Browse Topic: Engine cylinders

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Experimental Study of Port Water Injection System on Single Cylinder Diesel Engine Performance and Exhaust Emission2024-32-002504/18/2025
Vehicle emission standards have become more and more stringent and have driven the development of advanced engine design with low-cost emission control technologies. For small diesel engine which is used in three-wheel (3W) passenger and load carrying vehicles, it was major task to improve lower engine rpm torque and performance to comply with stringent exhaust emissions standard as well, especially for Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) and Particulate Matter (PM) emissions. Bharat Stage (BS) VI emission standards for three-wheel vehicles was implemented from April 2020 onwards in India. Water injection technology has proven advantageous for low-cost solution with Mechanical fuel injection system on small diesel engines, Intake port water injection is the easiest method to introduce water to engine cylinder, which calls for minimal modification of existing engine structure. In the present study 435cc naturally aspirated DI Diesel engine used for three-wheel vehicle was explored by adding water
Syed, Kaleemuddin, Chaudhari, Sandip, Khairnar, Girish, Katariya, Rahul, Jagtap, Pranjal, Bhoite, Vikram
Technical Paper
Simulation Study on EGR Condensate Flow and Uniformity of Each Cylinder in the Intake Manifold2023-01-703410/30/2023
As engine technology developed continuously, engine with both turbocharging and EGR has been researched due to its benefit on improving the engine efficiency. Nevertheless, a technical issue has raised up while utilizing both turbocharging and EGR at the same time: excess condensed water existed in intake manifold which potentially trigger misfire conditions. In order to investigate the root-cause, a CFD model (conducted by CONVERGE CFD software) was presented and studied in this paper which virtually regenerated intake manifold flow-field with EGR condensed water inside. Based on the simulated results, it concluded that different initial conditions of EGR condensed water could significantly change the amount of water which deposited in each cylinder. Thus, a coefficient of variation of deposited condensed water amount among these cylinders, was marked as the evaluation reference of cylinder misfire. Theoretically, as this coefficient of variation reduced, the EGR condensed water from
Pan, Shiyi, Li, Guanting, Wang, Jinhua, Zhang, Nan, Xu, Zhiqin, Chen, Shanghua, Chen, Jun, Zhao, Shengwei
Technical Paper
Gland Design, O-Ring and Other SealsAS4716D (Current)11/09/2021
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) provides standardized gland (groove) design criteria and dimensions for O-ring seal glands for static and dynamic applications, and other seals.
A-6C2 Seals Committee
Technical Standard
Gland Design, O-Ring and Other SealsAS4716D-TEST-REC (Historical)11/09/2021
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) provides standardized gland (groove) design criteria and dimensions for O-ring seal glands for static and dynamic applications, and other seals.
A-6C2 Seals Committee
Technical Standard
Characterization and Comparison of Steady-Flow Techniques Used for Engine Airflow Development2021-01-115109/21/2021
This paper compares bulk impulse-torque and 2D planar PIV steady flow-field measurements created by an engine cylinder head and intake system model using a steady-flow bench and evaluates operational aspects of the steady-flow test system. The model included a full-sized intake manifold and cylinder head section from a Chrysler 2.4L PFI four-valve per cylinder engine mounted to an optical cylinder. Two test system operational aspects were evaluated: (1) upstream versus downstream engine location relative to the flowbench (operational modes corresponding to flow bench pulling or pushing through the system), (2) PIV seeding particulate choice. Several dry and oil fog particulates were assessed however, of the options tested, only laboratory grade glass and consumer grade talc allowed long enough operation for practical data acquisition. Tests were performed over lift-over-diameter (L/D) ratios spanning from 0.1 to 0.3. The results indicate that for the setup evaluated, the flowbench
Voris, Alex R., Puzinauskas, Paulius
Technical Paper
Misfire Behavior and Mitigations of Passive Pre-chambers at Low-Load Operation in an Optically Accessible Gasoline Engine03-15-03-001609/14/2021
An experiment has been developed to investigate the passive pre-chamber jet ignition process in gasoline engine configurations and low-load operating conditions. The apparatus adopted a modified 4-cylinder 2.0L gasoline engine to enable single-cylinder operation. To reduce the complexity, the piston position was fixed at a predefined position relative to the top dead center (TDC) to simulate thermodynamic conditions at ignition and injection timings. High-speed Infrared (IR) imaging was applied to visualize the jet penetration and ignition process inside the main cylinder and to investigate the cyclic spatial variability. Two passive pre-chambers with different total nozzle areas and numbers of nozzles were used. In addition, the pre-chamber volume and pressure at ignition timing were varied to examine their effect on jet ignition performance. Misfire behavior was observed in the main chamber of all test cases, and the results suggested that the main cause is a high Residual Mass
Lee, Dong Eun, Swanson, Christopher, Yu, Xin, Qiao, Li
Journal Article
Minimum Standard for Portable Gaseous, Oxygen EquipmentAS1046C (Current)08/11/2021
This standard is intended to apply to portable compressed gaseous oxygen equipment. When properly configured, this equipment is used either for the administration of supplemental oxygen, first aid oxygen or smoke protection to one or more occupants of either private or commercial transport aircraft. This standard is applicable to the following types of portable oxygen equipment: a Continuous flow 1 Pre-set 2 Adjustable 3 Automatic b Demand flow 1 Straight-demand 2 Diluter-demand 3 Pressure-demand c Combination continuous flow and demand flow.
A-10 Aircraft Oxygen Equipment Committee
Technical Standard
Spark Arrester Test Procedure for Large Size EnginesJ342_202010 (Current)10/06/2020
This SAE Recommended Practice establishes equipment and procedures for the evaluation of the effectiveness and other performance characteristics of spark arresters or turbochargers used on the exhaust system of large engines normally used in a railroad locomotive, stationary power plant, and other similar applications. This document does not cover applications requiring flame arresting, exhaust gas cooling, or isolation from explosive gases. Two test methods are presented: a laboratory test using ambient air (cold test) and an engine test using exhaust gases (hot test). The hot test is preferred. Arresters tested by the provisions of this document can be expected to perform as tested when tilted no more than 45 degrees from their normal position. Test results from a spark arrester or turbocharger evaluated by the hot test can be applied to different engines of similar design, provided the data shows it to be effective in the applicable flow ranges. Certain design and performance
SAE IC Powertrain Steering Committee
Recommended Practice
Energy Efficiency of Vehicles with Combined Electromechanical Drive of Driving Wheels2020-01-226009/15/2020
In this paper the use of a combined electro mechanical drive for driving wheels of vehicles make it possible to realize potential of a stepless transmission. In this case, the use of various differential mechanisms that summarize the movement from the internal combustion engine (ICE) and the electric motor can reduce the unevenness in time of the traction force on the drive wheels. Improving energy efficiency of hybrid vehicles is also possible by ensuring the engine operation at a constant high-speed mode. In tis paper the results of evaluating the reduction of energy losses during acceleration of the vehicle and the engine at constant speed. The use of continuously variable transmission (variator, electric and electromechanical transmission) along with other advantages allows the engine to operate at a constant angular speed. In this case, when accelerating a car, energy is saved due to the absence of its costs for accelerating the rotating masses of the engine. For cars, 4-6% of
Podrigalo, Mikhail, Bogomolov, Viktor, Kholodov, Mykhailo, Koryak, Alexander, Turenko, Anatoliy, Kaidalov, Ruslan, Verbitskiy, Victor, Nikorchuk, Andrey, Volodarets, Mykyta, Kudimov, Serhii, Khodyriev, Serhii
Technical Paper
Effect of Different Geometrical Changes in the Intake Manifold of a DI Diesel Engine Fueled with Biodiesel-Diesel Blends2020-01-034604/14/2020
One of the major challenges of biodiesel run diesel engines is poor mixture formation. This problem can be overcome by inducing the turbulence into the engine cylinder, thereby a proper mixing of air-fuel occurs. In this study, an attempt was made to assess the engine behavior in terms of its combustion, performance and emission characteristics by replacing the normal intake manifold with the internally buttress threaded manifold, which is designated as IBTM throughout the manuscript. This investigation was further carried out to run the engine with suitable blends such as WCOME10 (10% of WCOME + 90% diesel) and WCOME20 (20% of WCOME + 80% diesel). Based on the results obtained in this study, IBTM exhibits a higher BTE of about by 2.8% for WCOME20-b than that of diesel operation (at normal intake). At the same time, the carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC) and smoke emissions were decreased by about 1%, 30.3%, and 20.4% respectively, whereas, NOx emissions were increased by about
Reddy, Niklesh P., Khayum, Naseem, Uppara, Devendra
Technical Paper
A Computational Study on the Effect of Injector Location on the Performance of a Small Spark-Ignition Engine Modified to Operate under the Direct-Injection Mode2020-01-028604/14/2020
In a direct-injection (DI) engine, charge motion and mixture preparation are among the most important factors deciding the performance and emissions. This work was focused on studying the effect of injector positioning on fuel-air mixture preparation and fuel impingement on in-cylinder surfaces during the homogeneous mode of operation in a naturally aspirated, small bore, 0.2 l, light-duty, air-cooled, four-stroke, spark-ignition engine modified to operate under the DI mode. A commercially available, six-hole, solenoid-operated injector was used. Two injector locations were identified based on the availability of the space on the cylinder head. One location yielded the spray-guided (SG) configuration, with one of the spray plumes targeted towards the spark plug. In the second location, the spray plumes were targeted towards the piston top in a wall-guided (WG) configuration so as to minimize the impingement of fuel on the liner. A CFD model was developed and validated using
Jose, Jubin V., Thakur, Hemant, Mittal, Mayank, Ramesh, A.
Technical Paper
Temperature Measurement, Well Insert TypeARP175A (Current)04/14/2020
A-4 Aircraft Instruments Committee
Recommended Practice
Evaluation of On-board Heat Loss Prediction Model and Polytropic Index Prediction Model for CI Engines Using Measurements of Combustion Chamber Wall Heat Flux2019-32-054301/24/2020
Diesel engines need to optimize the fuel injection timing and quantity of each cycle in the transient operation to increase the thermal efficiency and reduce the exhaust gas emissions through the precise combustion control. The heat transfer from the working gas in the combustion chamber to the chamber wall is a crucial factor to predict the gas temperature in the combustion chamber to optimize the timing and quantity of fuel injection. Therefore, the authors developed both the heat loss and the polytropic index prediction models with the low calculation load and high accuracy. In addition, for the calculation of the heat loss and the polytropic index, the wall heat transfer model was also developed, which was derived from the continuity equation and the energy equation. The present study used a single cylinder diesel engine under the condition of engine speed of 1200 and 1500 rpm, and measured the local wall temperature and the local heat flux of the combustion chamber. The measured
Ichiyanagi, Mitsuhisa, Liu, Zhiyuan, Chen, Haoyu, Asano, Koki, Otsubo, Koki, Yilmaz, Emir, Suzuki, Takashi
Technical Paper
Three-dimensional simulations of oil dilution in DI diesel engines under motoring conditions with varying injection timing2019-01-218612/19/2019
ABSTRACT This study presents a simulation method for oil dilution in diesel engines by a post injection to understand the oil dilution mechanism and to improve an empirical model predicting the evolution of oil dilution. To consider the wall film, two-dimensional governing equations are additionally solved along the cylinder wall. Primary critical Weber numbers are used to determine adhesion or a splash of droplets at wall impingements. Motoring engine simulations at different injection timings show that dilution ratios in simulations are in good agreements with those in experiments. Oil dilution is not proportional to injection timings in this motoring conditions.
Hori, Tsukasa, Yamaji, Kohei, Akamatsu, Fumiteru
Technical Paper
Feasibility of Multiple Piston Motion Control Approaches in a Free Piston Engine Generator2019-01-259910/22/2019
The control and design optimization of a Free Piston Engine Generator (FPEG) has been found to be difficult as each independent variable changes the piston dynamics with respect to time. These dynamics, in turn, alter the generator and engine response to other governing variables. As a result, the FPEG system requires an energy balance control algorithm such that the cumulative energy delivered by the engine is equal to the cumulative energy taken by the generator for stable operation. The main objective of this control algorithm is to match the power generated by the engine to the power demanded by the generator. In a conventional crankshaft engine, this energy balance control is similar to the use of a governor and a flywheel to control the rotational speed. In general, if the generator consumes more energy in a cycle than the engine provides, the system moves towards a stall. If the generator consumes less energy, then the effective stroke, compression ratio and maximum translator
Bade, Mehar, Clark, Nigel, Famouri, Parviz, Guggilapu, PriyaankaDevi
Technical Paper
Engine Cylinder Head Thermal-Mechanical Fatigue Evaluation Technology and Platform Application03-13-01-000810/14/2019
Abstract An in-cylinder combustion analysis and a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) coolant flow analysis were performed using AVL FIRE software, which provided the heat transfer boundary conditions (HTBCs) to the temperature field calculation of the cylinder head. Based on the measured material performance parameters such as stress-strain curve under different temperatures and E-N curve, creep, and oxidation data material performance, the cylinder head-gasket-cylinder block finite element analysis (FEA) was performed. According to the temperature field calculation results, the maximum temperature of the cylinder head is 200°C that is within the limit of ALU material. The temperature of the water is more than 21.1°C below the critical burnout point temperature. The high-cycle fatigue (HCF) and thermal-mechanical fatigue (TMF) analysis of the cylinder head were performed by Finite Element Method FATigue (FEMFAT) software. The HCF safety coefficient and TMF life cycle of the cylinder
Zeng, Xiaochun, Luo, Xuwei, Jing, Guoxi, Zou, Pingping, Lin, Yuxing, Wei, Tao, Yuan, Xiaojun, Ge, Haiwen
Journal Article
In-Cylinder Flow Measurements in a Transparent Spark Ignition Engine2019-24-009909/09/2019
Flame development, combustion efficiency and emissions of a gasoline direct injection engine are strongly related with mixture preparation. Consequently, it is important to investigate the flow field and turbulence quantities at the parts of the thermodynamic cycle in which mixture preparation occurs. Flow field measurements were obtained by using 2D digital Particle Image Velocimetry technique in a 475cc optical single - cylinder Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) spark ignition engine. The results include phase averaged velocity fields at 1000 and 1500 RPM with 100% and 25% throttle position. These sets of measurements were conducted for cold flow (motoring) conditions at three different planes including the tumble plane and the swirl plane. The flow was recorded at various crank angles between 340° and 20° before the combustion top dead center (BTDC) with an increment of 40°. The spatial averaged TKE (Turbulent Kinetic Energy) was calculated along with the TR (Tumble Ratio). It was
Tsiogkas, Vasileios D., Chraniotis, Anastasios, Kolokotronis, Dimitrios, Tourlidakis, Antonios
Technical Paper
A Multiscale Cylinder Bore Honing Pattern Lubrication Model for Improved Engine Friction04-12-03-001007/02/2019
Three-dimensional patterns representing crosshatched plateau-honed cylinder bores based on two-dimensional Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) of measured surfaces were generated and used to calculate pressure flow, shear-driven flow, and shear stress factors. Later, the flow and shear stress factors obtained by numerical simulations for various surface patterns were used to calculate lubricant film thickness and friction force between piston ring and cylinder bore contact in typical diesel engine conditions using a mixed lubrication model. The effects of various crosshatch honing angles, such as 30°, 45°, and 60°, and texture heights on engine friction losses, wear, and oil consumption were discussed in detail. It is observed from numerical results that lower lubricant film thickness values are generated with higher honing angles, particularly in mixed lubrication regime where lubricant film thickness is close to the roughness level, mainly due to lower resistance to pressure flow. Although
Sen, Osman Taha, Akalin, Ozgen
Journal Article
An Analytical Methodology for Engine Gear Rattle and Whine Assessment and Noise Simulation2019-01-079904/02/2019
In this paper, a CAE methodology based on a multiphysics approach for engine gear noise evaluation is reviewed. The method comprises the results and outputs from several different analytical domains to perform the noise risk assessment. The assessment includes the source-path analysis of the gear-induced rattling and whining noise. The vibration data from the exterior surface of the engine is extended through acoustic analysis to perform the engine noise simulation and to identify acoustic hot spots contributing to the noise. The study includes simulations under different engine loading conditions with results presented in both time and frequency domains. Various sensitivity analyses involving different gear geometries and micro-geometries are investigated as well. Finally, the simulation results from three different engines are compared vis-a-vis.
Moetakef, Mohammad, Zouani, Abdelkrim, Felice, Mario, Baumann, Joern, Campbell, Brian, Pesheck, Eric, Baudson, Romain, Cabrol, Marie
Technical Paper
The Influence of IC Engine Working Condition on the Lubrication Characteristics of Piston Ring2019-01-059104/02/2019
The lubrication analysis of IC engine piston ring is usually carried out under engine rated working condition. In actual use, the IC engine (especially the vehicle engine) does not always operate in rated working condition, and its working condition will be changed frequently. In this paper, an IC engine is taken as the studying object, based on the measured gas pressure in the engine cylinder, the lubrication characteristics of piston ring under different engine working conditions is analyzed in which the transport of lubricating oil between the piston ring and the cylinder liner is considered. The results indicate that the engine working condition has remarkable influence on the lubrication characteristics of IC engine piston ring. The worst lubrication status of piston ring may not occurred in the engine rated working condition. Therefore, it is not enough comprehensive and reasonable to analyze the lubrication of piston ring only under engine rated working condition, but its
Wang, Xing, Duan, Jinghua, Sun, Jun
Technical Paper
Limitations of Sector Mesh Geometry and Initial Conditions to Model Flow and Mixture Formation in Direct-Injection Diesel Engines2019-01-020404/02/2019
Sector mesh modeling is the dominant computational approach for combustion system design optimization. The aim of this work is to quantify the errors descending from the sector mesh approach through three geometric modeling approaches to an optical diesel engine. A full engine geometry mesh is created, including valves and intake and exhaust ports and runners, and a full-cycle flow simulation is performed until fired TDC. Next, an axisymmetric sector cylinder mesh is initialized with homogeneous bulk in-cylinder initial conditions initialized from the full-cycle simulation. Finally, a 360-degree azimuthal mesh of the cylinder is initialized with flow and thermodynamics fields at IVC mapped from the full engine geometry using a conservative interpolation approach. A study of the in-cylinder flow features until TDC showed that the geometric features on the cylinder head (valve tilt and protrusion into the combustion chamber, valve recesses) have a large impact on flow complexity. As a
Perini, Federico, Busch, Stephen, Kurtz, Eric, Warey, Alok, Peterson, Richard C., Reitz, Rolf
Technical Paper
Computational Optimization of Pressure Wave Reflection on the Piston Surface for Single Point Autoignition Gasoline Engine with Colliding Pulsed Supermulti-Jets Leading to Noiseless-High Compression and Nearly-Complete Air-Insulation2019-01-023504/02/2019
A new engine concept based on pulsed supermulti-jets colliding at a small area around the chamber center was proposed in our previous research. It was expected to provide noiseless high compression ratio and nearly-complete air-insulation on chamber walls, leading to high thermal efficiency. In the previous reports, three-dimensional computations for the unsteady compressible Navier-Stokes equation were conducted, which were qualitative because of using regular grid method. This time, we develop a new numerical code in order to quantitatively simulate the compression level caused by the jets colliding with pulse. It is achieved by applying a staggered grid method to improve conservatibity of physical quantities at very high compression in combustion phenomena. Computations at a simple condition were fairly agreed with a theoretical value. Computational results obtained for a complex geometry of an engine by the new code had less error than one with previous codes. In addition, the
Hosoi, Aya, Konagaya, Remi, Kawaguchi, Sota, Sogabe, Yasuhiro, Yamashita, Yuya, Naitoh, Ken
Technical Paper
A Framework for Model Based Detection of Misfire in a Gasoline Engine with Dynamic Skip Fire2019-01-128804/02/2019
A framework is proposed for model-based misfire detection in gasoline engines with dynamic skip fire by employing a novel control oriented engine model. The model-based techniques form compact description of plant behavior and have a number of well known benefits. The performance requirements and environment legislation resulted in a rigorous research on misfire detection due to which an extensive literature can be found for the problem of misfire detection in all-cylinder firing gasoline engines. Since there is no fix cylinder activation/de-activation sequence in dynamic skip fire engines. So, the problem of misfire detection in dynamic skip fire engines departs from its trivial nature. In the proposed framework, ‘cylinder skip sequence’ is also fed to the engine model along-with conventional engine inputs. The First Principle based Engine Model constructs the crankshaft angular speed fluctuation pattern for a given cylinder skip sequence. The crankshaft angular speed fluctuation
Yar, Ahmed, Anjum, Raheel, Ahmed, Qadeer, Bhatti, Aamer
Technical Paper
Path-Averaged Temperature Measurement in a Motored Engine Cylinder Using Ultrasonic Thermometry2019-01-124404/02/2019
A limitation currently facing internal combustion engine research and development is the lack of a direct method to accurately measure in-cylinder temperature. The rate at which an engine cycle evolves is too rapid for conventional, direct measurement transducers such as thermocouples or thermistors. This paper presents the experimental results of a novel method for determining time-resolved in-cylinder temperature using ultrasonic thermometry. The technique involved sampling an ultrasonic signal reflected from the top of the moving piston and measuring piston position using an optical encoder connected to the engine crankshaft. The known flight distance and measured time of flight (ToF) was used to determine path-averaged temperature. ToF of the ultrasonic signal was precisely determined using an unscented Kalman filtering technique. Experiments were conducted using a motored (non-combusting) engine without compression at two engine speeds and three known intake temperatures. Results
Weigelt, Chad, Northrop, William F.
Technical Paper
Effect of Fuel Injection Timing on the Mixture Preparation in a Small Gasoline Direct-Injection Engine2018-32-001410/30/2018
Gasoline direct-injection (GDI) engines have evolved as a solution to meet the current demands of the automotive industry. Benefits of a GDI engine include good fuel economy, good transient response, and low cold start emissions. However, they suffer from problems, like combustion instability, misfire, and impingement of fuel on in-cylinder surfaces. Therefore, to highlight the influence of fuel injection timing on in-cylinder flow, turbulence, mixture distribution and wall impingement, a computational study is conducted on a small-bore GDI engine. Results showed that air motion inside the engine cylinder is influenced by direct-injection of fuel, with considerable variation in turbulent kinetic energy at the time of injection. Due to charge cooling effect, mixture density and trapped mass were increased by about 10.8% and 9.5%, respectively. A significant drop in mean in-cylinder temperature (about 100 °C) was observed with direct-injection of fuel as compared to the case without
Jose, Jubin, Parsi, Anil, Shridhara, Shrinidhi, Mittal, Mayank, Ramesh, A
Technical Paper
Jacobs employs cylinder deactivation in HD engines to lower CO2, NOxSAE-MA-0303609/24/2018
Jacobs Vehicle Systems believes that cylinder deactivation will become as common in the commercial vehicle market as it is in the automotive sector. The company revealed at IAA a new heavy-duty system that uses the proven componentry of its High Power Density engine brake.
Gehm, Ryan
Magazine Article
Limitations of Two-Stage Turbocharging at High Flight Altitudes03-11-05-003409/17/2018
High-altitude long-endurance (HALE) unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are used for high flight altitudes, which enable low drag and fast flight with minimal fuel consumption. Two-stage turbocharging is necessary to sustain sea-level power at high flight altitudes. In this study, the limitations of two-stage turbocharging at high flight altitudes typical for HALE UAVs are analyzed for the first time. The obtained results show that the minimum available engine power increases as the altitude rises. This will limit the ability of the aircraft to descend rapidly. Furthermore, at high altitudes, if a lower operating point is required for a fast descent, further recovery to full power for climbing or cruising could be unavailable. In the latter cases, a lower altitude must be reached before full power would be available again. A basic algorithm for the assessment and analysis of the limitations of UAV engines with two-stage turbochargers operating at high altitudes is suggested.
Fass, Yehuda, Tartakovsky, Leonid
Journal Article
Mapping of dirt contamination in heavy duty engines through oil monitoring2018-36-026809/03/2018
Dirt entrance on internal combustion engine's air inlet systems are a common issue to fleet owners. Heavy-duty engines are more susceptible to this due its great air volume aspirated. Aiming to avoid it manufacturers employ increasingly resources to conduct research in the field and to develop more efficient air filtration systems to reduce the probability of this occurs. Anyway, the early diagnosis are the best way to avoid expensive damages to the engine. This study aims to explain how fail due dust aspiration occurs and how to interpret periodic oil analysis in order to preserve the power units and reduce the risk of incorrect diagnosis.
Eric L., Martins, Fernando C. P., Ulhôa
Technical Paper
A Method for Turbocharging Single-Cylinder, Four-Stroke Engines03-11-04-002807/24/2018
Turbocharging can provide a low cost means for increasing the power output and fuel economy of an internal combustion engine. Currently, turbocharging is common in multi-cylinder engines, but due to the inconsistent nature of intake air flow, it is not commonly used in single-cylinder engines. In this article, we propose a novel method for turbocharging single-cylinder, four-stroke engines. Our method adds an air capacitor-an additional volume in series with the intake manifold, between the turbocharger compressor and the engine intake-to buffer the output from the turbocharger compressor and deliver pressurized air during the intake stroke. We analyzed the theoretical feasibility of air capacitor-based turbocharging for a single-cylinder engine, focusing on fill time, optimal volume, density gain, and thermal effects due to adiabatic compression of the intake air. Our computational model for air flow through the intake manifold predicted an intake air density gain of 37-60% depending
Buchman, Michael, Ramanujan, Devarajan, Winter, Amos G.
Journal Article
Super-Turbocharging the Dual Fuel Diesel Injection Ignition Engine2018-28-003607/09/2018
Turbocharging dramatically improves the power density of internal combustion engines both in the compression ignition and the spark ignition cases. However, a standalone turbocharger suffers from transient and steady state downfalls where the energy to turbine is either smaller or larger than what would be needed to optimize the engine operation in a specific steady state or transient point. Hence a concept was proposed of a super-turbocharger where the turbocharger shaft is connected to the crankshaft through a continuously variable transmission and a gear. Energy is drawn from the crankshaft or delivered to the crankshaft to improve the work in every operating point of the steady map. In this paper, the concept of super-turbocharger is applied to a six-cylinder, dual fuel diesel injection ignition engine. The system is modelled using state-of-the-art automotive software and simulations of the steady-state operation are presented. This paper concentrates on the case of post injection
Boretti, Alberto, Ordys, Andrzej
Technical Paper
Internal Combustion Engine Cylinder Volume Trace Deviation03-11-02-001304/18/2018
Heat release analysis is a widely used cylinder pressure-based method for evaluating combustion in engine development, and it is also being investigated as a means to control engine combustion. Heat release analysis has been shown to be sensitive to errors in the calculated cylinder volume, but despite this one of the most common assumptions is that the cylinder volume is nominal and can be calculated solely by the geometrical relations among the measures of the engine components. During engine operation, the components surrounding the combustion chamber are exposed to thermal forces, pressure forces, and mass forces from the reciprocating components. Due to these forces, the components will deform and the volume of the combustion chamber will deviate from its ideal volume. The volume will also be affected by the production tolerances of the engine. This article investigates the validity of the assumption of nominal cylinder volume in a heavy-duty engine context and considers the
Anagrius West, Ivan, Jorques Moreno, Carlos, Stenlåås, Ola, Haslestad, Fredrik, Jönsson, Ola
Journal Article
A One-Line Correlation for Predicting Oil Vaporization from Liner for IC Engines2018-01-016204/03/2018
The increasingly stringent regulations for fuel economy and emissions require better optimization and control of oil consumption. One of the primary mechanisms of oil consumption is vaporization from the liner; we consider this as the “minimum oil consumption (MOC).” This paper presents a physical-mathematical cycle model for predicting the MOC. The numerical simulations suggest that the MOC is markedly sensitive to oil volatility, liner temperature, engine load and speed but less sensitive to oil film thickness. A one-line correlation is proposed for quick MOC estimations. It is shown to have <15% error compared to the cycle MOC computation. In the “dry region” (between top ring and OCR at the TDC), oil is depleted due to high heat and continual exposure to the combustion chamber. MTU Friedrichshafen GmbH, who develops and produces large high-speed engines and propulsion systems, conducted experiments on an single-cylinder diesel engine, which is only used for test purposes and
Zhang, Qin, Tian, Tian, Koeser, Philipp
Technical Paper
Integrated Exhaust Rocker Arm Lost Motion Compression Release Engine Brake with Novel Reset Mechanism for Heavy Duty Diesel Engines2018-01-038104/03/2018
A new compression release engine brake system has been developed which utilizes the well-known lost motion idea along with an entirely new valve resetting mechanism. The engine brake is fully integrated into the exhaust rocker arm, making it highly compact. The novel reset mechanism provides a pressure sensing reset timing which optimizes engine brake performance and valve train stress at all engine speeds. Hydraulic system simulation studies were performed to first verify the concept on paper. Once acceptable performance was predicted, physical prototypes were produced. The Cummins ISL 8.9 L engine was chosen as a proof of concept platform due to its availability and its factory engine brake option. The factory engine brake gives a data set for comparison while validating this new technology. All targets for engine brake function were achieved, and a substantial increase in performance was demonstrated.
Batcheller, Devin, Taylor, Kody
Technical Paper
Modeling of Unsteady Heat Transfer Phenomena at the Intake Manifold of a Diesel Engine and Its Application to 1-D Engine Simulation2017-32-009711/05/2017
In the past two decades, internal combustion engines have been required to improve their thermal efficiency in order to limit hazardous gas emissions. For further improvement of the thermal efficiency, it is required to predict the mass of intake air into cylinders in order to control the auto-ignition timing for CI engines. For an accurate prediction of intake air mass, it is necessary to model the heat transfer phenomena at the intake manifold. From this intention, an empirical equation was developed based on Colburn equation. Two new arguments were presented in the derived formula. The first argument was the addition of Graetz number, where it characterized the entrance region thermal boundary layer development and its effect on the heat transfer inside the intake manifold. As the second argument, Strouhal number was included in order to represent intake valve effect on heat transfer. This study compared experimental data with the present empirical equation, and average error was
Yilmaz, Emir, Joji, Hayao, Ichiyanagi, Mitsuhisa, Suzuki, Takashi
Technical Paper
Improvement of Diagnosing Methods of the Diesel Engine Functioning under Operating Conditions2017-01-221810/08/2017
Operability and efficiency of transport diesel engines significantly depend on periodical diagnosis of its technical condition. The article considers the features of monitoring and diagnostic of transport diesel engines with the help of vibroacoustic analysis of high pressure fuel equipment and gas distribution mechanism. Functional scheme of diagnostic system and analytical method of TDC determination is described. Article gives an example of four-stroke and two-stroke diesel engines diagnosis. Also the article shows turbocharger speed determination and diagnosis with the help of vibroacoustic spectrum analysis. The main feature of the given methods is their high efficiency for diagnosis of transport diesel engines during operation.
Varbanets, Roman, Karianskyi, Sergey, Rudenko, Sergey, Gritsuk, Igor V., Yeryganov, Aleksey, Kyrylash, Olena, Aleksandrovskaya, Nadezhda
Technical Paper
A Comparative Study on Influence of EIVC and LIVC on Fuel Economy of A TGDI Engine Part I: Friction Torques of Intake Cams with Different Profiles and Lifts2017-01-224510/08/2017
In order to better understand how the Atkinson cycle and the Miller cycle influence the fuel consumption at different engine speeds and loads, an investigation was conducted to compare influences of early intake valve closing (EIVC) and late intake valve closing (LIVC) on the fuel consumption of a 1.5L turbo-charged gasoline direct injection (TGDI) engine. The engine was tested with three different intake cams, covering three intake durations: 251 degCA (the base engine), 196 degCA (the Miller engine), and 274 degCA (the Atkinson engine). Compression ratios are 9.5:1 for the base engine and 11.4:1 for the Atkinson and Miller engines, achieved with piston modifications. Results of this investigation will be reported in three papers focusing respectively on characteristics of the engine friction, in-cylinder charge motions for different intake events, and combustion and fuel economy without and with EGR for the naturally aspirated mode and boost mode. The present paper is Part I of this
Ouyang, Xianlin, Teng, Ho, zeng, Xiaochun, Luo, Xuwei, Hu, Tingjun, Huang, Xianlong, Luo, Jiankun, Zhou, Yongli
Technical Paper
The Sensitivity of Transient Response Prediction of a Turbocharged Diesel Engine to Turbine Map Extrapolation2017-24-001909/04/2017
Mandated pollutant emission levels are shifting light-duty vehicles towards hybrid and electric powertrains. Heavy-duty applications, on the other hand, will continue to rely on internal combustion engines for the foreseeable future. Hence there remain clear environmental and economic reasons to further decrease IC engine emissions. Turbocharged diesels are the mainstay prime mover for heavy-duty vehicles and industrial machines, and transient performance is integral to maximizing productivity, while minimizing work cycle fuel consumption and CO2 emissions. 1D engine simulation tools are commonplace for “virtual” performance development, saving time and cost, and enabling product and emissions legislation cycles to be met. A known limitation however, is the predictive capability of the turbocharger turbine sub-model in these tools. One specific concern is accurate extrapolation of turbine performance beyond the narrow region populated by supplier-measured data to simulate non-steady
Mason, Alexander, Costall, Aaron W., McDonald, John R.
Technical Paper
Study for the Radiated Noise from Engine Depending on Assembly Condition2017-01-184306/05/2017
This paper presents the influence of radiated noise from engine surface according to assembly condition between the engine block and oil pan. At the first, the force exciting the main bearing of cylinder block is calculated by using a multi-body dynamics model of the engine crankshaft. Secondly, the modal analysis is processed to obtain the mode contribution and modal participation factors for the FEM of a virtual cylinder block. Thirdly, the radiated noise from a structure is calculated by acoustic-FEM analysis. This structure is assembled by the virtual oil pan with a rigid connection method and a soft connection method. The sandwich panel connection model is used for the soft connection method. The sound radiated from this assemble structure is calculated according to two different connection properties respectively. The sound matrices for two results are compared using an objective method. Finally, the influence of the connection condition on the sound quality is investigated for
Shin, Taejin, Jin, Jaemin, Lee, Sang Kwon, Jung, Insoo
Technical Paper
Optical Engine Operation to Attain Piston Temperatures Representative of Metal Engine Conditions2017-01-061903/28/2017
Piston temperature plays a major role in determining details of fuel spray vaporization, fuel film deposition and the resulting combustion in direct-injection engines. Due to different heat transfer properties that occur in optical and all-metal engines, it becomes an inevitable requirement to verify the piston temperatures in both engine configurations before carrying out optical engine studies. A novel Spot Infrared-based Temperature (SIR-T) technique was developed to measure the piston window temperature in an optical engine. Chromium spots of 200 nm thickness were vacuum-arc deposited at different locations on a sapphire window. An infrared (IR) camera was used to record the intensity of radiation emitted by the deposited spots. From a set of calibration experiments, a relation was established between the IR camera measurements of these spots and the surface temperature measured by a thermocouple. Transmissivity of the chromium spot was investigated by using different background
Vedula, Ravi Teja, Stuecken, Thomas, Schock, Harold, Squibb, Cody, Hardman, Ken
Journal Article
Diagnostics of Individual Air Fuel Ratio Cylinder Imbalance2017-01-168403/28/2017
Air Fuel Ratio (AFR) imbalance between engine cylinders remains one of the most challenging problems in powertrain systems diagnostics. California Air Resources Board(CARB) has started imposing specific requirements on automotive companies since 2011 that required the integration of on-board diagnostics (OBD) monitor for the detection and reporting of this type of powertrain malfunction. In this paper, some methodologies of AFR cylinder imbalance monitoring are investigated and a novel approach is proposed that shows reliable detection capability compared to the other methods. The proposed method requires certain conditions during deceleration fuel shutoff events to intrusively reactivate the cylinders and determine the imbalance condition. The method was evaluated on a V6 3.7L engine in an experimental Lincoln MKZ vehicle. Vehicle results are shown and discussed.
Jammoussi, Hassene, Makki, Imad, Kluzner, Michael, Jentz, Robert
Journal Article
Artifact Based Assessment of CNC Machine Thermal Growth and Compensation2017-01-029903/28/2017
Thermal growth of spindle and other components is common in CNC machines, especially with MQL machining, and directly impacts positioning accuracy and thereby quality. A common method to address this is by measuring the thermal growth using gage bore probing and then compensating for it. Application of this method in 5-axis CNC machines is relatively new and effectiveness is often not tested. Error sources due to various orientations of the part could arise. A new artifact based method is presented for assessment of thermal compensation used by the CNC OEM. The method involves an artifact, test cycle and automated data logging. A precision granite artifact with gage bores on different faces is fabricated and can be presented for probing in different orientations. The machine is warmed up using repeated dry-cycling, thereby creating thermal growth. Compensation error is evaluated as the difference of actual thermal growth and compensation offset. Various metrics for overall compensation
Jalluri, Chandra, Rajoria, Himanshu, Goderis, Mark, Habel, Michael, Hill, Trevor
Journal Article
Q&A17AUTP03_1403/01/2017
Horst Binnig, Rheinmetall CEO, talks e-products
Buchholz, Kami
Magazine Article
Split Type Crankcase Design for a Single Cylinder LCV Diesel Engine2017-26-004001/10/2017
Serious efforts have been put in space to focus on lowering the fuel consumption and CO2 discharge to the environment from Automotive Diesel Engines. Though more focus is put on material up gradation approach on weight perspective, it is accompanied by undesirable cost increase and manufacturing complexity. As a part of development of a single cylinder engine for a light commercial vehicle application, a unique approach of integrated split type crankcase design is designed and developed. This design have addressed all the key factors on Weight, Cost and Manufacturing perspectives. The split type crankcase configuration, particularly middle-split configuration, integrates the oil sump, front cover and flywheel housing in a single unit beneficial from the point of view of reducing engine weight and thus reducing the manufacturing costs. This crankcase is also excellent from the serviceability point of view. Further, due to less number of sealing joints, this configuration obviates oil
Dharan R, Bharani, Vikraman, V, Varghese, Joy, Bhattacharya, Anup, Yadav, Vivek
Technical Paper
Characterization of Small-Scale Turbochargers for Unmanned Aerial Systems2016-32-007811/08/2016
Aircraft engine power is degraded with increasing altitude according to the resultant reduction in air pressure, temperature, and density. One way to mitigate this problem is through turbo-normalization of the air being supplied to the engine. Supercharger and turbocharger components suffer from a well-recognized loss in efficiency as they are scaled down in order to match the reduced mass flow demands of small-scale Internal Combustion Engines. This is due in large part to problems related to machining tolerance limitations, such as the increase in relative operating clearances, and increased blade thickness relative to the flow area. As Internal Combustion Engines decrease in size, they also suffer from efficiency losses owing primarily to thermal loss. This amplifies the importance of maximizing the efficiency of all sub-systems in order to minimize specific fuel consumption and enhance overall aircraft performance. The lack of published performance data for many commercially sold
Mataczynski, Mark R., Litke, Paul, Naguy, Benjamin, Baranski, Jacob
Technical Paper
Influence of Crankcase Oil Properties on Low-Speed Pre-Ignition Encountered in a Highly-Boosted Gasoline Direct Injection Engine2016-01-227010/17/2016
This paper reports an experimental investigation on the influence of the crankcase oil properties on the engine combustion in the low-speed pre-ignition (LSPI) zone. The investigation was conducted on a highly boosted 1.5L TGDI engine operated at the low-speed-end maximum torque, at which LSPI events were observed most frequently. Six different engine oils were tested, covering SAE 0W-20, 0W-30, 0W-40, 5W-20, 5W-30 and 5W-40. In order to evaluate the evaporative characteristics of the crankcase oil, for each of the selected engine oils, the tests were conducted at two different coolant temperatures, 90°C and 105°C. Because SAE 5W-30 was the base oil for the engine under study, for this particular oil, the investigation was extended to the impact of different levels of the mixture enrichment. Followings were found: 1) LSPI events were observed when the engine was operated with a stoichiometric mixture for all the oils tested. 2) No clear indication on which SAE oil tested had a stronger
Teng, Ho, Luo, Xuwei, Hu, Tingjun, Miao, Ruigang, Wu, Min, Chen, Bin, Zeng, Fanhua
Journal Article
Thermo-Mechanical Fatigue Study of Gasoline Engine Exhaust Manifold Based on Weak Coupling of CFD and FE2016-01-235010/17/2016
This paper combines fluid software STAR-CCM+ and finite element software ABAQUS to solve the temperature field of this Gasoline engine exhaust manifold based on loose coupling method. Through the simulation of car parking cooling - full load condition at full speed, we estimate thermal fatigue life of the exhaust manifold with the plastic strain increment as the evaluation parameters. It can guide the direction of optimal design of the exhaust manifold. Here we also revealed how the bolt force affects the manifold elastic and plastic behavior.
Liu, Zhien, Chen, Jiangmi, Xiao, Sheng-hao
Technical Paper
A Study of the Friction of Oil Control Rings Using the Floating Liner Engine2016-01-104804/05/2016
The oil control ring (OCR) controls the supply of lubricating oil to the top two rings of the piston ring pack and has a significant contribution to friction of the system. This study investigates the two most prevalent types of OCR in the automotive market: the twin land oil control ring (TLOCR) and three piece oil control ring (TPOCR). First, the basis for TLOCR friction on varying liner roughness is established. Then the effect of changing the land width and spring tension on different liner surfaces for the TLOCR is investigated, and distinct trends are identified. A comparison is then done between the TLOCR and TPOCR on different liner surfaces. Results showed the TPOCR displayed different patterns of friction compared the TLOCR in certain cases.
Westerfield, Zachary, Liu, Yang, Kim, Dallwoo, Tian, Tian
Journal Article
Methodology Development for Tumble Port Evaluation2016-01-063604/05/2016
The objective of this work was to develop a methodology to rapidly assess comparative intake port designs for their capability to produce tumble flow in spark-ignition engine combustion chambers. Tumble characteristics are of relatively recent interest, and are generated by a combination of intake port geometry, valve lift schedule, and piston motion. While simple approaches to characterize tumble from steady-state cylinder head flow benches have often been used, the ability to correlate the results to operating engines is limited. The only available methods that take into account both piston motion and valve lift are detailed computational fluid dynamic (CFD) analysis, or optical measurements of flow velocity. These approaches are too resource intensive for rapid comparative assessment of multiple port designs. Based on the best features of current steady-flow testing, a simplified computational approach was identified to take into account the important effects of the moving piston
Hoag, Kevin L., Megel, Anthony
Technical Paper
Experimental Study on Diesel Spray Characteristics Using Different Ambient Gases2016-01-086704/05/2016
The spray characteristics is the key to achieve the clean combustion in diesel engines and the in-cylinder conditions are one of the factors affecting the spray process. In this work, the diesel spray characteristics were studied over a range of injection pressures and ambient pressures in a constant volume chamber and a single-hole common rail diesel injector was used. The present work is to decouple the effects of ambient pressure and ambient density on near-field spray processes by using different ambient gas (N2, and CO2). The spray processes were captured by a Photron SA X2 camera with speed of 300,000 fps and resolution of 256 by 80 pixels. The spray processes were analyzed in terms of penetration length and spray tip velocity. Difference in penetration length and tip velocity were found at the same ambient density and/or ambient pressure when different ambient gases were used. This may be attributed to the different gas compressibility and the intensity of momentum transfer
Li, Yanfei, Ding, Haichun, Guo, Hengjie, Ma, Xiao, Jing, Daliang, Wang, Jian-Xin
Technical Paper
A Study of the Friction of Oil Control Rings Using the Floating Liner Engine2016-01-1048-TEST-REC04/05/2016
The oil control ring (OCR) controls the supply of lubricating oil to the top two rings of the piston ring pack and has a significant contribution to friction of the system. This study investigates the two most prevalent types of OCR in the automotive market: the twin land oil control ring (TLOCR) and three piece oil control ring (TPOCR). First, the basis for TLOCR friction on varying liner roughness is established. Then the effect of changing the land width and spring tension on different liner surfaces for the TLOCR is investigated, and distinct trends are identified. A comparison is then done between the TLOCR and TPOCR on different liner surfaces. Results showed the TPOCR displayed different patterns of friction compared the TLOCR in certain cases.
Westerfield, Zachary, Liu, Yang, Kim, Dallwoo, Tian, Tian
Journal Article
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