Browse Topic: Throttles

Items (1,603)
Find
Experimental evaluation of Energy and Exergy of Hydrogen, CNG and Gasoline fuelled High-Speed Spark Ignition Engine2026-26-02581/16/2026
HIGHLIGHTS The maximum power is recorded with Gasoline than CNG and Hydrogen fuel. The maximum exergy and energy efficiency is with Hydrogen, followed by CNG and then Gasoline. Hydrogen fuel has a maximum potential to convert into energy. The maximum energy destruction of 48.7kW for gasoline fuel at 3000 rpm and followed by CNG and hydrogen. The maximum entropy generation of 85.5 W/K with Gasoline and 60.72 W/K and 29.39W/K for CNG and hydrogen engine respectively at 10000 rpm. The entropy generation rate increase with engine speed. The highest rate of heat release is from hydrogen fuel, followed by Gasoline and CNG.   ABSTRACT- The analysis was performed on a single Cylinder, Multivalve, Electronic Fuel Injection, high-speed motor fuelled engine with Gasoline, CNG and Hydrogen to assess energetic and exegetic performance. The engine was evaluated from 3000 rpm to 10000 rpm on each of the three fuels. All tests are led at Wide Open Throttle condition.The Gasoline and CNG
shinde, Apurwa Balasaheb, SHINDE, DR BALU, Kadam, Tushar, karunamurthy, K
Performance Evaluation and Optimization of Engine Brake System using Chassis Dynamometer2026-26-05111/16/2026
Engine braking is a deceleration technique that leverages the internal friction and pumping losses within the engine. By closing the throttle and potentially selecting a lower gear, the engine creates a retarding force that slows the vehicle. This practice contributes to better fuel economy, decreased brake system load, and improved vehicle handling in specific driving scenarios, such as steep declines or slippery road surfaces. To alleviate stress on their primary braking systems and prevent overheating, heavy vehicles frequently incorporate engine-based braking. While older trucks relied on simple exhaust brakes with a butterfly valve to restrict exhaust flow, these had limited impact. Hence contemporary heavy vehicles almost exclusively use more advanced engine braking technologies. Traditionally, our heavy-duty vehicles use Exhaust brake system to elevate the braking performance on hilly terrains. Hence an improved sample of Engine brake was developed for enhanced braking
M, Vipin Prakash, Rajappan, Dinesh Kumar, R, Suresh, N, Gopi Kannan
Optimization of Propeller shaft design to eliminate Launch Undulation (Lateral shake) and Vibration level2026-26-03341/16/2026
During vehicle launches in 1st gear, a lateral shake (undulation) and a pronounced metallic hitting noise were observed in the underbody. The noise was identified as the propeller shaft's second universal joint (UJ) yoke striking the fuel tank mounting bracket. Sensitivity to these issues varied with acceleration inputs: light pedal input during a normal 1st gear launch on a flat road resulted in minimal undulation, whereas wide open throttle (WOT) conditions in 1st gear produced significant lateral shake and intensified hitting noise. Further investigation revealed that the problem persists across all gears and occurs consistently during normal driving conditions, with continuous impact between the propeller shaft yoke and the fuel tank mounting bracket. Extensive experimental measurements at the vehicle level indicated that these issues were primarily caused by the center-mounted propeller shaft joint deviating from its central position and rotating eccentrically under torque. This
Sanjay, L, S, Manickaraja, Kumar, Sarvesh, Kanagaraj, Pothiraj, Senthil Raja, T, B, Prem Prabhakar, M, Kiran
Event-Driven Field-to-Lab Replication: A Scalable Framework for Evaluating Fuel Economy and Performance in Dual-Fuel Tractors2026-26-01051/16/2026
The shift toward sustainable agricultural machinery has highlighted diesel and CNG/bio-CNG dual-fuel systems as promising solutions. Yet, standardized methods for assessing their fuel economy (FE) and performance under real-world operating conditions remain underdeveloped. This study introduces an event-based duty cycle synthesis to bridge this gap. Field data encompassing ploughing, rotavating, sowing, transportation, and idling were systematically acquired using CAN bus interfaces and dataloggers, capturing engine load, wheel torque, throttle dynamics, and fuel consumption. A high-fidelity duty cycle was subsequently devised, integrating the frequency, duration, and load intensity of field operations. This cycle was replicated in a controlled laboratory environment via a chassis dynamometer and engine-in-the-loop (EiL) platform, enabling precise, repeatable evaluation of dual-fuel (diesel-CNG) and pure diesel modes. Key metrics—including brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC
Vishe, Prashant, Singh, Jitender, Saraswat, Shubham, Pawar, Abhijeet
Statistical Analysis of Data Acquired from Propagating Flames in Gasoline Engines Using a Multiple Ion Probe2024-32-00354/18/2025
Multiple-ion-probe method consists of multiple ion probes placed on the combustion chamber wall, where each individual ion probe detects flame contact and records the time of contact. From the recorded data, it is also possible to indirectly visualize the inside of the combustion chamber, for example, as a motion animation of moving flame front. In this study, a thirty-two ion probes were used to record flames propagating in a two-stroke gasoline engine. The experiment recorded the combustion state in the engine for about 3 seconds under full load at about 6500 rpm, and about 300 cycles were recorded in one experiment. Twelve experiments were conducted under the same experimental conditions, and a total of 4,164 cycles of signal data were obtained in the twelve experiments. Two types of analysis were performed on this data: statistical analysis and machine learning analysis using a linear regression model. Statistical analysis calculated the average flame detection time and standard
Yatsufusa, Tomoaki, Okahira, Takehiro, Nagashige, Kohei
Development of Cylinder Deactivation Control during Idle for Conventional Engines2024-32-00194/18/2025
This report examines the advancement and utilization of cylinder deactivation technology that enhances fuel efficiency in conventional engines without hardware modifications. It operates by halting fuel supply to some of the cylinders in multi-cylinder engines and increasing the output power of the remaining active cylinders to maintain an idle state. By implementing this technology in the mass-produced 90° V-twin engine, the U502, and deactivating one of its two cylinders, fuel consumption during idling is reduced by over 30%. The focus of this study is on the technology developed to minimize engine speed fluctuations during the transition to cylinder deactivation and reactivation for the engine. By making various modifications to the fuel injection control sequence and optimizing the throttle opening of each cylinder in idle and driving conditions, engine speed fluctuations were minimized. This allows users to reduce fuel consumption while maintaining the engine’s original
YANAGIDA, Shoji
Enhancements in Hydrogen Low Pressure Injection on Small Two-Stroke Engines2024-32-00474/18/2025
The use of small 2-stroke crankcase scavenged engines running on hydrogen is very attractive for low power rates, when low cost and compact dimensions are the fundamental design constraints. However, achieving optimal performance with hydrogen fuel presents challenges, including uneven air-fuel mixtures, fuel losses, and crankcase backfiring. This research focuses on a small 50cc 2-stroke loop-scavenged engine equipped with a patented Low-Pressure Direct Injection (LPDI) system, modified for hydrogen use. Experimental results demonstrate performance comparable to the gasoline counterpart, but further optimizations are needed. Consequently, CFD-3D simulations are employed to analyses the injection process and guide engine development. The numerical analysis focuses on a fixed operating condition: 6000 rpm, Wide Open Throttle (WOT), with a slightly lean mixture and injection pressure fixed at 5 bar. A numerical model of the entire engine is set up with the primary objective of improving
Caprioli, Stefano, Schoegl, Oliver, Oswald, Roland, Kirchberger, Roland, Mattarelli, Enrico, Rinaldini, Carlo Alberto
The effect of different Air Path based ATS thermal management strategy on a Non- EGR Medium Duty Diesel Engine’s performance and emissions.2024-26-00381/16/2024
The effect of different Air Path based ATS thermal management strategy on a Non- EGR Medium Duty Diesel Engine’s performance and emissions. Ajeet Kumar Sharma AVL Technical Center Pvt. Ltd. Abstract: In view of BS6.2 emission norms implementation for medium duty diesel engine, the tail pipe emissions are not only confirmed in test bed conditions but also in real driving condition including different combinations of ambient temperature and pressure. In modern non-EGR engine the Engine out emissions especially NOx emission is higher compared to EGR engine, therefore the tail pipe emissions are solely depending on conversion efficiency of After Treatment System (ATS). Hence meeting the stringent tail pipe emission, quick heating of ATS required. It became more challenging with a WHTC Cycle, where beginning of the cycle is not only having low load engine operations, but also cold ATS system followed by cold soaking. Further addition of DOC (Diesel oxidation Catalyst), DPF (Diesel
Sharma, Ajeet Kumar, Kreuzig, Gerhard, Gupta, Ayush, Goyal, Dinesh, Garg, Varun
Drive GPT – An AI based generative driver model2024-26-00251/16/2024
Studies have shown that good driving alone can improve the energy efficiency of the vehicle by 30-40%, reduce accidents by 20% and reduce maintenance costs by 25%. Thus, providing feedback about driving behavior can help drivers optimize their driving habits enabling them to reduce the total cost of vehicle ownership while also increasing their safety. To solve this, we have built Drive GPT, an AI-based generative pre-trained transformer model, trained using 90 million data points from 100 vehicles driven across 8 cities within India over 6 months. The model has learned to generate good driving behavior under various road, traffic, weather, and vehicle conditions. Its architecture is based on a transformer network, which allows it to efficiently process sequences of driving steps. To make this a generic model and reduce bias, drives from across the cities and fleets have been oversampled and balanced to generate a representative driving behavior database on which the model is trained
Kumar, Vedant, Jain, Siddhant, Soni, Nimish, Saran, Amitabh
Optimization of HEV Vehicle’s Engine Modulated Noise2025-01-00845/5/2023
One 1.5L Miller-cycle turbocharged four cylinder gasoline hybrid engine is installed on a certain hybrid vehicle. When accelerating at low to medium speeds with a small throttle, there is a "da da" knocking noise inside the car, which seriously affects the overall sound quality of the vehicle. By analyzing the vibration and noise data of the engine, it was found that the frequency of the abnormal knocking sound is 200-1000Hz, which presents a half order characteristic in the time domain, that is, one knocking occurs when the engine crankshaft rotates twice. Through Hilbert demodulation analysis of the vibration data in the problem frequency range, it was found that the knocking noise was modulated in the frequency domain, with a modulation frequency of half of the crankshaft rotation frequency. By building a fully flexible multi-body dynamic model of a hybrid powertrain and inputting the engine's cylinder pressure excitation, the combustion excitation is coupled with mechanical
dan, Kong
IMPROVEMENT OF SCR THERMAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AND REDUCTION OF EMISSIONS THROUGH COMBUSTION OPTIMIZATION2022-28-048211/18/2022
Meeting advanced emission norms involves multiple techniques and it has always been a challenging task on attaining the same. Improving the exhaust temperature is indispensable in order to enhance better conversion efficiency on the after treatment systems. This paper clearly investigates on the various strategies involved in order to improve the temperatures of selective catalytic reduction and post injection techniques to meet the emission norms. On the basis of MIDC operation, key load points were selected and split injections with three pulses were implemented. The variation of both the post injection timing and quantity were performed in this paper in order to evaluate the optimum output. The effect of post injection timing and quantity variation on hydrocarbon emissions, carbon monoxide, diesel oxidation catalyst temperatures was observed on all load points. The above strategy was also evaluated on generating the pressure crank angle data. SCR efficiency improvement was
Anbarasu, Muthusamy, Shangar Ramani, Vagesh
Research on Autonomous Driving Decision Based on Improved Deep Deterministic Policy Algorithm2022-01-01783/29/2022
Autonomous driving technology, as the product of the fifth stage of the information technology revolution, is of great significance for improving urban traffic and environmentally friendly sustainable development. Autonomous driving can be divided into three main modules. The input of the decision module is the perception information from the perception module, and the output of the control strategy is to the control module. The deep reinforcement learning method proposes an end-to-end decision-making system design scheme. This paper adopts the Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient Algorithm (DDPG) that incorporates the Priority Experience Playback (PER) method. The framework of the algorithm is based on the actorcritic network structure model, and the model is based on continuously acquired perceptual information as input. The output of the vehicle is driving. Continuous control amount of action. Combined with the CARLA simulation environment, the state space of the CNN network based on
YK, Shi, Wu, Jian, He, Rui, song, Shiping
Numerical Investigation on the Internal Flow Field of Electronic Expansion Valve as the Throttle Element2022-01-03783/29/2022
As one of the key components of the heat pump system, the electronic expansion valve mainly plays the role of throttling and reducing pressure in the heat pump system. Firstly, a three-dimensional fluid model is established. The grid is divided and the grid independence is verified. Then, the internal flow field of the electronic expansion valve is numerically simulated based on the fluent software, and the pressure field, velocity field and flow rate changes are analyzed. The flow characteristics of the valve are theoretically analyzed according to the principle of the fluid passing through the orifice. Secondly, the flow characteristics of the valve are simulated, and the theoretical values, CFD simulation results and experimental values are compared to verify the correctness of the established three-dimensional fluid model. Then the influence of geometric parameters such as the diameter and cone angle of the spool on the flow characteristics is studied. The steady-state hydraulic
Liang, Gaoshuai, Li, Liping, Shangguan, Wen-Bin
Study the impact of Engine and Vehicle level parameters for reduction in Engine Oil Consumption for advanced emission architecture2022-01-07133/29/2022
Automotive industry has seen implementation of advanced emission regulations like BS-VI in India along with growing market demand for increased product performance and reduction in total cost of ownership. This has made the engine architecture more intricate leading to complex interaction among engine and vehicle level parameters. It poses a challenge to understand mechanism and underlying physics for achieving product attributes like increased power density, higher fluid economy and reduced oil consumption. The current paper focusses on reducing engine oil consumption across diverse duty cycles using simulation tools, vehicle data analytics and design of experiments. The contribution of oil consumption mechanisms viz. oil evaporation, oil throw and oil transport are identified across different loads and duty cycles patterns. Piston ring dynamics simulation has been used to identify critical piston and ring parameters impacting oil consumption through directional trends. Design of
Gautam, Navneet
Measurement of propagating flame in a gasoline engine under transient operating conditions using a multiple-ion probe2022-32-00451/9/2022
The propagating flame in a 2-stroke gasoline engine under WOT or transient operating conditions was measured with up to 12 ion probes. Flame arrival time data obtained from multiple-ion probes were statistically compared between arrival time data obtained by different ion probes or between data obtained by the same ion probe for different cycles to investigate the spatial and temporal characteristics of flame propagation behavior. Spatial statistical data analysis revealed that the propagating flame is strongly influenced by the in-cylinder flow prior to ignition. Temporal statistical data analysis revealed that the state of flame propagation, starting from any given cycle and continuing in subsequent cycles, shows a tendency similar to that of the initial cycle for some time, and that the original tendency is completely lost after about 50 cycles.
Yatsufusa, Tomoaki, Goto, Yuki, Hiroi, Shota
Development of a Rotary Valve Engine for Handheld Equipment2022-32-00281/9/2022
A multi-position 4-stroke piston engine utilizing a novel rotary valve system was developed for handheld outdoor power equipment applications such as chainsaws, brush cutters, and string trimmers. The purpose of the project was to create a low-emission 4-stroke engine with 2-stroke performance levels including high RPM limits and power output. This was accomplished using a rotary valve system in lieu of the typical poppet valves of traditional 4-stroke engines. The prototype was then incorporated into a functional product for overall performance evaluation. Three prototype 45cc rotary valve engines were developed and tested in both real-world usage and on laboratory engine dynamometers to measure power output and emissions levels. The rotary valve system provided the ability to achieve high RPM limits without the risk of valve float, delivered improved volumetric efficiency, and exhibited lower vibration and noise levels with improved power density over traditional 4-stroke valvetrains
Garrett, Norman H., Uddin, Mesbah, Bergman, Mikael, Purvis, Garrett, Vaseleniuck, Darrick, Cordier, Dan
Development of Low-Friction Pistons for Small Scooter Engines2022-32-00771/9/2022
Small scooters have a large share of the motorcycle market because of their convenience and economy. Therefore, fuel efficiency is an important factor when customers choose products. Urban scooter users frequently use the low to medium speed range. The friction loss of the piston is a large part of the engine loss and affects the fuel consumption. The scooter piston slides horizontally. To improve the fuel consumption of scooters, it is necessary to understand the piston operating environment and improve the lubrication environment. In order to determine the thickness of the oil film required to reduce friction, we investigated the operating environment of the piston sliding horizontally at low and medium speed. As a method to control the oil film thickness, we focused on the shape of the streak. To reduce friction loss in scooters, we improved the lubrication environment of pistons.
Kubota, Shinya, Suda, Naoyuki, Ninomiya, Yoshinari
Virtual Analysis of Engine Mount Stiffness Tuning for Better NVH Performance2021-01-10268/31/2021
If we see from the past and now competition in automotive industry increased tremendously and every car manufacturer are bringing up there innovations into the market and giving a lot of options to the customers to choose and the customer experience as well as satisfaction has become one of the main driver of success for the company. In today’s world of automotive design virtual analysis is playing a crucial role in the design and development. There are software’s that are available in market to simulate practical conditions digitally. Here we are mainly focused on effect of change in engine mount stiffness on acceleration at driver seat rail point using ADAMS. Which facilitates reduction of design of experiments and finalizing optimized stiffness values for engine mounts for engine idle vibration refinement point of view. ADAMS is mechanical system analysis software where we can simulate the dynamic behavior and distribution of loads throughout the system. In this paper we are going
Deshmukh, Sagar, Hazra, Sandip
Basic Pneumatic CircuitsTBMG-395668/1/2021
Pneumatics have been used in automated machines for well over 100 years, with pneumatic technology developing and evolving for over 1,000 years in some form or another; for example, as boat sails.
Control and Validation of an Autonomous Drag Racing Vehicle2021-01-01014/6/2021
This paper studies the implementation and validation of control algorithms for an autonomous drag racing vehicle. The previously developed modeling equations are first implemented with control in a realistic simulation environment complete with synthetic sensor data and decision-making algorithms. The controller is then transformed into an embedded on-board processing unit for on-vehicle testing. Camera, lidar, and radar sensor data are investigated and algorithms are created to provide information from physical sensors rather than synthetic data. The control related to actuation of the steering, brake, throttle, and shifting systems are further discussed, along with human-vehicle interaction in terms of handoff and emergency takeovers. The control algorithms are then validated on the research vehicle. This is demonstrated by completing a fully autonomous quarter-mile drag race, complete with camera detection for the staging sequence and MPC trajectory following. Two additional safety
Donikian, Vatche, Bell, Joseph, Khairallah, Nadim, Washington, Gregory
Maximum Exterior Sound Level for SnowmobilesJ192_202103 (Current)3/1/2021
This SAE Standard establishes the instrumentation, test site, and test procedure for determining the maximum exterior sound level for snowmobiles.
Snowmobile Technical Committee
Maximum Exterior Sound Level for SnowmobilesJ192_202103-TEST-REC (Historical)3/1/2021
This SAE Standard establishes the instrumentation, test site, and test procedure for determining the maximum exterior sound level for snowmobiles.
Snowmobile Technical Committee
Transformational Technologies Reshaping Transportation - An Industry PerspectiveSAE-PP-003372/26/2021
Freight trucking has always embraced continuous improvement although the general public may be largely unaware of the tremendous changes that have occurred to date in vehicle safety, efficiencies, emissions mitigation and asset utilization. Today’s freight industry is in the early stages of dramatic technological advances in areas such as connectivity, automation and electrification. Fleet and manufacturer perspective on these transformational technologies are universally supportive, driven both by economic and regulatory factors. The early stages of these technological revolutions are characterized by a multitude of competing concepts confusing choices, complicated by a significant number of competing vested interests obscuring objectivity, and clouded by billions of dollars of venture capital. The objective of this report is to provide unbiased insight into the freight industry’s thoughts on these transformational technologies.
Mutagaana, Festo, SintzUSER, Jeneane
A New Image De-hazing Method for Safety Critical ADAS ApplicationsSAE-PP-003122/19/2021
Driver safety and Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) is gaining lot of importance these days. In some countries, there are strict regulations in place which mandate the use of certain ADAS features in automobiles. However, as the need for these safety critical systems increases, the challenges associated also increase. These challenges can arise due to technology, human factors or due to nature. In countries like India, where one can expect different weather conditions with changing geography, the associated challenges are mainly due to the natural factors like haze, fog, rain and smoke. This poses a challenging problem in terms of visibility for the drivers as well as in vision based ADAS; thereby, leading to many fatal road accidents. In this paper, a novel pre-processing technique, which addresses the interesting problem of enhancing the perceptual visibility of an image that is degraded by atmospheric haze, is proposed. The solution to this problem is presented by combining
Mutagaana, Festo, SintzUSER, Jeneane
7.0.102 - Prescriptive Modeling, Simulation and Performance Analysis of Mild Hybrid Vehicle and Component OptimizationSAE-PP-002782/4/2021
Reckoning today's environmental rules, legislative regulation and market requirements- the automotive industry of late has witnessed an increased vigor and enthusiasm by auto makers towards electrification of vehicles across all platforms in a bid to improve fuel economy and performance. Hybridization of a vehicle often involves the use of expensive high performance motors and large battery packs. However due to the challenges associated with the packaging of bulky battery and motor systems in existing drive train, mild hybrid systems have been preferred over strong or full hybrids especially in current production models as they don't entail any major change in architecture and the reduced battery size, both of which provide for easier packaging of components. In this paper the authors present a generic model of a mild hybrid vehicle that can be effectively used to simulate any vehicle, enabled with a mild hybrid system to predict with approximate certainty the improvement in
Lname, Fname
6.0.117 - Definition of a Protocol of Automatic Identification and Notification of Road Accidents and Development of an Advanced eCall SystemSAE-PP-002722/4/2021
The eNOTIFY project defined an algorithm which allows the vehicle to recognize when an accident has occurred and what kind of accident has taken place (frontal, side, roll-over or rear-end collision). The innovative aspects of this methodology are basically that, for each type of accident and for each class of vehicle, a maximum and minimum level of vehicle accelerations (linear or angular) are defined for the severe accident, slight accident and no accident scenarios. A direct application of this algorithm could be to include it in an on-board unit on vehicles, and use it in emergency call applications. eCall devices have been developed to automatically notify emergency services in the event of an accident, in which a fast and efficient rescue operation can significantly increase the chances of survival of the severely injured. In order to reduce response time and improve the efficiency of the medical and technical services, fast and accurate accident identification is required. This
Mutagaana, Festo
6.0.102 - FeSnSAE-PP-002582/4/2021
The aim of this study is to develop the simple approach to produce iron-tin (Fe-Sn) intermetallic compound for EV battery anode materials. Intermetallic FeSn2 compound was synthesized by two step method. Mechanical alloying of Fe and Sn element powders with equal atomic ratio was performed for 25 h. The mechanically alloyed powders compacts were processed via liquid phase sintering, in which the powders compacts were heated at different temperatures and for 10 min. The experimental materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and thermal analysis techniques. The FeSn2 compound was formed during liquid phase sintering. However, the reaction between Fe and Sn was incomplete under the investigated sintering time of 10 min.
Mutagaana, Festo
6.0.113 - Measuring Smoke Emissions from Different Generations Diesel Passenger Cars in Antwerp-Belgium During Winter and SpringSAE-PP-002442/3/2021
More than 600 passenger cars were measured during winter and spring at the end of 2012 beginning 2013 in Antwerp Belgium in order to determine the effect of mileage and year of first registration on smoke emissions or smoke opacity from diesel light duty vehicles. All measurements were contacted in two different campuses of the University of Antwerp and under different ambient conditions. Various parameters such as ambient temperature, ambient humidity, car age, number of passengers in each cars, time of measurement etc. were taken into account and presented in this paper. All findings from these set of measurements were split into two big categories, those cars with less than 150,000km on the clock and the second one with those cars with higher number of mileage. The effect of ambient temperature but also the mileage on smoke opacity will be presented and discussed in more details. Smoke emissions are dependent also on ambient humidity and in this study will be considered the
Mutagaana, Festo
Spark Arrester Test Procedure for Large Size EnginesJ342_202010 (Current)10/6/2020
This SAE Recommended Practice establishes equipment and procedures for the evaluation of the effectiveness and other performance characteristics of spark arresters or turbochargers used on the exhaust system of large engines normally used in a railroad locomotive, stationary power plant, and other similar applications. This document does not cover applications requiring flame arresting, exhaust gas cooling, or isolation from explosive gases. Two test methods are presented: a laboratory test using ambient air (cold test) and an engine test using exhaust gases (hot test). The hot test is preferred. Arresters tested by the provisions of this document can be expected to perform as tested when tilted no more than 45 degrees from their normal position. Test results from a spark arrester or turbocharger evaluated by the hot test can be applied to different engines of similar design, provided the data shows it to be effective in the applicable flow ranges. Certain design and performance
SAE IC Powertrain Steering Committee
Coupled Pitch-Lag Hinge for High Inertia Electric RotorsF-0076-2020-1632710/5/2020
As rotor diameter and inertia increases, the quickness of the thrust response to pilot inputs slows, yielding negative implications to handling qualities and limitations on scaling electric propulsion. This study presents a novel approach to alleviating these scaling effects by introducing a pitch-lag coupled hinge to the root of 40" and 50" diameter props. The impacts of chordwise hinge placement and hinge angle are examined and compared to a baseline rigid rotor to provide physical understanding of the rotor dynamics. It is shown that a coupled hinge can be designed to maintain propeller efficiency for a design thrust, while increasing the sensitivity of thrust to rotor speed and the maximum thrust of an RPM-limited rotor. Finally, the dynamic implications of this are tested using a first-order motor model. When a 40" diameter trimmed rotor is set to max throttle, rotors with a coupled hinge angle achieve a 6% higher thrust in 9% less time. The dynamic response improvement scales
Reddinger, Jean-Paul
Sludge and Varnish Evaluation of Polyether Amine Gasoline Fuel Additives at “Complete Fuel System Cleaner” Aftermarket Fuel Additive Concentrations2020-01-21009/15/2020
Sludge and Varnish deposits that can build up in the crankcase originate in large part from fuel and fuel components that enter the crankcase through blow-by. These deposits can lead to a variety of engine issues including piston skirt deposits, cylinder bore scuffing, stuck lifters and oil filter plugging. A test has been developed to evaluate the contribution of “Complete Fuel System Cleaner” (CFSC) aftermarket fuel additives to crankcase sludge and varnish deposit formation. CFSC aftermarket fuel additives are typically formulated with polyether amine (PEA) chemistry and at concentrations that exceed 2000ppm. Three different commercially-available CFSC products were tested, containing two different classes of PEA chemistry - propylene oxide-based PEA (“PO-PEA”) and butylene oxide-based PEA (“BO-PEA”). Two of the three products contained the same PO-PEA chemistry, but at different concentrations, to show the effect of additive dosage. Using the Sequence VG sludge and varnish test
Smocha, Ruth
Analysis of the Combustion Process of SI Engines Equipped with Non-Conventional Ignition System Architecture2020-37-00356/30/2020
The use of lean or ultra-lean ratios is an efficient and proven strategy to reduce fuel consumption and pollutant emissions. However, the lower fuel concentration in the cylinder hinders the mixture ignition, requiring greater energy to start the combustion. The prechamber is an efficient method to provide high energy favoring the ignition process. It presents the potential to reduce the emission levels and the fuel consumption, operating with lean burn mixtures and expressive combustion stability. In this paper the analysis of the combustion process of SI engines equipped with an innovative architecture and operating in different injection modes was described. In particular, the effect of the prechamber ignition on the engine stability and the efficiency was investigated in stoichiometric and lean-burn operation conditions. The activity was carried out in two parts. In the first part the investigation was performed in a research small direct injection spark ignition (DISI) engine
Sementa, Paolo, Catapano, Francesco, Di Iorio, SILVANA, Todino, Michele, Vaglieco, Bianca Maria
Maximum Sound Level Potential for MotorcyclesJ47_202006 (Current)6/5/2020
This SAE Recommended Practice establishes the test procedure, environment, and instrumentation for determining the maximum sound level potential for motorcycles under wide open throttle acceleration and closed throttle deceleration.
Motorcycle Technical Steering Committee
Impact of Fuel Octane Quality on Various Advanced Vehicle Technologies2020-01-06194/14/2020
Fuel with higher octane content is playing a key role in optimising engine performance by allowing a more optimal spark timing which leads to increased engine efficiency and lower CO2 emissions. In a previous study the impact of octane was investigated with a fleet of 20 vehicles using market representative fuels, varying from RON 91 to 100. The resulting data showed a clear performance and acceleration benefit when higher RON fuel was used. In this follow-up study 10 more vehicles were added to the database. The vehicle fleet was extended to be more representative of Asian markets, thus broadening the geographical relevance of the database, as well as adding vehicles with newer technologies such as boosted down-sized direct injection engines, or higher compression ratio engines. Eight different fuel combinations varying in RON were tested, representing standard gasoline and premium gasoline in different markets around the world. The new results augment our previously published octane
Zinser, Caroline Magdalene, Smith, Alastair, Haenel, Patrick
Fatigue Life Prediction of HVAC Pipe Assembly for Measured Powertrain Load by Virtual Simulation2020-01-01884/14/2020
Structural durability of automotive components is one of the key requirements in design and development of today’s automobiles. Virtual simulations are used to estimate component durability to save the cost and time required to build the components and testing. The objective of this work is to find the service life of automotive HVAC pipe assembly by calculating cumulative fatigue life for operation under actual powertrain load conditions. Modal transient response analysis is performed with the measured powertrain load time history. Strain based fatigue life analysis is carried out using modal superposition method (MSM). The estimated fatigue life was compared with the physical test results. This paper also explains the root cause of low fatigue life on pipe assembly and provide the solution.
Pandi, Sathish Kumar, Elango, C, Appana, Kameswara Rao, Mahadule, Roshan N., Krishna, DivaKaruni Murali
Integrated Exhaust Manifold Cylinder Head Design Methodology for RDE in Gasoline Engine Application2020-01-01694/14/2020
In recent years, worldwide automotive manufacturers have been continuously working in the research of suitable technical solutions to meet upcoming stringent Real Driving Emission (RDE) and Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFÉ) targets, as set by international regulatory authorities. Many technologies have been already developed, or are currently under study by automotive manufacturer for gasoline engines, to meet legislated targets. In-line with the above objective, there are many technologies available in the market to expand lambda 1 (λ=1) region by reducing fuel enrichment at high load-high revolutions per minute (RPM) by reducing exhaust gas temperature (for catalyst protection) for RDE regulation [1]. Integrated Exhaust Manifold (IEM) is the key technology for the Internal Combustion (IC) for the subjected matter as catalyst durability protection is done by reducing exhaust gas temperatures instead of injecting excess fuel for cooling catalyst. Additionally, this technology also
Singh, Amandeep, Singh, Jaspreet, Poonia, Sanjay, Jalan, Ankit, Kumar, Narinder, Sharma, Shailender, Agarwal, Deepali, Puri, Kushal
Development of GM Allison 10-Speed Heavy Duty Transmission2020-01-04384/14/2020
This paper describes the development of the GM Allison 10-Speed Heavy Duty (HD) Transmission. The trend of increased towing capacity and engine horsepower in the automotive heavy-duty truck segment has been steadily climbing for the past 10 years. The development of 10-Speed HD Transmission is designed to be best in class in for towing performance in the 2500/3500 series segment while optimizing fuel economy. The 10-Speed HD Transmission also gives the customers the option to order an integrated power take-off (PTO) unit that benefits downstream installation of utility accessories such as hydraulic pumps, generators, etc.
Lee, Chi Teck, Ames, David, Caldwell, Brett, Knoth, Matthew, Reinhart, Timothy, Kelly, Jeffrey, Kannan, Rajesh, Tanasi, German
Optimization of Engine Mounting System for First Gear Launch Judder2020-01-04164/14/2020
Normal engine mounting system is designed to carry loads of powertrain in all driving conditions and also isolate the vibrations of powertrain. Softer mounts are good for vibration isolation but it is not recommended to have softer mounts because durability will be affected adversely. Optimum stiffness needs to be finalized which will have balance between durability and performance. In addition to durability many performance parameters needs to be checked during the time of development. This study includes the development of engine mounting system for elimination of drive away judder in first gear. Maximum peak torque value for the drive-away event is in the range of 80Nm - 120Nm. In the worst case, this peak torque can reach to maximum 170Nm depending on maneuver, engine rpm is around 1100-1200. Steering wheel, instrument panel and whole vehicle cabin will vibrate for few seconds and then vehicle will run smoothly. To eliminate this issue, various iterations were done in the mounting
Deshmukh, Sagar Ramchandra, Borole, Shreyash, Hazra, Sandip, Gadve, Dhananjay
WHAT WE'RE DRIVING20AUTP04_084/1/2020
For the Lincoln of my experience - and I'm not particularly young - I haven't been able to understand the “sell” of the brand. Low sales numbers and decades of declining prestige seemed to have long indicated a “cut your losses” argument for Ford to ditch its premium marque. But if the 2020 Aviator is the building block of things to come, there's hope. This all-new platform, sensibly shared with the volume-play Ford Explorer, returns Lincoln to the longitudinal engine/rear-drive layout that luxury vehicles are supposed to have. As a result, the Aviator is as responsive and athletic as you can expect a three-row, 16.5-foot-long crossover to be.
Spectroscopy Based Tool for Temperature Evaluation during the Spark Discharge2019-32-05021/24/2020
In this work, a new tool is proposed and tested to investigate the early phase of spark ignition (SI) processes. The diagnostic tool is based on Spark-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (SIBS), a consolidated technique in which the plasma formed by spark generation between two electrodes is used as the excitation source for optical emission spectroscopy (OES). The spark discharge of a commercial ignition system was analyzed through OES to correlate the characteristic evolution of the discharge with the formation of reactive species inside the activated volume. Specifically, an open-source spectrum simulation program (Lifbase) together with the NIST database was used for defining relations between the ultraviolet emission bands of nitrogen first negative system (FNS_N2) in the glow phase for different plasma temperature and pressure values. Besides plasma density and ion energy, electron and gas temperatures are important parameters that govern the reaction rate of active species generation
Merola, S., Irimescu, A., Vaglieco, B.M., Di Iorio, S., Sementa, P.
Tumble Flow Enhancement Applied for Low-Load Condition of Engines by Utilizing Reverse Flow Phenomenon in Intake Port2019-32-05091/24/2020
We established a technology that can enhance the tumble flow in the cylinder only in a partial load range of the engine without the need to use any intake path switching mechanisms. Firstly, we attempted to understand the basic phenomena of intake flow by using a CFD model, while using a butterfly throttle valve in a straight pipe. By doing this, we were able to observe the reverse flow of intake air that appears after the intake air has passed the throttle valve when the throttle valve opening is 30% or less. This reverse flow is generated mainly in the flow that has passed the trailing edge of the throttle valve. At both sides of the trailing edge opening, the flow is slowed down by diffusing. The flow is then pulled into the low-pressure zone created behind the throttle valve. In addition, a part of the reverse flow merges with the air flowing on the leading-edge side. Next, we confirmed that installing a flow separator behind the throttle valve that vertically divides the flow can
Nakamura, Yohei, Inoue, Yosuke, Fujikubo, Makoto
Simulation Analysis of the Scavenging Process of a Uniflow and Loop Scavenging Concept2019-32-05491/24/2020
The two-stroke engine, as a today unconventional concept in automotive applications, has a great potential for a relaunch in the fast-growing market of Plugin Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) or Range Extender Electric Vehicle (REX) [2, 3, 4, 8, 9]. An efficient scavenging to remove the in-cylinder burnt gases and to fill the cylinder with fresh charge, performed at the same time is one of the major challenges, as losses of fresh air and fuel towards the exhaust line should be avoided when operating a lambda = 1 concept necessary for a 3-way catalyst aftertreatment system. A prior study [1] of different gas exchange designs for two-stroke engines concludes that two possible concepts cover this purpose. In this paper, 3D-CFD simulation is used to compare these two different scavenging concepts, a uniflow and a loop scavenging type with control elements for the gas exchange process. As boundary conditions, it is assumed that both concept types have nearly the same displacement, are used
Sturm, Stefan, Lang, Michael, Schmidt, Stephan
Maximum Exterior Sound Level for SnowmobilesJ192_202001 (Historical)1/15/2020
This SAE standard establishes the instrumentation, test site, and test procedure for determining the maximum exterior sound level for snowmobiles. Sound propagation is directly related to the ground cover and provides the largest variation to the measured result. A correction factor is introduced to improve year-round test repeatability of the results on grass surfaces by correcting their spectrum to be similar to snow-covered spectra. Measured sound pressure levels are also highly dependent on the degree of track slip present when performing the vehicle acceleration. Operators should attempt to limit track slip as much as possible while maintaining the requirements described in 5.1.1.
Snowmobile Technical Committee
An Effect of Utilization B30 from Various Blends of B0:FAME and HVO on Emissions, Fuel Consumption and Power of Euro4 Vehicle Technology2019-01-218912/19/2019
Indonesia has implemented mandatory for utilization of high ratio biodiesel starting from B10 (10% of biodiesel and 90% of diesel fuel by volume) in 2013 then it gradually increased to B20 in 2016 and B30 in 2020. On the other hand, Indonesian Government will also strengthen vehicle emission regulation from Euro 2 to Euro4 in 2021. Therefore, B0 (low sulfur diesel fuel) and B100 (biodiesel) fuel properties as blended fuel for B30 must be improved to comply with Euro4 vehicle emission regulation. In this study various formulation of B30 were investigated, in which the B100 was varied from FAME (fatty Acid Methyl Ester), HVO (Hydrotreated Vegetable oil), and blend of FAME and HVO. The test was conducted under Euro4 vehicle technology to investigate their effect on emissions, fuel consumption and power. In this experiment, emission, fuel consumption and power were tested using UN-ECE R83-05 regulation, UN-ECE R101 and acceleration method respectively. The results showed that B30 has lower
Setiapraja, Hari, Yubaidah, Siti, Ekasari, Mutia, Haspriyanti, Nita, Rustyawan, Wawan, Rochim, Abdul
Disc Thickness Variation (DTV) Operational Measurement and Influence on the Overall Vehicle Roughness2019-01-21109/15/2019
The brake disc or rotor design is one of the main concerns in the development of the vehicle brake system. One of the key factors of its drawing and manufacture is related with the thermo-mechanical deformation that can transmit further vibrations to the complete vehicle. This phenomenon, called brake judder or roughness, can appear in both cold and hot brake conditions, the latter being especially affected by the thermal factor. The evolution of the disc shape fluctuation and Disc Thickness Variation (DTV) is usually illustrated before and after a test, reflecting typically the same output. However, the real transient disc behavior during these phases is rarely measured and is difficult to determine. The reality is that most of the time, some unexpected deformations may appear, these being the final root cause of the excitation of judder vibration. During the cold judder, the disc starts at a low temperature and controlled DTV, which corresponds to the disc’s natural shape and is only
Ferrer, Bernat
Potential to Reduce Nano-Particle Emission in SG-DISI Engine with Normal Butane2019-24-00229/9/2019
Lean stratified combustion is a mean to dilute the fuel-air mixture leaner than stoichiometric ratio, by using stratification of fuel gradient in a spark ignition engine. Under the lean stratified combustion, differed from the stoichiometric homogeneous charge combustion, flame could propagate through extremely rich air-fuel mixture, while the global air-fuel mixture is under lean condition. The rich mixture causes considerable amount of particulate matter, but, due to large effect of efficiency improvement, the attractive point is on fuel economy compare to homogeneous charge SI combustion. The easiest way to reduce particulate matter is changing fuel to gaseous hydrocarbon, to minimize evaporating and mixing period. In this study, to reduce the particulate emission and to develop the way to mitigation of emission, the emission data of particulate under low and medium-low load conditions from normal butane fueled research engine are dealt to optimize combustion strategies, with
Park, Sangjae, Lee, Sanguk, Na, Yonghyun, Bae, Choongsik
In-Cylinder Flow Measurements in a Transparent Spark Ignition Engine2019-24-00999/9/2019
Flame development, combustion efficiency and emissions of a gasoline direct injection engine are strongly related with mixture preparation. Consequently, it is important to investigate the flow field and turbulence quantities at the parts of the thermodynamic cycle in which mixture preparation occurs. Flow field measurements were obtained by using 2D digital Particle Image Velocimetry technique in a 475cc optical single - cylinder Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) spark ignition engine. The results include phase averaged velocity fields at 1000 and 1500 RPM with 100% and 25% throttle position. These sets of measurements were conducted for cold flow (motoring) conditions at three different planes including the tumble plane and the swirl plane. The flow was recorded at various crank angles between 340° and 20° before the combustion top dead center (BTDC) with an increment of 40°. The spatial averaged TKE (Turbulent Kinetic Energy) was calculated along with the TR (Tumble Ratio). It was
Tsiogkas, Vasileios D., Chraniotis, Anastasios, Kolokotronis, Dimitrios, Tourlidakis, Antonios
Large Eddy Simulations and Tracer-LIF Diagnostics of Wall Film Dynamics in an Optically Accessible GDI Research Engine2019-24-01319/9/2019
Large Eddy Simulations (LES) and tracer-based Laser-Induced Fluorescence (LIF) measurements were performed to study the dynamics of fuel wall-films on the piston top of an optically accessible, four-valve pent-roof GDI research engine for a total of eight operating conditions. Starting from a reference point, the systematic variations include changes in engine speed (600; 1,200 and 2,000 RPM) and load (1000 and 500 mbar intake pressure); concerning the fuel path the Start Of Injection (SOI=360°, 390° and 420° CA after gas exchange TDC) as well as the injection pressure (10, 20 and 35 MPa) were varied. For each condition, 40 experimental images were acquired phase-locked at 10° CA intervals after SOI, showing the wall-film dynamics in terms of spatial extent, thickness and temperature. The simulation framework was developed as follows: first, the spray model was calibrated using spray morphology evolution data of the same injector, characterized in a constant volume spray chamber by
Frapolli, Nicolò, Boulouchos, Konstantinos, Wright, Yuri M., Geiler, Jan N., Manz, Andreas, Kaiser, Sebastian A.
Knock Mitigation by Means of Coolant Control2019-24-01839/9/2019
The possibility to mitigate the knock onset by means of a controlled coolant flow rate is investigated. The study is carried out on a small displacement, N.A. 4-valve per cylinder SI engine. The substitution of the standard belt-driven pump with an electrically driven one allows the variation of the coolant flow rate regardless of engine speed and permits, therefore, the adoption of a controlled coolant flow rate. The first set of experimental tests aims at evaluating the engine operating condition and the coolant flow rate, which are more favorable to the knock onset. Starting from this condition, subsequent experimental tests are carried out for transient engine operating conditions, by varying the coolant flow rates and evaluating, therefore, its effects on cylinder pressure fluctuations. In all the experiments, the spark advance and the equivalence ratio are controlled by the ECU according to the production engine map. The results show that the effects of coolant flow rate on in
Perrone, Diego, Falbo, Luigi, Castiglione, Teresa, Bova, Sergio
Experimental and Numerical Analysis of a Pre-Chamber Turbulent Jet Ignition Combustion System2019-24-00189/9/2019
Recent needs of reducing pollutant emissions of internal combustion engines have pushed the development of non-conventional ignition systems. One of the most promising techniques appears to be the so-called pre-chamber turbulent jet ignition combustion system in which a jet of hot combusting gases is employed to initiate the combustion in the main chamber. In the present study, the combustion process related to this ignition system has been experimentally investigated in an optically accessible single cylinder spark-ignition engine. The pre-chamber was composed of a gas injector and a spark-plug, embedded in a small annular chamber connected to the cylinder through a four-hole pipette. A small amount of methane is injected within the pre-chamber for initiating the combustion. The flame reaches the combustion chamber through four narrow orifices and rapidly consumes a homogeneous mixture of port injected methane and air. Wide open throttle condition at an engine speed of 2000 rpm was
Distaso, Elia, Amirante, Riccardo, Cassone, Egidio, Catapano, Francesco, De Palma, Pietro, Sementa, Paolo, Tamburrano, Paolo
Items per page:
1 – 50 of 1603