This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides recommended practices for the cleaning of aircraft oxygen equipment, both metallic and non-metallic articles, such as oxygen lines (tubes, hoses, etc.), components (including regulator and valve parts), cylinders, and ground-based equipment that may be used to support aircraft oxygen systems. This document also specifies work area details, methods for selecting suitable cleaning agents, cleaning methods, and test methods for verifying levels of cleanliness. The cleanliness coding scheme specified in this document provides a method for documenting minimum cleanliness level requirements and for identifying compliance.

A-10 Aircraft Oxygen Equipment Committee

Oxygen System and Component Cleaning

ARP1176B-TEST-REC (Historical)10/19/2020

A-10 Aircraft Oxygen Equipment Committee

Enclosure-in-Chamber Setup to Achieve Near-Zero Background Concentrations for Brake Emissions Testing

2020-01-163410/5/2020

Measuring brake emission continues to be a challenging non-standardized task. Extensive research is ongoing and as seen in the work in progress presented at SAE Brake Colloquium and PMP meetings. However, open items include how to achieve lower background concentration and how to design the brake enclosure. A low background concentration is essential as brake events are short and some emissions are in the range of reported background levels. Hence these emissions are difficult to distinguish from the background level. Even more critical, a high background concentration can result in a wrong particle number emissions value, either overestimated, background counted as emissions, or underestimated, background level subtracted, and low emission events no longer detected and counted. Reducing the background level to less than 100 #/cm3 appeared to be quite challenging. Applying experience in validating automotive air filters and in industrial HVAC filters, an enclosure-in-chamber setup was

Lehmann, Martin J., Beck, Andreas, Kohn, Kevin, Pfannkuch, Steffen, Kilian, Alexander, Keller, Florian, Wörz, Tobias, Zessinger, Marco, Klein, Gunnar-Marcel

Innovative Rear Air Blower Design Application for Improving Cabin Thermal Comfort with improved Air Distribution and Air Quality.

2020-28-00344/30/2020

In recent times, overall thermal comfort and air quality requirement have increased for vehicle cabin by multifold. To achieve increased thermal comfort requirements, multiple design innovation has happened to improve HVAC performance. Most of the advance and add on features like Multizone HVAC, dedicated rear HVAC, Automatic climate control, Advance Air filters, and Ionizers etc lead to increase in cost, power consumption, weight, and integration issues. Besides this in the vehicle with only front HVAC, airflow is not enough to meet rear side comfort for many cars in the B/C/SUV segment. This study aims to analyze the various parameters responsible for human thermal comfort inside a car with the focus on lightweight, low power consumption, compact Rear Blower to make passengers more comfortable by providing optimum airflow inline of mean radiant temperatures and cabin air temperature. The new design of Rear blower external surfaces has a set of air modifier surfaces in the direction

Garg, Ravi, maske, Suraj, Kushwah, Yogendra Singh

Challenges to incorporate cabin air quality enhancer in mobility solutions

2020-28-00164/30/2020

In the past five years, Indian cities have been consistently appearing in the list of top 15 world’s most polluted cities. A common man in India, daily spend more than 2 hours on the road during commute to work, thus exposed to inhale highly polluted air. In case of passenger car users, he/she is exposed to ~ 6 times more polluted air compared to ambient air – as vehicle cabin is a closed space where the air recirculates through air conditioning (AC). Prolonged exposure to such polluted air shows increasing trend in respiratory illnesses, breathing discomfort and fatigue. This paper discusses about the key challenges involved in incorporating cabin air quality enhancer (cabin air filters) in mobility solution. Engineering challenges are packaging of cabin air filters in current vehicle cabin and its validation through objective assessment and subjective assessment by trained evaluator. The objective assessment comprises of bench tests and subjective assessment requires trained expert

Nimsatkar, Shubham Vijay, Jaybhay, Sambhaji, Gavhane, Balkrishna, Kapoor, Sangeet, Nimsatkar, Shubham Vijay, Jaybhay, Sambhaji, Gavhane, Balkrishna, Kapoor, Sangeet

Development of Low Cost Closed Crankcase Ventilation With Oil Mist Separation System on Light Duty Diesel Engine

2019-28-257811/21/2019

Currently automotive industry is facing bi-fold challenge of reduction in greenhouse gases emissions as well as low operating cost. On one hand Emission regulations are getting more and more stringent on other hand there is major focus on customer value proposition. In engine emission the blow by gases are one of the source of greenhouse gases from engine. Blow-by gases not only consist of unburnt hydrocarbons but also carry large amount of oil. If oil is not separated from these gases, it will led to major oil consumption and hence increase total operating cost of Vehicle. Considering the above challenges, effort taken to develop a low-cost closed crankcase ventilation with oil mist separation system on diesel engine. For cost-effective solution, two different design and configuration of oil mist separation system developed. Further, engine with two different above said configuration has been tested for blow-by gasses and oil consumption measurement on Engine test bed and vehicle to

Walhekar, Vishal Kailas, Gavade, Sujit, Soni, Gaurav, Bhargava, Aashish

Neural Network Based Virtual Sensor for Throttle Valve Position Estimation in a SI Engine

2019-28-008010/11/2019

Electronic throttle body (ETB) is commonly employed in an intake manifold of a spark ignition engine to vary the airflow quantity by adjusting the throttle valve in it. The actual position of the throttle valve is measured by means of a dual throttle position sensor (TPS) and the signal is feedback into the control unit for accomplishing the closed loop control in order handle the nonlinearities due to friction, limp-home position, aging, parameter variations. This work aims presents a neural networks based novel virtual sensor for the estimation of throttle valve position in the electronic throttle body. Proposed neural network model estimates the actual throttle position using three inputs such as reference throttle angle, angular error and the motor current. In the present work, the dynamic model of the electronic throttle body is used to calculate the current consumed by the motor for corresponding throttle valve movement. Proposed virtual sensor is tested for the sinusoidal and

Ashok, Bragadeshwaran, Denis Ashok, Sathiaseelan, Ramesh Kumar, Chidambaram, Kavitha, Chellappan

Air Filter Element Test Method

J1533_201907 (Historical)7/3/2019

This SAE test method establishes a uniform test procedure for determining the gravimetric (mass based) efficiency and pressure drop performance levels of operator enclosure panel type filters on off-road, self-propelled work machines used in earth moving, and forestry, as defined in SAE J1116 and for agricultural equipment as defined in ANSI/ASAE S390, and equipped with an operator enclosure with a powered fresh air system. ISO/TS 11155-1 may additionally be used, which describes the use of particle sizing devices to measure the fractional (particle size) efficiency of panel type filters for automotive cabin filter applications. Automotive cabin filters are similar to filters described in this procedure, and the ISO/TS 11155-1 test method is therefore directly applicable.

HFTC6, Operator Accommodation

A Study on NVH Performance Improvement of TPE Air Intake Hose Based on Optimization of Design and Material

2019-01-14916/5/2019

Environmental and fuel economy regulations (Eu 6d and WLTP RDE) on automobiles have been tightened recently. To counter this regulation, the global automobile industry is focusing on weight reduction, fuel efficient turbo charger, cooled EGR, thermal management, low friction and so on. However, the high-speed turbocharger makes turbulence, and resulting in airflow noise. This noise is transmitted indoor through the air intake system, which adversely affects the vehicle's competitiveness. Therefore, for turbo engine, it is essential to reduce the noise of the air intake system. The air intake system consists of air cleaner, air filter, air intake hose and air duct. The air flow noise of turbo-engine is mainly the emission noise emitted from the walls of air intake system. And the transfer path of turbo noise is in order of air intake hose, air cleaner and air duct. Therefore, it is effective to reduce the noise of the air intake hose located at the beginning of noise transfer path. In

Jung, Hyunsoo, Jin, Jungkook, Park, Jong Min, Jin, Yong Sun (Steven), Han, Won Hee, Kim, Younghae, Gu, Yu

Technology to Achieve Engine Efficacy: Optimized Intake System

2019-26-00521/9/2019

In the era of sustainable engines where the need of high power, torque, engine life is increasing while eliminating BSFC and emission concerns, the variable length intake manifold system helps to provide optimized intake system. The research consists of adopting continuous variable length intake manifold on diesel engines where compression and suction waves provide better swirl and pressurization methodology. The continuous varying intake manifold helps to provide better volumetric efficiency by more than 100% as constructive waves provide improved swirling which leads to reducing detonation and better combustion. The manifold path changes with every range of rpm through operating butterfly valve, which also guides air intake path according to engine load. The air flow is increased at low rpm bypassing the intake air from the long and narrow path to increase low-speed torque. The top end power is increased at high rpm by passing intake air through short and long paths which supplies

Sharma, Prashant, Singh, Aditya Pratap, Sharma, Vijay, Rai, Vivek

Development of Horizontal Water Cooled Diesel Engine to Achieve High Power Density

2018-32-006410/30/2018

The horizontal water cooled diesel engine has a structure including all component parts such as a fuel tank that are necessary to drive engine, and is often a single cylinder engine. It is mounted on many applications such as power tiller and water pump because of high general versatility of installing owing to belt drive. It has a simple structure because of single cylinder, and is active mainly in Southeast Asia. At the same time, the market requires this type of engine higher power while a compact structure is also required from the viewpoint of easy to supply and use. In other words, “High power density” that is improving the output per body size has been required. We have responded to the demand of “High power density” by increasing output without changing the engine size. In order to keep the engine size, we have been enlarging displacement by using our peculiar stroke-up expertise and original bore-up contrivance. In addition to those techniques, we introduced analytic

Komai, Yoshinobu, Takashima, Yusuke, Fujiwara, Tsukasa, Okamoto, Hisao, Kawahara, Minoru

Mapping of dirt contamination in heavy duty engines through oil monitoring

2018-36-02689/3/2018

Dirt entrance on internal combustion engine's air inlet systems are a common issue to fleet owners. Heavy-duty engines are more susceptible to this due its great air volume aspirated. Aiming to avoid it manufacturers employ increasingly resources to conduct research in the field and to develop more efficient air filtration systems to reduce the probability of this occurs. Anyway, the early diagnosis are the best way to avoid expensive damages to the engine. This study aims to explain how fail due dust aspiration occurs and how to interpret periodic oil analysis in order to preserve the power units and reduce the risk of incorrect diagnosis.

Eric L., Martins, Fernando C. P., Ulhôa

A Method for Turbocharging Single-Cylinder, Four-Stroke Engines

03-11-04-00287/24/2018

Turbocharging can provide a low cost means for increasing the power output and fuel economy of an internal combustion engine. Currently, turbocharging is common in multi-cylinder engines, but due to the inconsistent nature of intake air flow, it is not commonly used in single-cylinder engines. In this article, we propose a novel method for turbocharging single-cylinder, four-stroke engines. Our method adds an air capacitor-an additional volume in series with the intake manifold, between the turbocharger compressor and the engine intake-to buffer the output from the turbocharger compressor and deliver pressurized air during the intake stroke. We analyzed the theoretical feasibility of air capacitor-based turbocharging for a single-cylinder engine, focusing on fill time, optimal volume, density gain, and thermal effects due to adiabatic compression of the intake air. Our computational model for air flow through the intake manifold predicted an intake air density gain of 37-60% depending

Buchman, Michael, Ramanujan, Devarajan, Winter, Amos G.

Design Optimization of Engine Cooling Unit Packaging for Commercial Vehicle

2018-28-00137/9/2018

An engine cooling system is required to maintain stable operating temperature for the engine and prevent it from overheating. Thermal distortion of engine parts can take place if proper cooling is not maintained and engine may loss efficiency. One of the major problem in this domain is to incorporate separate cooling systems for the different variants of engines (different power rating). A single optimized cooling unit is desired to manage the entire range of engine rated power. The factors that affect the cooling system are front end grill opening area, air recirculation, location of snorkel inlet, radiator core size, which need to be tuned to get appropriate results. The above parameters are tuned to obtain appropriate results using the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations. In the next stage, on road cooling trials are performed and real time data is collected. A correlation is established between physical trials and CFD results which may be helpful in future projects as

Sharma, Prateek, Parwal, Mahendra, Ayyar, Eshaan

Closed Loop Throttle Opening Angle Estimation Strategy by Considering Torque Demands from SI Engine

2018-28-00797/9/2018

Electronic throttle control is extensively preferred to vary the air intake in the engine manifold for regulating the torque in order to obtain the better vehicle response, high performance in terms of improving the fuel economy and trim down the emissions of the spark ignition engines. For such type of the engine control systems the throttle angle is estimation is accomplished either by pedal follower or torque based method. This work aims to develop a throttle opening angle estimation strategy in a closed loop manner using fuzzy logic approach by considering real time internal system and driver torque demands for controlling the SI engine. In present work the torque demand from internal system such as catalyst heating, cold start assist and battery voltage compensation is estimated using fuzzy logic strategy. Such intelligent system aims to replace the lookup tables associated with those systems and reduces the calibration effort. For the estimated throttle angle the electronic

B, Ashok, Denis Ashok, S, Kavitha, C

Optimization of Oil Separation Unit for Two Stage Turbocharged Engine

2018-28-00667/9/2018

In addition to performance target, recent stringent emission legislation and reduction in oil consumption are the major driving force for engine design and development. In this reference importance of crankcase ventilation has increased immensely and the manufacturers are bound to develop most efficient system with high oil trap efficiency. In crankcase ventilation system, the blow-by gases from the crankcase are routed to the intake manifold through Oil separator system. The oil separator task is to retain the oil part from the blow by gas and send it back to sump. Developing an oil separator for the engine studied here was very challenging considering double stage turbocharger which produces very fine mist of oil and is difficult to separate. The study shows that oil mist coming in blow by is of size 0.3 micron and lesser than it. The major contribution of these fine mists was from turbocharger. Keeping this in view, an oil separation unit which is an integral part of cam cover had

Alam, Md Tauseef, Thakur, Anil, Kumar PS, Venkatesh, Ghadei, Sataya

Numerical and Experimental Research on Flow Resistance of Cool Medium from Heat Dissipation System for Construction Vehicles

2018-01-00884/3/2018

Construction vehicles own some inherent characteristics, such as low velocity, high power and following heavy heat flux et al. Aiming at decreasing flow resistance and managing airflow, a 39 ton single drum road roller from one of the biggest manufactures in China was employed as a research target to seek out the effect of air flow resistance on the performance of its heat dissipation system. For a start, a simplified 3D model of the road roller in a virtual wind tunnel was established with a commercial software, which was pre-processed in Gambit later. The radiators were set with heat exchanger boundary condition based on the analysis on the air-side elementary unit, as for the cooling fan, the experimental results in the wind tunnel were transformed into the corresponding boundary condition. Following that, a new design scheme was offered to assign the air flow inside the engine cabin, detail flow trajectories of which were introduced by velocity vector and path line acquired from

Liu, Jiaxin, Wang, Baozhong, Jiang, Yankun, Long, Haiyang

Heavy Duty Vehicle Cooling Test Code

J1393_201712 (Historical)12/12/2017

The purpose of this SAE Recommended Practice is to establish a testing procedure to determine the performance capability of heavy duty vehicle cooling systems to meet Original Equipment Manufacturer or end user thermal specifications to ensure long term reliable vehilcle operations. The recommendations from the present document are intended for heavy-duty vehicles including, but is not limited to, on- and off-highway trucks, buses, cranes, drill rigs, construction, forestry and agricultural machines.

Cooling Systems Standards Committee

Modeling of Unsteady Heat Transfer Phenomena at the Intake Manifold of a Diesel Engine and Its Application to 1-D Engine Simulation

2017-32-009711/5/2017

In the past two decades, internal combustion engines have been required to improve their thermal efficiency in order to limit hazardous gas emissions. For further improvement of the thermal efficiency, it is required to predict the mass of intake air into cylinders in order to control the auto-ignition timing for CI engines. For an accurate prediction of intake air mass, it is necessary to model the heat transfer phenomena at the intake manifold. From this intention, an empirical equation was developed based on Colburn equation. Two new arguments were presented in the derived formula. The first argument was the addition of Graetz number, where it characterized the entrance region thermal boundary layer development and its effect on the heat transfer inside the intake manifold. As the second argument, Strouhal number was included in order to represent intake valve effect on heat transfer. This study compared experimental data with the present empirical equation, and average error was

Yilmaz, Emir, Joji, Hayao, Ichiyanagi, Mitsuhisa, Suzuki, Takashi

Study on a Cyclone Air Cleaner with Discharge Function under the Intake Pulsation of a General Purpose Engine

2017-32-006011/5/2017

Many general purpose engines, such as the ones used in construction machines, operate in environments with excessive amounts of airborne dust, and are thereby equipped with a cyclone air cleaner so that they can remove as much dust from contaminated air streams in the engine. However, the compact general purpose engine is mainly a single-cylinder type, and the intake flow pulsates. Since the centrifugal action of the cyclone air cleaner under the intake pulsation changes according to the pulsation, it is difficult to enhance the dust separation performance. In this study, we aimed to determine a cyclone air cleaner factor with high purification performance even under the intake pulsation conditions of a general purpose engine. We have designed an ideal geometry for the cyclone air cleaner, which centrifugally separates dust during inhaling and discharges the centrifuged dust using positive pressure due to pulsation. A numerical calculation of the flow under the intake pulsation of this

Takahashi, Hiroto, Shinohara, Toshiki

A Comparison of On-Engine Surge Detection Algorithms using Knock Accelerometers

2017-01-242010/8/2017

On-engine surge detection could help in reducing the safety margin towards surge, thus allowing higher boost pressures and ultimately low-end torque. In this paper, experimental data from a truck turbocharger compressor mounted on the engine is investigated. A short period of compressor surge is provoked through a sudden, large drop in engine load. The compressor housing is equipped with knock accelerometers. Different signal treatments are evaluated for their suitability with respect to on-engine surge detection: the signal root mean square, the power spectral density in the surge frequency band, the recently proposed Hurst exponent, and a closely related concept optimized to detect changes in the underlying scaling behavior of the signal. For validation purposes, a judgement by the test cell operator by visual observation of the air filter vibrations and audible noises, as well as inlet temperature increase, are also used to diagnose surge. The four signal treatments are compared

Kerres, Bertrand, Cronhjort, Andreas, Mihaescu, Mihai, Stenlaas, Ola

Paccar launches lightest HD automated transmission for on-highway CVs

17TOFHP10_0910/1/2017

Paccar has announced a new 12-speed automated transmission (AT) and column-mounted shifter to improve fuel economy and driver ergonomics in Peterbilt and Kenworth models in North America beginning in October. The transmission and shifter were jointly developed to provide a superior shifting experience while reducing weight. “The Paccar Transmission offers best-in-class performance, reliability and low cost of operation,” said Kyle Quinn, Peterbilt general manager and Paccar senior vice president. “With the availability of this innovative transmission, the proven MX-13 engine and the efficient Paccar Axle, the Peterbilt Models 579 and 567 can now be spec'd with the industry's most advanced proprietary drivetrain.”

Borst, Matthew

Active Air Induction Noise Control

2017-01-18246/5/2017

Passive, tuned acoustic absorbers, such as Helmholtz resonators (HR) and quarter-wave tubes, are commonly used solutions for abating the low-frequency tonal noise in air induction systems. Since absorption at multiple frequencies is required, multiple absorbers tuned to different frequencies are commonly used. Typically, the large size and multiple numbers of these devices under the hood is a packaging challenge. Also, the lack of acoustic damping narrows their effective bandwidth and creates undesirable side lobes. Active noise control could address all of the above-mentioned issues. Most active noise control systems use feedforward adaptive algorithms as their controllers. These complex algorithms need fast, powerful digital signal processors to run. To ensure the convergence of the adaptation algorithm, the rate of adaptation should be made slow. This might lower the effectiveness of the controller during the transients, e.g., a fast run up of the engine in an induction or exhaust

Kashani, Reza, Jayakumar, Karthik S., Bugli, Neville, Lapp, Jeff

A Variable Displacement Supercharger Performance Evaluation

2017-01-06403/28/2017

The Variable Displacement Supercharger (VDS) is a twin helical screw style compressor that has a feature to change its displacement and its compression ratio actively during vehicle operation. This device can reduce the parasitic losses associated with supercharging and improve the relative fuel economy of a supercharged engine. Supercharging is a boosting choice with several advantages over turbocharging. There is fast pressure delivery to the engine intake manifold for fast engine torque response providing the fun to drive feel. The performance delivered by a supercharger can enable engine fuel economy actions to include engine downsizing and downspeeding. The cost and difficulty of engineering hot exhaust components is eliminated when using only an air side compressor. Faster catalyst warm up can be achieved when not warming the turbine housing of a turbocharger. To quantify these effects, a 2.0L Ford Eco-Boost® engine was chosen for an analytical comparison of three boosting

Wade, Robert, Murphy, Steven, Cross, Paul, Hansen, Craig

Performance Based Optimization of Intake and Injection Parameters of an Advanced Compressed Air Engine Kit

2017-01-12913/28/2017

The increment in the application of fossil fuels is leading the world into a catastrophic state both environmentally and economically. Current demand for fuels exceeds its imminent supply and rather sooner than later energy demands will have to shift towards non-conventional fuels to cope with the situation. With constant developments in the automotive sector, several solutions have been found but none have been as good as gasoline to substitute it in the commercial market. One such solution being compressed air might solve this global fuel crisis, which serves a glowing advantage of being cheaper and greener as it produces zero tail-pipe emissions, and can help in decreasing automobile’s contribution to global warming. Though the potential energy stored in the compressed air limits its application to light duty vehicles and still there will be a need for other alternative solutions for the heavy duty vehicles in order to relieve the pressure from the fossil fuels. Post the development

Gupta, Ashraya, Kathpalia, Harshil, Aggarwal, Harshit, Kumar, Naveen

Prediction Method for Water Intrusion into the Engine Air Intake Duct while Running on Flooded Road at the Early Stage of Vehicle Development

2017-01-13223/28/2017

Vehicles are required durability in various environments all over the world. Especially water resistance on flooded roads is one of the important issues. To solve this kind of problem, a CFD technology was established in order to predict the water resistance performance of the vehicle at the early development stage. By comparison with vehicle tests on flooded roads, it is clarified the following key factors are required for accurate prediction; the vehicle velocity change, the vehicle height change and the air intake flow rate. Moreover, these three key factors should be appropriately determined from vehicle and engine specification to predict water intrusion for flooded roads at the early stage of development. In this paper, a methodology which determines appropriate analysis conditions mentioned above for flooding simulation from vehicle and engine specification is described. The methodology enables us to determine whether the vehicle provides sufficient waterproofness. Further, it

Yoshitake, Kunihiko, Tateyama, Hiroyuki, Ogawa, Atsushi

Use of an Eulerian/Lagrangian Framework to Improve the Air Intake System of an Automobile with Respect to Snow Ingress

2017-01-13193/28/2017

A simulation approach to predict the amount of snow which is penetrating into the air filter of the vehicle’s engine is important for the automotive industry. The objective of our work was to predict the snow ingress based on an Eulerian/Lagrangian approach within a commercial CFD-software and to compare the simulation results to measurements in order to confirm our simulation approach. An additional objective was to use the simulation approach to improve the air intake system of an automobile. The measurements were performed on two test sites. On the one hand we made measurements on a natural test area in Sweden to reproduce real driving scenarios and thereby confirm our simulation approach. On the other hand the simulation results of the improved air intake system were compared to measurements, which were carried out in a climatic wind tunnel in Stuttgart. An estimation of the snow particle size and the snow mass flux on the two test sites was measured by a Snow Particle Counter (SPC

Huber, Christoph, Weigand, Bernhard, Reister, Heinrich, Binner, Thomas

Jason Dworkin, Project Scientist, OSIRIS-REx, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD

TBMG-2596511/21/2016

The Design of Eco-Driving Scheme of Energy Saving Race Car

2016-32-002611/8/2016

It was developed an eco-driving cycle for an energy saving race car. A fuel consumption simulation model of race car was established to simulate the real engine and vehicle performance based on driving rules and racing track condition. It was studied the effects of engine throttle opening and the vehicle speed in acceleration and deceleration modes on fuel consumption. Several driving schemes were proposed and compared, the optimum results are as follows: with lowest fuel consumption, the engine throttle opening is 60% to 80%, the vehicle speed range is 5 to 65km/h during acceleration and deceleration modes. In addition, the race car should coast in neutral fully at deceleration mode within the allowable running time of the racing rules. An eco-driving cycle was designed based on the optimum results. The simulating results show that the race car fuel consumption with the eco-driving cycle can be reduced by 37% comparing with previous one. The design method of eco-driving cycle by

Peng, Meichun, Wang, Jiahao, li, Jiaru

Experimental Analysis of Combustion Noise Reduction with Performance Optimization in 110cc CVT Scooter Engine

2016-01-231110/17/2016

Indian two wheeler market is one of the largest and highly competitive in the world. Indian scooter segment grows at a pace of around 30% YOY. The stiff competition among OEM’s to increase the market share with fuel efficient and high performance products pushes development and calibration engineers to burn the midnight oil to concoct innovative methods to design technology boosted product. Customer expectations are always high in terms of fuel economy, drivability and NVH. Due to higher level of complexity involved in CVT (Continuously Varying Transmission) engine, it is difficult to optimize for achieving best of NVH characteristics along with Fuel Economy, drivability and reduced exhaust emission. This paper describes the experiment conducted during the development of 110cc CVT four stroke scooter engine. The development and calibration of this scooter was mainly based on real world usage pattern (RWUP). In order to obtain best performance from engine, ignition timing, fuel metering

Prasath G, Arun, Duraiarasan, Saravanan, Govindarajan, R

Comparison of Supercharging Concepts for SI Engine Downsizing

2016-01-10324/5/2016

The paper reviews the design of the supercharging system for a strongly downsized engine, to be installed on a sport car. Design is supported by cfd-1d engine simulations, using an experimentally calibrated model. The goal of the supercharging system is to deliver the required values of boost pressure at steady operating conditions, and to maintain or improve the full size engine response during acceleration (one of the most critical issues for downsized engines). Two options have been considered: 1) two-stage turbocharging, with two small turbochargers as a high-pressure stage, and one big turbo as low pressure stage (referred to as “TRITURBO”; 2) two-stage supercharging made up of one low pressure stage turbocharger and one electric supercharger (referred to as “E-SUPER”). It was found that both configurations not only allow the downsized engine to comply with the performance targets at wide open throttle, steady conditions, but they are also able to improve the transient response in

Mattarelli, Enrico, Rinaldini, Carlo Alberto, Agostinelli, Enrico

Semi-Empirical CFD Transient Simulation of Engine Air Filtration Systems

2016-01-13684/5/2016

To improve fuel efficiency and facilitate handling of the vehicle in a dense city environment, it should be as small as possible given its intended application. This downsizing trend impacts the size of the engine bay, where the air filter box has to be packed in a reduced space, still without increased pressure drop, reduced load capacity nor lower filtering efficiency. Due to its flexibility and reduced cost, CFD simulations play an important role in the optimization process of the filter design. Even though the air-flow through the filter box changes as the dust load increases, the current modeling framework seldom account for such time dependence. Volvo Car Corporation presents an industrial affordable model to solve the time-dependent dust load on filter elements and calculate the corresponding flow behavior over the life time of the air filter box. The implemented semi-empirical simulation algorithm integrates several sub-models derived from different studies on flows over

Wu, Hongwen, Brunberg, Johan, Altimira, Mireia, Bratt, Niclas, Nyberg, Henrik, Cronhjort, Andreas, Peciura, Justinas

Fuelling a Two-Wheeler Engine by Ultrasonic Atomization

2015-32-075711/17/2015

This paper presents work performed to improve an engine's fuel economy by introducing ultrasonic atomization as the method of fuelling. An ultrasonic atomizer was added to the air intake path of a four stroke spark-ignited two-wheeler engine, replacing the conventional carburetor. Test results indicate that the engine BSFC reduced by around 20% due to lower pumping losses and lean operation facilitated by better fuel atomization. Less throttling also reduced the pressure difference between the air filter and combustion chamber, especially at lower speeds and low loads. This reduced exhaust gas dilution into the intake manifold and hence a rich mixture was not required for stable operation even at idling conditions. HC emissions are seen to be high and will need to be addressed, but NO emissions reduced significantly.

Balasubramanian, N., Keerthi, Ganesh, Anand, T.N.C.

Porsche unveils new downsized, boosted 3.0-L boxer six

15AUTP11_0511/1/2015

The words “Porsche” and “turbo” have been synonymous with ultimate high performance since 1972, when the automaker first used boosted engines in the mighty 917/10 Can-Am racecars. For 2016MY, the company is introducing all-new turbocharged 3.0-L flat-six engines for the 911 Carrera and Carrera S road cars, replacing naturally aspirated (NA) 3.4-L and 3.8-L units. The 911 that carries the specific “Turbo” designation, however, will continue to use a 3.8-L engine. The 3.0-L Carreras were unveiled at the 2015 Frankfurt Motor Show. The downsized-and-boosted “boxer” brings new levels of efficiency and added power; the Carrera gets an extra 15 kW (20 hp) taking peak output to 272 kW (365 hp). The Carrera S produces 309 kW (414 hp), also a 15-kW improvement. The new engines use two BorgWarner turbos, one per cylinder bank.

Birch, Stuart

Evaluation of Drain Life and Filtration of Engine Oil for New Gen-ICV's Operating in Extreme Conditions

2015-01-28769/29/2015

In tropical conditions, twelve numbers of ten ton intermediate commercial vehicles run at regular interval from zero to 60000 kilometer. Vehicle field run data were composed and analyzed with intended duty cycle for engine oil drain life estimation. The intermediate commercial vehicle trucks with sump capacity 0.083- 0.104 liter/HP and SAE 15W40 viscosity of oil meeting API CH-4, API CI-4+ from group-I and group-II base stocks are considered. The engine wear is more a function of silica concentration, load factor and age than the API category of the oil. Oil drain interval is found to be proportional to the sump volume for the same stress on the oil. Iron concentration and kinematic viscosity decide to be useful oil life with respect to the limits fixed by the engine manufacturer. In tropical conditions, field trials are carried out on 10 ton payload vehicles at higher temperature, humidity, dust levels and payload factor. API CI-4+ oil provide higher level of protection against soot

Patil, Shankar, Mahesh, P, Sadagopan, Krishnan, Gokhul, Senniappan Arunachalam

Implementation of Air-Fuel Ratio Feed-Forward Controller Considering Heat Transfer at Intake System to SI Engine

2015-01-19829/1/2015

For further development of the thermal efficiency of SI engines, the robust control of the air-fuel ratio (A/F) fluctuation is one of the most important technologies, because the A/F is maintained at the theoretical constant value, which causes the increase of the catalytic conversion efficiency and the reduction of pollutant emission. We developed the robust controller of the A/F, which is the method to change the fuel injection rate by using the feed-forward (FF) controller considering the heat transfer at the intake system. The FF controller was verified under transient driving conditions for a single cylinder, and the A/F fluctuations were reduced at approximately 84%.

Ichiyanagi, Mitsuhisa, Suzuki, Takashi

Small Craft - Graphic Symbols

J1449_201505 (Current)5/12/2015

Marine Technical Steering Committee

Overview of the Engine Inlet Barrier Filter Flight Test Efforts on the V-22

F-0071-2015-10241

5/5/2015

ABSTRACT This paper summarizes recent flight tests conducted at Bell Helicopter Textron with a Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey Advanced Technology Tilt Rotor (ATTR). The test and validation program developed a barrier-type engine air filtration system that significantly extends the engine performance for flight operations in austere environments such as sand, dust, and saltwater. The flight test program covered not only the broad flight envelope of the V-22, but also sand/dust environment flights at Kirtland AFB in Albuquerque, NM. Saltwater flights at Eglin AFB, Florida, were also executed with measurable success. This paper will discuss the entire engine air filter test program in all of its four phases and will include results for each of the phases. The V-22 readiness level stands to improve with the addition of this main engine inlet barrier filter system. A substantial savings in engine overhaul cost is anticipated over the life of the program.

Simpson, Daniel, Jr., Erasmo