Browse Topic: Engine lubrication systems

Items (719)
There has been a recent upsurge in interest from the media concerning the quality of the environment within aircraft cabins and cockpits especially in the commercial world. This has included (although by no means been limited to) the air quality, with particular reference to the alleged effects of contamination from the aircraft turbine lubricant. Possible exposure to 'organophosphates' (OPs) from the oil has raised special concerns from cabin crew. Such is the concern that government organisations around the world, including Australia, USA and UK, have set up committees to investigate the cabin air quality issue. Concern was also voiced in the aviation lubricants world at the way in which OP additives in turbine lubricants were being blamed in some reports for the symptoms being experienced by air crew and passengers. SAE Committee E-34 therefore decided that it should gather as much available information on the subject as possible. This would then enable E-34 to participate in debates on the issue and help prevent a potentially erroneous decision regarding the future of OP based additives in turbine lubricants. It would also serve as an indicator of where any additional work may be necessary to properly gauge the role that turbine lubricants, and OP additives, play in cabin air quality. This report summarises recent documentation from the literature on this subject. The contents do not necessarily represent the views of the SAE or any of the members of the study group who produced this review. The literature falls into three categories: - Air quality (Section 5), which includes: future systems to improve air quality and research plans into investigating cabin air quality - Chemistry of turbine lubricants, phosphate esters (Section 6), including evaluation of products found in cabin air and thermal breakdown products of lubricants. - Toxicity evaluation of turbine oils and additives (Section 7).
E-34 Propulsion Lubricants Committee
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides guidance for substantiating the airworthiness of aircraft engine components. Generally these components are associated with the engine control system, the system or systems that allow the engine to provide thrust or power as demanded by the pilot of the aircraft while also ensuring the engine operates within acceptable operating limits. But these components may also include hardware and systems associated with engine lubrication, engine or aircraft hydraulic or electrical systems, aircraft environmental control systems, thrust reverser control, or similar aircraft or engine propulsion system functions. This paper develops the concept of using a 26 item matrix of environmental conditions for evaluating aircraft engine component airworthiness. This approach is compatible with current practices used in the industry and has been accepted by engine certification authorities as part of engine certification programs.
E-36 Electronic Engine Controls Committee
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) contains a description of the design approach, the calculations, some comparisons to alternate SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) documents, and the background information used to generate the standard face seal gland dimensions specified in AS6235. NOTE: This AIR should be read in conjunction with AS6235. In some instances, the information contained within AS6235 is repeated for clarity.
A-6C2 Seals Committee
This specification covers a nitrile rubber (NBR) elastomer that can be used to manufacture product in the form of sheet, strip, tubing, extrusions, and molded shapes. For molded rings, compression seals, and molded-in-place gaskets for aeronautical and aerospace applications, use the AMS7289 specification.
AMS CE Elastomers Committee
This specification covers a nitrile rubber (NBR) in the form of molded compression seals such as O-rings, T-seals, and molded-in-place gaskets for aeronautical and aerospace applications. For sheet, strip, tubing, extrusions, and molded shapes, use the AMS3786 specification, which is intended for that use.
AMS CE Elastomers Committee
This specification defines the dimensional and performance requirements for aftermarket spin-on oil filters intended for use on gasoline engines. Filters meeting this specification may also be suitable for use on some diesel applications. Filters meeting these dimensional limits are intended to meet the oil filter fit and package requirements for engine and vehicle designs. Filters meeting the performance requirements are intended to maintain sufficient durability to support typical 10000 mile oil change intervals. Some OEM engines may require special filters for which this specification would not support. Filters that meet or exceed this specification requirements for both dimensional and performance can claim “Conformance to SAE/USCAR - 36 Specifications.” Filters that meet just the performance specifications (ie. may have different thread) can claim “Aligns to SAE/USCAR - 36 Performance Specifications.”
USCAR
This SAE Standard establishes the requirements for lubricating oils containing ashless dispersant additives to be used in four-stroke cycle, reciprocating piston aircraft engines. This document covers the same lubricating oil requirements as the former military specification MIL-L-22851. Users should consult their airframe or engine manufacturers manuals for the latest listing of acceptable lubricants.
E-38 Aviation Piston Engine Fuels and Lubricants
This specification covers an acrylonitrile-butadiene (NBR) rubber in the form of molded rings, compression seals, O-ring cord, and molded-in-place gaskets for aeronautical and aerospace applications. For sheet, strip, tubing, extrusions, and molded shapes, use the AMS3XXX specification which is intended for that use.
AMS CE Elastomers Committee
This specification covers a fluorocarbon rubber in the form of molded rings, compression seals, O-ring cord, and molded-in-place gaskets for aeronautical and aerospace applications. For sheet, strip, tubing, extrusions, and molded shapes use AMS3216 specification which is intended for that use.
AMS CE Elastomers Committee
Design and Development of a Dry Sump Lubrication System for a Formula SAE Race Car2019-26-00261/9/2019
A Formula student team aims to develop and improve their designs every year, as far as the powertrain aspect is considered performance output and enhancement is the primary aim, and for engine to perform better, the health of the engine is the most important parameter; hence the lubrication system of the vehicles powertrain should be improved to get the most out of the engine. The primary challenge for the development of a new lubrication system was the inability to replicate the performance given by stock wet sump with the self-designed custom dry sump. However, the advantages can outnumber the cons of implementing a custom dry sump lubrication system. The work brought together in this paper highlights the meticulous design procedure for implementing a custom made dry sump system onto a 4-cylinder in-line Honda CBR600RR engine. Moreover, the research paper brings about the extensive process undertaken which includes theoretical calculations, computational analysis and experimental validation of the whole assembly the dry sump system. The design procedure makes use of software like MATLAB, Star CCM+ and SolidWorks. From the simulations and calculations using MATLAB an increase of 0.13G was seen in the maximum lateral acceleration. Sloshing Analysis of the sump pan was carried out and the pick-up points for the dry sump pan was decided based on the simulation results. The validation was carried out with the help of a data acquisition module. The parameters such as volume of reservoir tank, design of sump pan, scavenge or oil pump selection and compatibility, etc. were taken into consideration. To validate the whole design, EOP sensor was used to monitor the oil pressure during varied lateral and longitudinal acceleration values as well as for the full range of RPM. After validation a deviation of only 5 psi was seen on either side of the stock EOP values with the custom dry sump system. Moreover, a decrease of 26.5 mm in CoG height was recorded between the stock and custom lubrication systems which directly translates to better dynamic performance.
Khanna, RishabhKumar, Akshyt BimalVijaykumar, KartikGopal, K NanthaB, AshokSharma, SahilRavi, Vignesh
Glossary of Terms Related to Fluid Filters and Filter TestingJ1124_201810 (Current)10/4/2018
Over the years during which fluid filtration systems have been developing, many terms have come into use for descriptions of characteristics of filter media, filter assemblies, test methods, and test materials. Inevitably, some terms have been applied loosely, so that the same term may have different meaning to different people, or in different frames of reference. Recognizing the need for clearly defined terms, which can have only one meaning for all persons in all circumstances, so that documents dealing with standard methods of evaluation of filters will have only one interpretation, the Filter Test methods Subcommittee of the SAE Engine Committee has compiled this Glossary of related terms. No attempt has been made to produce an all-inclusive document, containing definitions of all terms related to all types of fluid filters. Instead, the Glossary is confined to the terms likely to be encountered in relation to filters for lubricating oil and fuels. At the same time, we have recognized that some terms are common to all types of fluid filters, and have been careful to avoid conflict with the definitions published by other standardizing groups. If not identical, the definitions of these terms are at least worded to convey an identical meaning, hopefully in fewer, simpler or more precise words. We hope that this effort will be effective in helping to eliminate the ambiguities which have resulted from imprecise use of terminology and filtration. This Glossary is referenced in the SAE filter test methods documents. Terms used in those documents are intended to have the definitions shown by this Glossary, and no other. As new terms and their definitions become associated with the science of filtration and are relevant to the documents prepared by this subcommittee, revisions to the Glossary will be made, either by issuance of addenda or by revision and republication of the entire document.
Filter Test Methods Standards Committee
Design and Development of a Roller Follower Hydraulic Lash Adjustor to Eliminate Lash Adjustment and Reduce Noise in a Serial Production Diesel Engine2018-01-17669/10/2018
Commercial vehicles require continual improvements in order to meet fuel emission standards, improve diesel aftertreatment system performance and optimize vehicle fuel economy. Aftertreatment systems require significant space claim which makes vehicle packaging a challenge. Today’s diesel engines require valvetrain lash adjustment settings at distinct intervals to ensure proper valvetrain performance. This requires removing the engine rocker cover to access the valvetrain rocker arms for setting lash. Setting lash for compact vehicle applications sometimes requires removing the aftertreatment system to provide access to the rocker cover prior to setting lash. Then, the rocker cover is reinstalled followed by the aftertreatment system making the lash setting process time consuming and complex. This paper focuses on the design, development and validation of adapting hydraulic lash adjusters (HLAs) into a type V (camshaft in block) diesel engine thus eliminating the lash adjustment process. The flat mechanical tappets were replaced with roller follower HLAs on both the intake and exhaust valves. The roller was included to reduce valvetrain friction over flat tappets. An anti-rotation design was included to maintain alignment between the roller and the camshaft. A major advantage of using the HLA was reduced engine valvetrain noise. Minor engine block changes were required to accommodate the roller follower HLAs. The HLA design ensured reliable and repeatable valve motion from engine build thru cold start and normal engine operation over the useful life of the engine. Reliability was key for the roller follower HLA as it is embedded inside the block which makes replacement impractical. This paper highlights the major design aspects for including roller follower HLAs in a type V diesel engine.
Roberts, LeightonMcCarthy, Jr., James
Analysis of the power loss reduction in automotive turbo-charger systems with independent lubrication2018-36-03029/3/2018
A typical turbocharger has in its interior an shaft that supported by two bearings, which are normally hydrodynamically lubricated, that is, the friction reduction between the metal parts takes place through the formation of a lubricating oil film. This lubricating oil film may reduce friction about to a thousand times; however, since it is a liquid, there is a resistance to the shaft movement proportional to the oil viscosity. In the case of a turbocharger coupled to an internal combustion engine, it has the purpose of increasing the power produced by the engine itself; therefore, this resistive force must be as small as possible, so that the system efficiency may increase, as well as the power output. A turbocharger-engine system uses the same lubrication system, where the lubricating oil must have characteristics that meet the engine requirement, where the operating conditions are more stringent. However, the lubricating oil of the turbocharger should only be resistant to the same working temperature of the engine environment, allowing the use of a less viscous lubricant. The present work analyzes an application of independent lubrication system, exclusive to the turbocharger, where a less viscous lubricating fluid can be used. For this case, a study was carried out from the appropriate selection of the components and the computational modeling of the system for performance analysis. It has been observed that, using a suitable lubricant for the turbocharger bearings independently from the engine lubrication system, a reduction in power loss of 55% is achieved. Therefore, the power supply for the internal combustion engine may be increased, resulting in a higher system performance.
D’Alcantara, A. L.Deoclecio, L. H. P.Monhol, F. A. F.
Development of Continuously Variable Discharge Oil Pump2018-01-09324/3/2018
Recently, for the protection of the environment, the regulation of automobile fuel consumption and exhaust gas emission has been strengthened. To improve fuel economy, it is demanded that each engine part contributes to reducing the workload of the engine, even the engine lubrication oil pump. In response to this, a new variable discharge oil pump was developed. It is the world's first internal gear type oil pump that has electronically controlled continuously variable discharge. The work performed by the pump chiefly takes two forms: sliding friction of the rotor and pumping work which moves the oil. First, in developing a variable discharge oil pump, a new tooth profile of the rotor was developed to reduce its sliding friction. As a result, the sliding friction of the rotor was reduced by 34% while maintaining the same theoretical oil discharge rate. Next, a variable discharge mechanism using an internal gear was developed. Since it is an internal gear pump, the flow rate can be controlled by changing the eccentric direction of the rotor relative to the ports of the housing while maintaining the eccentricity distance. In order to realize this, guide grooves in the ring holding the housing were given a unique design. To reduce pumping work, the variable discharge mechanism was designed to limit hydraulic pressure to 100 kPa or less. In addition, design efforts focused on quick response to signals for increased pumping. Specifically, to achieve low hydraulic pressure in the engine, the oil pump was made highly responsive, supplying high hydraulic pressure quickly when the engine needs it. In this way, the pumping work of the continuously variable discharge oil pump could be reduced to 63% less than that of a conventional pump, which improved fuel economy by 1.2% in actual testing.
Nishida, YukiToyoda, FumihikoTerashima, HirohitoOno, Hisashinunami, Koji
Development of CNG/Diesel Dual-Compatible Engine Oil for Heavy-Duty Trucks in Thailand2017-01-235010/8/2017
In Thailand, most heavy-duty trucks were equipped with diesel engine, while a small portion was equipped with compressed natural gas (CNG) engine. However, in the past few years the number of CNG fuel trucks in Thailand has increased significantly due to the cheaper cost of CNG. In general, the emphasis of heavy-duty diesel engine oil performance is on piston cleanliness and soot handling properties, while thermal and anti-oxidation properties are most critical for CNG engine oil performance. For truck fleet owners who operate both types of trucks, using the inappropriate oil that is not fit-for-purpose can adversely affect engine performance and reduce engine service lifespan under prolonged usage. A novel CNG/diesel engine oil was developed to meet both JASO DH-2 heavy-duty diesel engine oil performance and CNG engine oil performance. The candidate formulation was proved adequately fit for practical use regarding to thermal and anti-oxidation properties. Engine durability tests were conducted for 4-liter and 8-liter of diesel engines with 8-liter of CNG engine. Top Groove Fill (TGF), Weighted Total Demerit (WTD) as piston cleanliness and used-oil properties were measured. It was further demonstrated that the Komatsu hot tube deposit bench test correlated well with 8-liter diesel engine durability test. A field-trial was conducted on commercially operated diesel and CNG trucks in Thailand. The developed SAE 15W-40 viscosity grade engine oil exhibited no harm in both diesel and CNG trucks throughout the entire field-trial.
Wongtaewan, ChalermwutWongjareonpanit, UmapornSivara, KomkritHashimoto, KenNakamura, Yoichiro
Fault Detection and Diagnosis of Diesel Engine Lubrication System Performance Degradation Faults based on PSO-SVM2017-01-243010/8/2017
Considering the randomness and instability of the oil pressure in the lubrication system, a new approach for fault detection and diagnosis of diesel engine lubrication system based on support vector machine optimized by particle swarm optimization (PSO-SVM) model and centroid location algorithm has been proposed. Firstly, PSO algorithm is chosen to determine the optimum parameters of SVM, to avoid the blindness of choosing parameters. It can improve the prediction accuracy of the model. The results show that the classify accuracy of PSO-SVM is improved compared with SVM in which parameters are set according to experience. Then, the support vector machine classification interface is fitted to a curve, and the boundary conditions of fault diagnosis are obtained. Finally, diagnose algorithm is achieved through analyzing the centroid movement of features. According to Performance degradation data, degenerate trajectory model is established based on centroid location. And normal faults and performance degradation faults of diesel engine lubrication system are diagnosed. Results show that classification accuracy of the proposed PSO-SVM model achieved is 95.06% and 97.04% in two verify samples, it can meet the needs of fault diagnosis; and two typical faults and performance degradation fault of diesel engine can be diagnosed based on the proposed diagnosis method through simulation model based on AMESim.
Wang, YingminCui, TaoZhang, FujunWang, SufeiGao, Hongli
Development of Engine Lubrication System with New Internal Gear Fully Variable Discharge Oil Pump2017-01-243110/8/2017
Over the past decades, the automotive industry has made significant efforts to improve engine fuel economy by reducing mechanical friction. Reducing friction under cold conditions is becoming more important in hybrid vehicle (HV) and plug-in hybrid vehicle (PHV) systems due to the lower oil temperatures of these systems, which results in higher friction loss. To help resolve this issue, a new internal gear fully variable discharge oil pump (F-VDOP) was developed. This new oil pump can control the oil pressure freely over a temperature range from -10°C to hot conditions. At 20°C, this pump lowers the minimum main gallery pressure to 100 kPa, thereby achieving a friction reduction effect of 1.4 Nm. The developed oil pump achieves a pressure response time constant of 0.17 seconds when changing the oil pressure from 120 kPa to 200 kPa at a temperature of 20°C and an engine speed of 1,600 rpm. Test results confirmed that the developed oil pump controlled the oil pressure with an undershoot of about 12%. The oil jets were also stopped from -10°C. The internal gear tooth profile was also improved and reduced the friction of the rotor by 34% compared to a conventional trochoidal tooth profile. This paper describes the details of the design of the new internal gear rotor, the structure of the new F-VDOP, the engine oil circuit, and the test results. This new oil pump improves fuel economy by 1.2% under the LA#4 cold test cycle.
Yamamoto, MichitakaHosogi, TakayukiWatanabe, TetsujiNishida, Yuki
Performance Modification of Three Cylinder Diesel Engine Ge-Rotor Oil Pump through Rotor and PRV System2017-28-19347/10/2017
Current high rating thermal loaded engines must have super-efficient lubrication system to provide clean oil at appropriate pressure and appropriate lube oil temperature to every part of the engine at all engine RPM speeds and loads. So oil pump not only have to satisfy above parameters but also it should be durable till engine life. Gerotor pumps are internal rotary positive-displacement pumps in which the outer rotor has one tooth more than the inner rotor. The gear profiles have a cycloidal shape. Both are meshed in conjugate to each other. Gerotor takes up engine power through crankshaft and deliver to various engine consumers at required pressure and required time. Over the complete engine rpm speed and loads range, oil pump need to perform efficiently to provide proper functioning of the engine. Otherwise low oil pressure leads to more friction in the pump, seizure of bearings and final failure of the engine .High oil pressure can lead to failure in oil filter, gaskets and seal. In this aspect pressure relief passage having huge importance to maintain suitable oil pressure in the system at hot and cold environmental conditions. Not only it regulates correct flow but also if properly optimize can reduce power consumption by the pump and the engine. Hence the different oil pump critical design parameters are reviewed in three cylinder diesel engine to have better performance of oil pump in terms of reduction of friction but without causing reduction in the flow of the main oil gallery. The design was validated in the engine test bench and found increase of 11% in oil pressure is being realized at 2250 rpm
Thakur, AnilAlam, Md TauseefKumar PS, VenkateshKulkarni, P DPandian, Senthur
This SAE Recommended Practice is applicable to oil-to-air and oil-to-coolant oil coolers installed on mobile or stationary equipment and provides a glossary of oil cooler nomenclature. Such oil coolers may be used for the purpose of cooling automatic transmission fluid, hydraulic system oil, retarder system fluid, engine oil, etc. This document outlines the methods of procuring the test data to determine the operating characteristics of the oil cooling system and the interpretation of the results.
Cooling Systems Standards Committee
Improving Engine Pre-Start And After-Start Heating by Using the Combined Heating System2016-01-80719/27/2016
The article discusses the use of the combined heating system with phase-transitional thermal accumulator. The peculiarity of the presented system is that it uses thermal energy of exhaust gas, coolant and motor oil, and emissions of the internal combustion engine during its operation to accumulate the thermal energy. The results of experimental studies of the combined heating system are shown. A system and methods for pre-start and after-start heating of the vehicular engine in the investigated system are developed. The structure of the "combined heating” system to study the impact of its structural and adjustment parameters on the performance of thermal development of the vehicular engine is described. The use of the combined heating system within phase-transitional thermal accumulators is compared with the use of standard systems for a truck engine 8FS 9.2 / 8. It reduces the time of coolant and motor oil thermal development by 22.9-57.5% and 25-57% accordingly. With the engine being shut off, it also increases their long-term storage with their optimal temperatures to 9-92 times and 6.2-61 times accordingly. The peculiarities of forming and using the system under study depend on operational needs, climatic conditions and the category of the vehicle.
Gritsuk, IgorVolkov, VladimirGutarevych, YuriiMateichyk, VasylVerbovskiy, Valeriy
Transient, Three Dimensional CFD Model of the Complete Engine Lubrication System2016-01-10914/5/2016
This paper reports on a comprehensive, crank-angle transient, three dimensional, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of the complete lubrication system of a multi-cylinder engine using the CFD software Simerics-Sys / PumpLinx. This work represents an advance in system-level modeling of the engine lubrication system over the current state of the art of one-dimensional models. The model was applied to a 16 cylinder, reciprocating internal combustion engine lubrication system. The computational domain includes the positive displacement gear pump, the pressure regulation valve, bearings, piston pins, piston cooling jets, the oil cooler, the oil filter etc… The motion of the regulation valve was predicted by strongly coupling a rigorous force balance on the valve to the flow. The results show that the majority of the system pressure drop and flow rates occur in bearings, lifters and piston cooling jets, confirming the importance of a three-dimensional treatment for these components versus a relatively empirical zero or one-dimensional treatment. The newly developed CFD capability is timely because it can also drive the development of system-level models in adjacent design areas of topical interest such as engine oil warm up, interaction between lube oil and coolant temperatures, engine oil temperature distribution (which can impact oil life), uncovering of oil pick up tube, oil pump priming, bearing cavitation and dry spots, oil aeration, piston cooling jets, variable displacement vane pump and other related topics.
Dhar, SujanAfjeh, HomaSrinivasan, ChiranthRanganathan, RajJiang, Yu
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