Browse Topic: Antifreeze

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Environmental Effects of Engine Coolant Additives1999-01-013703/01/1999
Approximately 200 to 210 million gallons (or about 2 billion pounds) of antifreeze or engine coolant are produced in North America each year. About 80 percent of this is sold to refill leaking cooling systems. This paper compares the environmental impact of additives in leaking and improperly disposed coolant to other sources of these same chemicals.
Coburn, C. B., Hudgens, R. D., Mullen, Michael D.
Review of Organic Acids as Inhibitors in Engine Coolants96064102/01/1996
Presented is a literature and patent review of organic acids as corrosion inhibitors for use in engine coolants. The technology is directed towards use of acid combinations or acids with conventional inhibitors because no individual acid can provide protection to the range of metals used in cooling systems. Some examples are: aliphatic monoacids with diacids, azelaic acid with aromatic acids, molybdate with two or more aliphatic acids, and sebacic acid with benzotriazole. Claimed advantages are non-depletion (‘long-life’ coolants), non-silicate (gelation and pump seal wear concerns) and non-nitrite (nitrosamine formation), and compatibility with ethylene glycol and propylene glycol.
Weir, T. W., de Ven, P. Van
Life Cycle Assessment of Ethylene Glycol and Propylene Glycol Antifreeze96102702/01/1996
The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) performed on ethylene glycol based antifreeze solution and propylene glycol based antifreeze solution shows that the energy required by the ethylene glycol based solution is less than the energy used by the propylene glycol based solution. The propylene glycol based solution generates greater total solid waste than the ethylene glycol based solution. The propylene glycol based antifreeze solution has a higher potential impact in more of the impact categories than the ethylene glycol based solution based on mass loading techniques for characterization. However, conclusions beyond using mass loading on a category-by-category basis cannot be determined.
Hunt, Robert G., Franklin, William E., Hildebrandt, Carol C.
Aqueous Propylene Glycol Engine Coolant for Automotive and Light Duty Applications93058803/01/1993
Propylene Glycol has generated interest as a base material for coolant/antifreeze for internal combustion engines that would be superior to existing coolants in product safety. Previous studies have presented the merits for propylene glycol engine coolants developed for use in heavy duty engines. The automotive or light duty market has different requirements and different concerns for the performance of a cooling fluid. Also, since this segment includes the vehicles owned and maintained by the general public, the safer nature of propylene glycol products resulting from their lower relative toxicity has increased importance. Products have been developed for this market using inhibitor chemistry similar to that used historically for engine coolants. The results of testing of these products against standards of performance for engine coolants for light duty engines are discussed.
Kilmartin, William J., Dehm, David C.
Cavitation Corrosion Bench Test for Engine Coolants88126909/01/1988
Early in 1987, members of the EMA (Engine Manufacturers Association) formed a Coolant Subcommittee to determine if there was a need for coolant product specifications and recommended coolant maintenance practices. There was quick, unanimous agreement that both were needed to enable the industry to improve cooling system durability and to reduce the incidence of cooling system problems related to engine coolants and their maintenance. Although there are a few commercial antifreezes for heavy duty engines that do not require an initial charge of SCA (Supplemental Coolant Additive), there is no industry-wide specification for such a product. One test needed as part of such a specification is a cavitation corrosion bench test that correlates well with engine tests. This paper documents some work being done to develop such a bench test. The bench test results for various coolants are compared to 200 hour engine dynometer test results for the same coolants.
Hercamp, R. D., Hudgens, R. D.
Silicate Gelation in Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine Cooling Systems85232712/01/1985
Silica gel formation in heavy duty diesel cooling systems has increased with the increased usage of antifreeze with high levels of silicate. Gelation can occur when this type of antifreeze is mixed with supplemental coolant additives which are required to protect heavy duty diesel engine cooling systems, or when the undiluted antifreeze is stored for long periods. Gel in the cooling system can decrease coolant flow and heat transfer causing engine overheating. Gel formation is shown to be a chemical problem, not a problem of newer engine and cooling system design. Recommendations for avoiding the problem are included.
Hercamp, R. D., Hudgens, R. D.
Research and Development Efforts in Military Antifreeze Formulations79041502/01/1979
The US Army was convinced as early as 1941 that a composition type antifreeze was desirable. The Army's needs are much more complex, and operating conditions more severe than the individual automobile owner. Army vehicles must be in the best possible operating condition at all times. These vehicles may be sent to almost any part of the world, and have to be combat ready on short notice. Operating conditions can be severe, requiring both highway and off highway operation. Heat loads on the vehicles' cooling system vary depending upon the loads being carried and the terrain over which they are required to travel. Indiscriminate use of commercial antifreeze-coolants could result in cooling system failure. Mixtures of two good antifreeze formulations could have a direct effect on the corrosion protection of cooling system metals. In combat situations this could be disasterous.
Conley, James H., Jamison, Robert G.
Synthetic Automotive Engine Oils From a Consultant's Experience76056102/01/1976
This paper reviews complete performance results of a 100,000 mile field test with a diester synthetic oil run for five years under “no drain” conditions in a Lincoln Continental. Thus the author considers it a lifetime engine oil. The paper also describes two additional candidate synthetic oils under testing. Performance Correlation Curves between extended Sequence Engine Oil Tests and field results are compiled. The need for meaningful pre-performance engine tests for lifetime engine oils is stressed, which now require some five years in field evaluation. Other benefits of successful pre-performance tested synthetic engine oils are excellent deposit suppression, low wear, low temperature fluidity, easy low temperature starting and warmup, octane requirement reduction, and probable antifreeze tolerance.
Potter, R. I.
A Study of Erosion-Corrosion in Aluminum Radiator Alloys72000902/01/1972
The frequent occurrence of erosion-corrosion attack in service failures of aluminum radiators suggests the need for a rapid test which will predict erosion-corrosion susceptibility in aluminum alloys under conditions simulating those in an actual radiator. This paper describes a multijet test apparatus which has been used to compare the erosion-corrosion resistance of aluminum alloys in antifreeze solutions at 200 F. Impingement velocities of up to 130 ft/s have been used. The effect of short-term jet impingement has been found to produce a mode of erosion-corrosion attack similar to that found in a 6951 alloy radiator after 40,000 miles of service. Attack appears to progress through several distinct stages starting with the development of a high density of pits which eventually become coalesced together at points of very high impingement velocity. The rate of attack has been found to be dependent on alloy composition and properties, jet velocity, and metal surface condition. The test
Anthony, W. H., Popplewell, J. M.
SERVICE PERFORMANCE FACTORY INSTALLED ANTI-FREEZES WITH EXTENDED USE RECOMMENDATIONS64013101/01/1964
A survey was conducted to determine the condition of factory-installed anti-freezes with extended use recommendations as they occur, in the cooling system, after varying conditions of car usage by the consumer. A total of 2,155 coolant samples were taken from 1962 and 1963 cars during two survey periods - August of both model years. The results indicated anti-freeze service was required in 52% of the 1962 models using the anti-freeze for a second season, and in 34% of the 1963 models in their first year. The nature of modern cooling systems, habits of car owners, and the practices of automotive service dealers make recommendations for extended use of anti-freeze impractical.
Foley, R. J., Beynon, E., Bato, A. G.
A TEST FOR ANTIFREEZE CONTAMINATION IN CRANKCASE OIL52005401/01/1952
LIDDELL, GEORGE J., MARSHALL, RUTH
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