Browse Topic: Engine control systems

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Analysis Techniques for Racecar Data Acquisition [mms update 07.03.25]R-367To be published on 03/22/2099
Data acquisition has become an invaluable tool for establishing racecar - and car/driver - performance. Now that the ability exists to analyze each and every performance parameter for car and driver, accurate use of this data can provide a key advantage on the racetrack. This book provides a thorough overview of the varied methods for analyzing racecar data acquisition system outputs, with a focus on vehicle dynamics.
Segers, Jorge
Engine Management System Strategies for Mitigating Dual Mass Flywheel Resonance in Gasoline Powertrains2026-26-0052To be published on 01/16/2026
In today's fast paced and competitive automotive market meeting the customers expectations is the key to any OEM. This has led to development of downsized high performance engines with refinement as an important deliverable. However developing such high output engines do come with challenges of refinement, especially higher torsional vibrations leading to transmission noise issues. Hence, it becomes important to isolate the transmission system from these high torsional vibration input. To address this, one of the most common method is to adopt Dual Mass flywheel (DMF) as this component dampens torsional vibrations and isolates the transmission unit from the same. While Dual Mass Flywheel assemblies do great job in protecting the transmission units by not allowing the oscillations to pass through them, they do have their own natural resonance frequency band close to the engine idle (low) engine speeds, which must be avoided for a continuous operation otherwise it may lead to Dual Mass
Raiker, Rajan, viswanatha, Hosur C, Jadhav, Aashish, Jain, Ojase, Jadhav, Marisha
A LOW PRESSURE PUMPLESS DEF DOSING SYSTEM BY USING COMPRESSED AIR AND AN AIR ASSISTED DEF INJECTION NOZZLE2026-26-0219To be published on 01/16/2026
This study emphasizes on development of Diesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF) dosing system specifically used in Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) of diesel engine for emission control ,where a low pressure pumpless DEF dosing system is developed, utilizing compressed air for pressurizing the DEF tank and discharging DEF through air assisted DEF injection nozzle. SCR systems utilize Diesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF) to convert harmful NOx emissions from diesel engines into harmless nitrogen and water vapor. Factors such as improper storage, handling, or refilling practices can lead to DEF contamination which pose significant operational challenges for SCR systems. Traditional piston-type, diaphragm-type, or gear-type pumps in DEF dosing systems are prone to mechanical failures leading to frequent maintenance, repairs, and costly downtimes for vehicles. To overcome the existing challenges and to create a more reliable and simple DEF delivery mechanism the pumpless DEF Dosing system is developed. The
M, Hareni, Giridharan, Jyothivel, A.l, Suresh, v, yuvaraj, Rajan, Bharath
A Physics-Guided Neural Network Approach for EGR Cooler Temperature Estimation: Addressing ECU Model Discrepancies2026-26-0435To be published on 01/16/2026
As the automotive industry explores alternative powertrain options to curb emissions, it is pertinent to refine existing technologies to improve efficiency. The Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) system is a pivotal component in emission control strategies for Internal Combustion Engines (ICE). The EGR cooler is crucial in thermal management strategies, as it lowers the temperature of recirculated exhaust gases before feeding it along with fresh air, thereby reducing nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions. Precise estimation of the EGR cooler outlet temperature is crucial for effective emission control. However, conventional Engine Control Unit (ECU) models fall short, as they often show discrepancies when compared to real-world test data. These models rely on empirical relationships that struggle to capture, transient effect, and real time variation in operating conditions. Consequently, ECU-based estimations of EGR Cooler outlet temperature frequently deviate from actual values, leading to
Kumar, Amit, Kumar, Raman, Manojdharan, Arjungopal, Challa, Krishna, Kramer, Markus
Mitigating Air Flow Sensor Signal Variability to Optimize Engine Operation in Passenger Cars2026-26-0512To be published on 01/16/2026
The need for advanced engine control systems has grown significantly in response to stricter emission regulations and increasing consumer demand for fuel-efficient passenger vehicles. Accurate estimation of intake air flow, coupled with precise fuel control, is essential to overcoming the challenges associated with modern gasoline engine performance. Hot-wire type mass air flow (MAF) sensors are commonly used for measuring intake air flow and are typically mounted on the clean side of the air intake system to protect them from contamination and extend their operational life. Reliable air flow measurement depends on maintaining a consistent and uniform flow across various engine speeds and load conditions. However, the optimal placement of the MAF sensor is often limited by engine packaging constraints, making sensor positioning a critical factor. Incorrect installation can result in inaccurate air flow readings, which negatively impact engine performance and emissions. During the
SONONE, SAGAR DINESH, Kale, Vishal, Kolhe, Vivek M
All New 1.2L Turbocharged Gasoline Direct Injection Engine from Tata Motors2026-26-0071To be published on 01/16/2026
A continuous stress on meeting stringent emissions regulations alongside rising consumer expectations for enhanced driving performance and refinement on powertrain applications on passenger cars. To address this customer aspirations Tata Motors has engineered the advanced 1.2L 3-cylinder turbocharged gasoline direct injection engine HYPERION. This next-generation powertrain is designed to maximize efficiency, lower emissions and deliver superior performance with improved noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) characteristics. Key innovations includes highly optimized fuel injectors injector operating at 35 MPa, CVO-3 (3rd Gen Controlled Valve Operation), Miller Cycle with Electrically actuated VGT turbocharger and an AI-enabled engine management system, which collectively enhances efficiency and performance. The exhaust after-treatment system incorporates a Three-Way Catalyst (TWC) and an integrated Four-Way Conversion Catalyst (FWC+TM) for efficient emission control. The BS6 phase 2
Hosur, Viswanatha, Ghadge, Ganesh Narayan, Joshi, Manoj, Jadhav, Aashish, Panwar, Anupam
Smart Stability: Dual-Mode Hill Hold and Parking Brake Strategy in Electric Tractors Using Motor Torque and Electro-Hydraulic Actuation2026-26-0205To be published on 01/16/2026
Operating tractors on Sloped Terrains presents safety challenges, especially during shuttle operations, loader use, or start-stop maneuvers at slopes. Unlike Diesel Counterparts, feedback from the prime mover (Motor) is minimal and silence often masks terrain feedback. Driver response tends to vary, leading to rollback & challenges to safety demanding skill & expertise for safe operation. Based on field observations across Mahindra tractor platforms, we identified start-stop maneuver task to be offloaded from the operator to improve control and consistency and take skill element out of picture. This paper outlines the approach derived based on dual-mode Hill Hold and Parking Brake system, developed using traction motor torque control and SAHR-based hydraulic braking via proportional valves. The VCU works at the heart of this system to dynamically choose between electric and hydraulic modes based on vehicle state, ignition, and motor conditions. Parking brake automation logic has been
M, Rojer, P, Velusamy, Natarajan, Saravanan, devakumar, Kiran, T, Ganesan, sundaram, Pavithra, Muniappan, Balakrishnan
Controls Solutions for Commercial Hydrogen Engines2026-26-0112To be published on 01/16/2026
India’s commitment to carbon neutrality is significantly shaping the future architecture of commercial vehicle powertrains. While the use of CO₂-free technologies such as battery-electric drivetrains has already been successfully demonstrated across various applications, challenges related to limited range and the lack of high-power charging infrastructure continue to hinder widespread adoption, particularly for productivity-critical commercial vehicles. This has shifted the spotlight toward sustainable fuels, which offer the advantage of fast refueling times. Among these, hydrogen internal combustion engines (H₂ ICE) have gained increasing attention in recent years. In regions such as the European Union, the primary motivation for hydrogen is CO₂ reduction. In contrast, for markets like India, hydrogen also presents a strategic opportunity for reducing dependency on fossil fuel imports. Over the past four years, AVL has carried out multiple performance and emission development
Arnberger, Anton, Danninger, Alois, Mannsberger, Stefan, Breitegger, Bernhard
HELICOPTER TURBOSHAFT ENGINE IDLE POWER SCHEDULINGAIR4121 (Current)11/26/2025
The purpose of this AIR (Aerospace Information Report) is to provide aircraft and engine designers with a better understanding of helicopter turboshaft engine idle power characteristics and objectives to be considered in the design process. Idle is the lowest steady state power setting. At this setting, the engine typically does not produce enough power to obtain governed output shaft speed (i.e. the shaft speed is determined by the load imposed by the aircraft). In the aircraft, the engine is typically stabilized at this power setting after starting, prior to taxi and for some period of time after rotor shutdown for cool down prior to engine shutoff. Traditionally, the aircraft designer wants idle power scheduled as low as possible and of course, does not want any resulting aircraft operational difficulties such as overcoming the rotor brake. The engine designer, however, desires a higher scheduled power because of the reduced probability of engine operational problems. The attributes
S-12 Powered Lift Propulsion Committee
Guidelines for Engine Component TestsARP5757B (Current)11/26/2025
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides guidance for substantiating the airworthiness of aircraft engine components. Generally these components are associated with the engine control system, the system or systems that allow the engine to provide thrust or power as demanded by the pilot of the aircraft while also ensuring the engine operates within acceptable operating limits. But these components may also include hardware and systems associated with engine lubrication, engine or aircraft hydraulic or electrical systems, aircraft environmental control systems, thrust reverser control, or similar aircraft or engine propulsion system functions. This paper develops the concept of using a 26 item matrix of environmental conditions for evaluating aircraft engine component airworthiness. This approach is compatible with current practices used in the industry and has been accepted by engine certification authorities as part of engine certification programs.
E-36 Electronic Engine Controls Committee
Guidelines for the Integration of Electronic Engine Control Systems for Transport Category (Part 25) and General Aviation (Part 23) AircraftAIR5924B (Current)11/26/2025
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) provides methodologies and approaches that have been used to install and integrate full-authority-digital-engine-control (FADEC) systems on transport category aircraft. Although most of the information provided is based on turbofan engines installed on large commercial transports, many of the issues raised are equally applicable to corporate, general aviation, regional and commuter aircraft, and to military installations, particularly when commercial aircraft are employed by military users. The word “engine” is used to designate the aircraft propulsion system. The engine station designations used in this report are shown in Figure 1. Most of the material concerns an Electronic Engine Control (EEC) with its associated software, and its functional integration with the aircraft. However, the report also addresses the physical environment associated with the EEC and its associated wiring and sensors. Since most of today’s transport category
E-36 Electronic Engine Controls Committee
LIN Network for Vehicle ApplicationsJ2602-1_202510 (Current)10/01/2025
This document covers the requirements for SAE implementations based on ISO 17987:2016. Requirements stated in this document will provide a minimum standard level of performance to which all compatible ECUs and media shall be designed. This will assure full serial data communication among all connected devices regardless of supplier.The goal of SAE J2602-1 is to improve the interoperability and interchangeability of LIN devices within a network by adding additional requirements that are not present in ISO 17987:2016 (e.g., fault tolerant operation, network topology, etc.).The intended audience includes, but is not limited to, ECU suppliers, LIN controller suppliers, LIN transceiver suppliers, component release engineers, and vehicle system engineers.The term “master” has been replaced by “commander” and term “slave” with “responder” in the following sections.
Vehicle Architecture For Data Communications Standards
ENGINE, BATTERY AND VEHICLE SIMULATION STRATEGIES FOR TRANSMISSION TESTING2024-01-311711/15/2024
WHY DO WE NEED SIMULATIONS? This paper is intended to provide a broad presentation of the simulation techniques focusing on transmission testing touching a bit on power train testing. Often, we do not have the engine or vehicle to run live proving ground tests on the transmission. By simulating the vehicle and engine, we reduce the overall development time of a new transmission design. For HEV transmissions, the battery may not be available. However, the customer may want to run durability tests on the HEV motor and/or the electronic control module for the HEV motor. What-if scenarios that were created using software simulators can be verified on the test stand using the real transmission. NVH applications may prefer to use an electric motor for engine simulation to reduce the engine noise level in the test cell so transmission noise is more easily discernable.
Johnson, Bryce
ACHIEVING 44% THERMAL EFFICIENCY in TODAY’S ENGINES “More for Less”2024-01-318811/15/2024
ABSTRACT The US Army is seeking improvements in the fuel efficiency of their military vehicles.. They have initiated a number of R&D projects aimed at advancing the state-of-the-art of powertrain efficiency including demonstration in a laboratory environment. This effort will set a benchmark for the vehicle integrators, allowing them to improve future vehicle offerings. The SAIC, AVL, Badenoch, QinetiQ and Ker-Train Research team offered powertrain solutions from 7 Tons to 40 Tons that achieved the goal of 44% thermal efficiency and the stringent flexible fuel and emissions requirements. In each of these offerings the team was able to identify modifications to existing engines that allowed dramatic improvements in the thermal efficiency. These efficiency improvements were achieved through a combination of techniques, combustion cycle adjustments using in-cylinder pressure monitoring and precise control of fuel injector timing, and turbo-compounding. For the R&D project, the fuel
McDowell, Jim, Hunter, Gary L., Hennessy, Chris
An Innovative and Customer Centric Approach on Validating Telematics Based Fleet Optimization Feature for Small Commercial Vehicles2024-26-037801/16/2024
Commercial transportation is the key pillar of any growing economy. Light commercial vehicles are increasing every day to cater the logistics demand, but there is always a gap between customer’s actual and desired operational efficiency. This is because of lack of organized fleet and efficient fleet operation. The major requirement of fleet owners is timely delivery, high productivity , downtime reduction, real time tracking, etc., Automakers are now providing fleet management application in modern LCV to satisfy the fleet operator requirement. However, any feature malfunction, consignment mismatch, wrong notification, missed alerts, etc., can incur huge loss to fleet operator and disrupt the entire supply chain. Hence it is very critical to extensively validate the telematics features in fleet management application. This paper explains the approach for exhaustive validation strategy of fleet management applications (B2B) from end user perspective. An effective test methodology was
B, SAKTHIVEL, Shams, Tausif, Lalasure, Santosh, Karnure, Shabbir Lalaso, Rajakumar, K.
Prognosis of engine failure based on modelling by using live parameter data from vehicle.2024-26-026601/16/2024
Predicting engine failure upfront to prevent major damages is a challenging task. But with the data available from the ECU (engine control unit) transmitted live via the telematics unit provides a data base to predict the health of engine and its major sub system. Through proper data analytics using the logics arrived based on previous / tested data the possibility of failure occurrence and the corrective action required to avoid the same can be indicated. This paper aims at an application with Modelled data analytics to analyze the live parameter data and apply predefined logics to predict engine / sub system level health and possible occurrence of a failure. Vehicle data was used to predict the engine / sub system failures. Application using PHYTON was developed to evaluate the severity of application duty cycle on engine and also to evaluate the health of major sub system. The logic and modelling was verified on field vehicle data and the application was able to predict the failure
K.S, Guru Prasanna, D.V.Ramkumar, D.V.Ramkumar, kannan. s, S.Kannan, Karthikeyan, K.R.Karthikeyan, Suprabhan.S.P, S.P.Suprabhan, Narayana Reddy.J, J.Narayana Reddy, Augustin Selvakumar, Augustin Selvakumar, Senthilkumar.M.D, M.D.Senthilkumar, Somsekar.D, D.Somasekar
Automotive EMC Analysis of Touch Sensing IC2024-26-035301/16/2024
The technology in the automotive industry is evolving rapidly in recent times. Thus, with the development of new technologies, the challenges are also ever-increasing from an Electromagnetic Interference and Susceptibility (EMI/EMC) perspective. A lot of the latest technologies in Adaptive Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS), which include Rear Drive Assist, Blind Spot Detection (BSD), Lane Change Assist (LCA) to name a few, and other features like Anti-Braking System (ABS), Emergency Brake Assist (EBD) etc. rely heavily on different types of sensors and their detection circuitry. In addition, a lot of other internal functions in the Engine Control Unit (ECU) also depend on such sensors’ functionalities. Thus, it becomes imperative to study the potential impact of higher field emissions on the immunity behaviour of the sensors. In this paper, we will study the immunity behaviour of such an automotive capacitive touch-sensing integrated circuit (Microcontroller IC) and its impact on the
Boya, Vinay Kumar, Adhyapak, Anoop, Komma, Vineetha, sahoo, Manoranjan
test download manager cache issue 12/27/2023 at 9 amSAE-PP-0908512/27/2023
test download manager cache issue 12/27/2023 at 9 am
Mutagaana, Festo
Regression 11/1/23SAE-PP-0892211/01/2023
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Mutagaana, Festo
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SintzUSER, Jeneane
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Rickard, Christopher, SintzUSER, Jeneane
Damaged Device Forensics of Vehicle Event Data Recorders and Mobile Devices.2022-01-101603/29/2022
Over the past two decades, digital data stored within vehicle systems has been highly useful in determining the events leading to a crash, especially when combined with traditional accident reconstruction techniques. With the proliferation of Internet of Things (IOT), the sources of that data have grown exponentially and techniques for applying that data have been refined and expanded. These sources of data range from engine control modules (ECM), airbag control modules (ACM), infotainment modules, telematics modules, and mobile devices. For these reasons, the demand for successful retrieval of vehicle systems data is increasing. Severe crashes are no exception and often present a unique challenge to reconstruction experts because these vehicle system modules - which contain the crash data - are often damaged in serious crashes. When the modules themselves are damaged; whether it be physical, fire, or water damage; standard techniques for data retrieval may be impossible without
Burgess, Shanon
Computing Complexity Reduction for Predictive Control of Engine Thermal Management System2022-01-023903/29/2022
This paper presents the design and performance evaluation of a reduced complexity algorithm for a model predictive control (MPC) which is based on our previously published SAE paper (2021-01-0225). That paper presented a MPC design concept and demonstrated improved energy efficiency by enabling engine pre-cooling based on GPS/Navigation data to recognize future vehicle speed limit and road grade in anticipation of high load demand. When compared to conventional control, the predictive control demonstrated considerable energy and fuel savings. However, the predictive control strategy is much more complicated due to its highly coupled nonlinear behavior. Also, the MPC strategies are limited to the computational resources in engine control units. Therefore, to address these challenges, a reduced-complexity MPC controller is developed to achieve control objectives and to be executed on a modern ECU within a computation budget. One of the key control logics in the previously published SAE
Chen, Yue-Ming, Holmer, Justin, Lee, Jason, Ha, Jinho
A cloud-based large-scale capable multi-objective optimization framework for model-based engine control unit (ECU) transient calibration 2022-01-048803/29/2022
For advanced powertrain solutions, there are increasing number of powertrain components and related ECU control set point variables to be calibrated in order to fulfill stringent emission regulations while maintaining customer satisfaction and product desirability. This imposes challenges to engineering deliverable time and resources. Utilizing combinations of simulation and optimization algorithms have become an inevitable trend. However, most intellectually patented simulation software are black box based, and thus difficult to be utilized with highly efficient deterministic optimization algorithms, many of which require explicit mathematical formulations. Additionally, surrogated based optimization and heuristic algorithm may be efficient to solve black box problems but they tend to either infeasible to deal with or converge slowly on large scale problems. In this study, the authors proposed a large scale optimization solver framework called "weighted-optimization framework with
Wei, Yifan, Sun, Yong
Testing of a Modern Wankel Rotary Engine - Part III: firing condition analysis 2022-01-070903/29/2022
This work represents a further contribution to the experimental activities carried out on a modern Wankel rotary engine at the University of Bath and the Institute for Advanced Automotive Propulsion System (IAAPS) within the ADAPT Intelligent Powertrain project which was in co-operation with Westfield Sports Car, Advanced Innovative Engineering UK (AIE UK), General Engine Management Systems (GEMS) and Saietta. Specifically, in this study, the firing performance of the AIE 225CS engine are analysed. Preliminary presentations of the experimental and measurement setup and the motoring analysis were extensively covered in Part I and II of this suite of papers [1,2] while the current work presents the combustion analysis of the firing indicated pressure cycles collected through the bespoke combustion analyser software developed within the project. With the Wankel rotary engines gaining again popularity due to their potential as range extenders, the aim of this work was mainly to analyse the
Vorraro, Giovanni, Turner, James, Akehurst, Sam
Experimental study on oil dilution under cold starts and its impact on oil quality2022-01-063303/29/2022
Oil dilution caused by fuel and water have been widely reported in modern Turbo-charged Gasoline direct injection (TGDI) engines, especially for those equipped with hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). However, there is a lack of a systematic investigation on its causes and its impacts on oil quality. In the present study, a group of engine operation points based on the data from drum tests were selected and tested in an engine bench over different durations. The coolant temperature was fixed in each test, ranging from 30℃ to 90℃. Also, the effects of frequent engine start/stop and continuously engine operation were compared. It is found that the oil dilution level by fuel presents a good linear relationship with engine speed, torque and coolant temperature for the given cases while the oil dilution by water is negatively related with engine speed. The frequent start/stop could enhance the oil dilution by water, leading to the oil emulsification. The time for the recovery from the oil
Tan, Zhi, Li, Yanfei, Xu, Hongming, Shuai, Shijin
1/21/2022 12:00 PM - testing pdf uploadSAE-PP-0051001/21/2022
1/21/2022 12:00 PM - testing pdf upload
Mutagaana, Festo, Mutz, Jennifer
Effect of Different Fuel Supply System on Combustion Characteristics in Hydrogen SI Engine2022-32-009201/09/2022
In recent years, internal combustion engine using hydrogen gas, has attracted attention as one solution to the problem of global warming. Hydrogen gas has excellent combustion characteristics such as wide limits of inflammability and fast burning velocity because of high diffusion rate. Therefore, it has been made to obtain stable ignition and combustion by adding hydrogen with lean mixture in spark ignition engines using hydrocarbon fuels and to be attempted efficient operation by engine researchers. The purpose of this study is to reduce cooling loss in a gas engine using hydrogen gas and hydrogen Mixer system (Mixer) engine was remodeled to hydrogen Port Injection (PI) system engine. In this report, the heterogeneity of hydrogen mixture is clarified by comparing the combustion characteristics of the Mixer and the PI, and the effect of the difference in hydrogen supply systems on cooling loss is system. Ignition delay of the PI system is shorter than that of the Mixer. This is to
Koshikawa, Shoi, Matsuya, Yuki, Sekine, Tsukasa, Matsumura, Eriko, Senda, Jiro, Morita, Gin, Nakazono, Toru
Development of evaluation technology for motorcycle advanced rider assistance systems2022-32-002901/09/2022
The Kawasaki Heavy Industries Group established its Group’s new vision statement, describing what the Group envisions becoming in 10 years ― “Group Vision 2030: Trustworthy Solutions for the Future.” In order to provide solutions for social issues and create a hopeful future, we will transform our business structure into a form which promises faster growth in line with environmental changes. In the field of "Near-Future Mobility," which is one of the fields we are focusing on, we are the first Japanese motorcycle manufacturer to adopt the Advanced Rider Assistance System (ARAS), with the aim of transforming the movement of people and goods. We began selling models equipped with this system in early 2022. ARAS, which is an advanced rider assistance function for motorcycles, is just a rider assistance function, and the rider is ultimately responsible for properly operating the vehicle. Therefore, even if this system malfunctions, that must not interfere with the safe operation of the
Hosokawa, Shohei, Nagasaka, Kazuya, Watanabe, Hiroyuki
Impacts of methanol blended fuels on emissions and operating performance of two-wheelers2022-32-002101/09/2022
Aiming to investigate the influence of methanol blends on the combustion process of a PFI four-stroke boxer engine, four mixtures of pure methanol and oxygen-free gasoline (M0) are prepared. The fuels tested are labelled by M15, M25, M35 and M50, where the number represents the percentual in volume of methanol within the mixture. In order to establish a base for comparisons, standard gas-station gasoline (S95) is also tested. Backwards compatibility is evaluated through test-bed measurements, when the engine operates without any modifications in the ECU. Over the whole operational area of the engine map, M15 and M25 can be used in the motorcycle application. Raw emissions of THC, CO2, CO and NOx decrease with the increase of methanol for almost all the conditions tested. It is observed that knock resistance is higher for higher methanol contents. At WOT, power is increased with the methanol proportion, being M50 and M35 more powerful than standard gasoline. Indicated efficiency also
Pellizzaro Batalha, Guilherme, Schmidt, Stephan, Kirchberger, Roland
OBD-II Communications Anomaly ListJ1699/4_20211212/13/2021
To define a list of anomalies related to OBD Communications. Misinterpretations of various OBD Communications Standards and Recommended Practices have resulted in OBD “no-communications” situations in the field. This Information Report identifies the most prevalent of these.
Vehicle E E System Diagnostic Standards Committee
Calculations and Background Information Used to Specify the Dimensions in AS6235AIR7358 (Current)11/09/2021
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) contains a description of the design approach, the calculations, some comparisons to alternate SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) documents, and the background information used to generate the standard face seal gland dimensions specified in AS6235. NOTE: This AIR should be read in conjunction with AS6235. In some instances, the information contained within AS6235 is repeated for clarity.
A-6C2 Seals Committee
O-Ring Groove Design for Metric O-Ring Seals Used in Static Radial Compression Applications Specifically for Engine and Engine Control SystemsMAP3440A (Current)11/09/2021
This SAE Recommended Practice provides the design criteria for static elastomeric O-ring seals used specifically in engine and engine control systems. It provides radial compression groove dimensions for aerospace metric O-ring sizes specified in MA2010. The conditions considered to formulate the design criteria are also described, e.g., seal stretch, cross-section reduction, seal squeeze, and swell.
A-6C2 Seals Committee
Calculations and Background Information Used to Specify the Dimensions in AS6235AIR7358-TEST-REC (Historical)11/09/2021
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) contains a description of the design approach, the calculations, some comparisons to alternate SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) documents, and the background information used to generate the standard face seal gland dimensions specified in AS6235. NOTE: This AIR should be read in conjunction with AS6235. In some instances, the information contained within AS6235 is repeated for clarity.
A-6C2 Seals Committee
O-Ring Groove Design for Metric O-Ring Seals Used in Static Radial Compression Applications Specifically for Engine and Engine Control SystemsMAP3440A-TEST-REC (Historical)11/09/2021
This SAE Recommended Practice provides the design criteria for static elastomeric O-ring seals used specifically in engine and engine control systems. It provides radial compression groove dimensions for aerospace metric O-ring sizes specified in MA2010. The conditions considered to formulate the design criteria are also described, e.g., seal stretch, cross-section reduction, seal squeeze, and swell.
A-6C2 Seals Committee
testing author buckets: pending, published, rejectedSAE-PP-0048710/27/2021
test
MobrxivNonAdmin, Lindsay, SintzUSER, Jeneane, SintzADMIN, JenEANE
“Connected Vehicles – A Testing Approach and Methodology”2021-26-045009/22/2021
With the introduction of Connected vehicles, it is possible to extend the limited horizon of vehicles on the road by collective perceptions, where vehicles periodically share their information with others vehicles / servers using cloud. Nevertheless, by the time the connected vehicle spread expands, it is critical to understand the validation techniques which can be used to ensure a flawless transfer of data and connectivity. Usually the connected vehicle validation is limited to Application layer only in most of the OEMs. However in this work, we focus on validation of all the 4 layers involved namely, Physical hardware layer, Communication layer, Cloud platform and Application layer. For physical and communication layer, we simulated the in-vehicle environment using standalone vehicle electronic control units (ECUs) which communicate with the telematics control unit (TCU) available in the vehicle and a localized load box for replicating the actual load cases. By applying various use
PATHAK, ISHA, Shinde, Vivek
eFMI (FMI for embedded systems) in AUTOSAR for Next Generation Automotive Software Development2021-26-004809/22/2021
Nowadays automobiles are getting smart and there is a growing need for the physical behavior to become part of its software. This behavior can be described in a compact form by differential equations obtained from modeling and simulation tools. In the offline simulation domain the Functional Mockup Interface (FMI), a popular standard today supported by most of the tools, allows to integrate a model with solver (Co-Simulation FMU) into another simulation environment. These models cannot be directly integrated with embedded automotive software due to special restrictions with respect to hard real-time constraints and MISRA compliance. Another architectural restriction is organizing software components according to the AUTOSAR standard which is typically not supported by the physical modeling tools. On the other hand AUTOSAR generating tools do not have the required advanced symbolic and numerical features to process differential equations. In order to bridge the gap to the embedded world
Armugham, Siva Sankar, Lenord, Oliver, Werther, Kai, Bertsch, Christian, Ramachandran, Karthikeyan
Fuel economy improvement of the two wheeler through system simulation2021-26-042809/22/2021
Fuel economy has become a key challenge for Automotive engineers due to the increasing fuel prices and efficiency standards. System level simulation is vital in assessing the vehicle performance and fuel economy at an early stage of product development life cycle. A workflow for powertrain simulation is established and the relation between calibrations and fuel economy is analysed. A map-based engine is modelled using the engine performance data obtained from engine dynamometer test bench setup. Design of experiments (DOE) is carried out on the measured data with an objective of minimizing fuel consumption or maximizing brake power to arrive at an optimized set of data. Exhaust temperature and knock limit are set as constraints for the DOE study. A full vehicle model is developed with the optimized map-based engine along with transmission, chassis and driver model. Desired drive cycle (WMTC) is used as target velocity profile to the driver model along with a neutral gear selection
Thekke Kolayath, Nabeel, Krishnamurthy, G.S., Giles, Rod
Application of Electric Cam Phaser System (ECP) for Smooth Engine Starting Behavior in Hybrid Vehicles2021-26-005709/22/2021
In the current situation and upcoming government regulations, hybrid vehicles are very promising in terms of meeting fuel economy and stringent requirements of emission norms. Herein, hybridization will be mostly done with gasoline and CNG vehicles. As a normal practice, engine is switch off at the signal and again restart with engine start-stop technology. So, instances of engine start/stop are increases in hybrid vehicle in comparison with standard IC engine vehicle. In order to achieve smooth engine start, engine starting torque can be optimized by adjusting engine valve timing. As electric cam phaser (ECP) meets valve timing target even before first engine combustion start, this is one of the critical technologies in reducing engine starting torque and time reaching to idle speed. This engine starting strategy also gives benefits in terms of reducing engine start emissions and improving fuel economy. This paper describes selection of electric cam phaser for hybrid vehicle depending
Sheikh, Shabbir, Thoelke, Andreas, Deshmukh, Uday, Rathore, Krishna Kumar
A Real-Time Chemical Equilibrium Mechanism for Control-Oriented Combustion Models2021-26-032709/22/2021
To enable closed loop combustion control, in-cylinder pressure needs to be sensed and analyzed in real time on engine control units (ECU). Therefore, computationally light weight models are necessary. One way to reduce computational effort is to adapt the way how the composition of dissociating flue gas is calculated. The widely used chemical equilibrium mechanism developed by Olikara and Borman describes the gas phase products of burnt hydrocarbon fuels and is used as a reference throughout this work. The reaction scheme considers eleven species and seven elementary reactions. Different approaches to reduce computational effort while maintaining enough accuracy have been explored. As first approach, complete combustion approach is used. Secondly, mass fractions at various in-cylinder conditions are calculated using the reference mechanism and stored in tabulated form. Subsequently, linear interpolation is used to estimate mass fractions at any input condition. Thirdly, the mechanism
Patel, Akash, Eichmeier PhD, Johannes, Schwarte, Joachim, Mane, Archana
Development of a piston fuel flow meter based on a microcontroller and its use for vehicle diagnostics2021-01-115009/21/2021
During operation, it is advisable to periodically monitor the actual fuel consumption of the vehicle. Fuel consumption can be used to assess the driving conditions and technical condition of the vehicle, which affects the intensity of environmental pollution. The engine control system calculates fuel delivery based on driving conditions and vehicle load based on information from sensors. When diagnosing on fuel economy, it is convenient to directly measure the consumption in the fuel line of the delivery system. The advantages and disadvantages of the main types of different flow sensors were analyzed. It is proposed to measure the amount of fuel per unit of time with a piston volumetric flow meter. The design of a software and hardware system for measuring fuel consumption has been developed, which consists of control systems for the actuators of the flow meter and a system for recording and processing information in a microcontroller. Organized data transfer from the flow meter to an
Krivoshapov, Sergy
Development of a Novel Dynamically Loaded Journal Bearing Test Rig2021-01-121809/21/2021
In this work, a dynamically loaded hydrodynamic journal bearing test rig is developed and introduced. The rig is a novel design, using a hydraulic actuator with fast acting spool valves to apply load to a connecting rod. This force is transmitted through the connecting rod to the large end bearing which is mounted on a spinning shaft, simulating a crankshaft journal. The hydraulic actuator allows for fully variable load control and can be used to apply either static load in compression and tension or dynamic loading to simulate engine operation. A variable speed electric motor controls shaft speed and is synchronized to the hydraulic actuator motion to accurately simulate loading from each stroke in a four-stroke cycle. In addition to these dynamically loaded cycles, the journal bearing rig is also capable of controlled static loading. This static loading is used to simulate stop/start engine operation. A high precision torque meter enables direct measurements of journal bearing
Michlberger, Alexander, Bachu, Pruthvi, Bitsis, Daniel Christopher
Virtual Platform Development for New Control Logic Concept Test and Validation2021-01-114309/21/2021
As computer-aided engineering software tools advance, more simulation-based processes are utilized to reduce development time and cost. Traditionally, during the development of a new control algorithm dyno or on-road testing is necessary to validate a new function, however, physical testing is both costly and time consuming. This study introduces a co-simulation platform and discusses its use as an improved method of powertrain control logic development. The simulation platform consists of a dynamic vehicle model, virtual road network and simulated traffic objects. Engineers can utilize Matlab/Simulink along with other programs such as PTV Vissim, Tass Prescan, and AVL Cruise to create an integrated platform capable of testing and validating new control strategies. The structure and configuration of this virtual platform is explained in this paper, and an example use case is demonstrated. A driver model was developed to simulate realistic vehicle inputs. Validation of this new driver
Fan, Shihong, Lee, Jason, Sun, Yong, Ha, Jinho, Harber, John
Avoidance Algorithm Development to Control Unrealistic Operating Conditions of Diesel Engine Systems under Transient Conditions2021-24-002509/05/2021
Emission regulations are becoming tighter, and Real Driving Emissions (RDE) is proposed as a testing cycle for evaluating modern engine emissions under a wide operation range. For this reason, engine manufacturers have been developing a method to effectively assess engine performances and emissions under a wide range of transient conditions. Transient engine performances can be evaluated efficiently by applying time-series data created by chirp signals. However, when the time-series data produced by the chirp signal are used directly, the engine hardware may damage, and emission performances deteriorate drastically. It is therefore essential to develop a method to avoid these undesirable operating conditions. This work aims to develop an algorithm to avoid such unrealistic operation conditions for engine performance evaluation. A virtual diesel engine (VDE) model is developed based on a four-cylinder engine using GT-POWER software. The manipulated variables are fuel injection
Asakawa, Rio, Tanabe, Iku, Yamaguchi, Kyohei, Sok, Ratnak, Kusaka, Jin, Ogawa, Masatoshi, Degawa, Takuma, Kurita, Shigeaki, Jeyamoorthy, Arravind, Beini, Zhou
Towards a Complete Engine Calibration Methodology, Dynamic Design of Experiments (DDoE), Application to Catalyst warm-up phase2021-24-002809/05/2021
In recent years, engine calibration became a very hard task because of the increasing complexity of systems and the severity of the depollution norms regarding Real Driving Emissions (RDE). In particular, optimal engine control during dynamic phases became crucial for reducing pollutant emissions. Beyond the classical engine calibration method based on steady state experiments, methods that integrate the dynamical response of the system constitute therefore a promising approach. This work proposes a global approach of engine dynamical model-based calibration (DMBC) and optimization based on a dynamic Design of Experiments (DDoE). After a description of the general architecture of the calibration process, the paper focuses on the methodology for the design of DDoE. The proposed DDoE is based on an extraction of highly dynamical legal norm cycles (from the analysis of existing RDE cycles), together with variations of control parameters which are intern variables of the control strategy
HAMBAREK, Djamel Eddine, PETIOT, Jean-François, Chesse, Pascal, WATEL, Eric
confirmation testSAE-PP-0041708/31/2021
confirmation test
SintzADMIN, Jeneane, SintzUSER, Jeneane, Mutagaana, Festo, Anthony, Lindsay, Mutagaana, Festo, SintzUSER, Jeneane
2 jms 8/27SAE-PP-0041508/27/2021
2 jms 8/27 jeneane was here
SintzUSER, Jeneane, SintzADMIN, Jeneane
Static Axial O-Ring Seal Applications Without Anti-Extrusion Devices for Engine and Engine Control SystemsARP1234D-TEST-REC (Historical)08/26/2021
This document establishes standard gland design criteria and dimensions for static axial O-ring seal applications without anti-extrusion devices specifically for engines and engine control systems operating at a maximum pressure of 1500 psi (10345 kPa). NOTE: The criteria herein are similar, but not identical, to those in AS4716 and the legacy standard MIL-G-5514.
A-6C2 Seals Committee
Static Axial O-Ring Seal Applications Without Anti-Extrusion Devices for Engine and Engine Control SystemsARP1234D (Historical)08/26/2021
This document establishes standard gland design criteria and dimensions for static axial O-ring seal applications without anti-extrusion devices specifically for engines and engine control systems operating at a maximum pressure of 1500 psi (10345 kPa). NOTE: The criteria herein are similar, but not identical, to those in AS4716 and the legacy standard MIL-G-5514.
A-6C2 Seals Committee
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