils, and the following provisional estimate has been made: Processing or refining costs for the different oils are difficult to estimate and of little significance in determining the selling price, which is controlled by the law of supply and demand. All types in the last list can be used in so-called heavy-oil engines, but the gas oil and light residuum are most desirable in the order given. They are less plentiful than the heavy-residuum type which generally cannot be used without special equipment for preheating. The proportionate yield of gas oil can be increased if a sufficient demand is developed. It is not yet settled whether on general principles it is

DEAN, E W, SMOOTZ, J P

HIGH-SPEED HIGH-EFFICIENCY ENGINES

19000801/01/1919

ENGINEERS have different ideas regarding highly efficient and moderately efficient engines, but designers dare not ignore the fact that the public requires today a small very high-speed engine, with good torque at low speeds, and capable of revolving efficiently at very high speeds. These two characteristics are difficult to attain, since in practice one is really opposed to the other. To obtain high speeds with power, the valve areas, valve parts, carbureter, etc., should not be restricted in any way, while to get a good mixture at low speed with heavy torque means a different valve-setting and more or less restricted port and valve areas, etc., to secure high gas velocities. The author states that the fundamentals of high-speed engines are high volumetric efficiency; high compression, to aid in obtaining rapid combustion at high speeds, and light reciprocating and rotating parts, to secure high mechanical efficiency. This is followed by a close comparative study of details of design

WHITE, D MCCALL

AN INTERPRETATION OF THE ENGINE-FUEL SITUATION

19001301/01/1919

THE automotive industry is developing without due regard to the fuel situation. This situation is an integral part of the automotive field and should not be left out of account. Owing to the pressure of automotive demand, the supply of engine fuel is changing in character and price, with danger of precipitant alterations; there arises in consequence a fuel problem which cannot be adequately solved without the active participation of the automotive industry. An analysis of the problem is as follows: (a) The domestic production of crude petroleum is nearing its maximum; (b) the natural gasoline content of this supply is decreasing; (c) Mexico offers no permanent relief competent to solve the issue; (d) substitute fuels do not alter the situation; (e) the supply of engine fuel can be maintained only through an extraordinary dependence upon cracking or through adaptations in the engine; (f) cracking cannot meet the issue at a favorable price, and (g) the burden, therefore, falls upon the

POGUE, JOSEPH E

ADDRESS OF GOVERNOR ALLEN

19006001/01/1919

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