Browse Topic: Air cleaners

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Oxygen System and Component CleaningARP1176B (Current)10/19/2020
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides recommended practices for the cleaning of aircraft oxygen equipment, both metallic and non-metallic articles, such as oxygen lines (tubes, hoses, etc.), components (including regulator and valve parts), cylinders, and ground-based equipment that may be used to support aircraft oxygen systems. This document also specifies work area details, methods for selecting suitable cleaning agents, cleaning methods, and test methods for verifying levels of cleanliness. The cleanliness coding scheme specified in this document provides a method for documenting minimum cleanliness level requirements and for identifying compliance.
A-10 Aircraft Oxygen Equipment Committee
Neural Network Based Virtual Sensor for Throttle Valve Position Estimation in a SI Engine2019-28-008010/11/2019
Electronic throttle body (ETB) is commonly employed in an intake manifold of a spark ignition engine to vary the airflow quantity by adjusting the throttle valve in it. The actual position of the throttle valve is measured by means of a dual throttle position sensor (TPS) and the signal is feedback into the control unit for accomplishing the closed loop control in order handle the nonlinearities due to friction, limp-home position, aging, parameter variations. This work aims presents a neural networks based novel virtual sensor for the estimation of throttle valve position in the electronic throttle body. Proposed neural network model estimates the actual throttle position using three inputs such as reference throttle angle, angular error and the motor current. In the present work, the dynamic model of the electronic throttle body is used to calculate the current consumed by the motor for corresponding throttle valve movement. Proposed virtual sensor is tested for the sinusoidal and random driving cycle throttle angle input using a Bosch DVE5 electronic throttle body. Estimated throttle valve angle using the proposed neural network is found to closely follow the measured throttle valve angle using hardware TPS. Experimental results exhibit the accurate tracking capacity of the proposed virtual sensor for the throttle valve estimation in the event of hardware throttle sensor failure and it can be useful as an added redundancy in the electronic throttle control system.
Ashok, Bragadeshwaran, Denis Ashok, Sathiaseelan, Ramesh Kumar, Chidambaram, Kavitha, Chellappan
Air Filter Element Test MethodJ1533_201907 (Historical)7/3/2019
This SAE test method establishes a uniform test procedure for determining the gravimetric (mass based) efficiency and pressure drop performance levels of operator enclosure panel type filters on off-road, self-propelled work machines used in earth moving, and forestry, as defined in SAE J1116 and for agricultural equipment as defined in ANSI/ASAE S390, and equipped with an operator enclosure with a powered fresh air system. ISO/TS 11155-1 may additionally be used, which describes the use of particle sizing devices to measure the fractional (particle size) efficiency of panel type filters for automotive cabin filter applications. Automotive cabin filters are similar to filters described in this procedure, and the ISO/TS 11155-1 test method is therefore directly applicable.
HFTC6, Operator Accommodation
A Study on NVH Performance Improvement of TPE Air Intake Hose Based on Optimization of Design and Material2019-01-14916/5/2019
Environmental and fuel economy regulations (Eu 6d and WLTP RDE) on automobiles have been tightened recently. To counter this regulation, the global automobile industry is focusing on weight reduction, fuel efficient turbo charger, cooled EGR, thermal management, low friction and so on. However, the high-speed turbocharger makes turbulence, and resulting in airflow noise. This noise is transmitted indoor through the air intake system, which adversely affects the vehicle's competitiveness. Therefore, for turbo engine, it is essential to reduce the noise of the air intake system. The air intake system consists of air cleaner, air filter, air intake hose and air duct. The air flow noise of turbo-engine is mainly the emission noise emitted from the walls of air intake system. And the transfer path of turbo noise is in order of air intake hose, air cleaner and air duct. Therefore, it is effective to reduce the noise of the air intake hose located at the beginning of noise transfer path. In the past, rubber hoses with vibration and acoustic insulation were mainly used to reduce the emission noise of air intake hose, but these can’t be recyclable and have high density (heavy). To overcome these shortcomings, TPE hoses are being applied, which are lighter, more competitive, durable and recyclable than rubber hoses. However, the air intake hoses with thin bellows and rigid TPE material have less noise attenuation performance than rubber hoses, so need to be improved noise insulation performance. This paper describes how to improve the NVH performance by optimizing the bellows design of air intake hose related to mass (m) and stiffness (k) and developing high damping material (c).
Jung, Hyunsoo, Jin, Jungkook, Park, Jong Min, Jin, Yong Sun (Steven), Han, Won Hee, Kim, Younghae, Gu, Yu
Technology to Achieve Engine Efficacy: Optimized Intake System2019-26-00521/9/2019
In the era of sustainable engines where the need of high power, torque, engine life is increasing while eliminating BSFC and emission concerns, the variable length intake manifold system helps to provide optimized intake system. The research consists of adopting continuous variable length intake manifold on diesel engines where compression and suction waves provide better swirl and pressurization methodology. The continuous varying intake manifold helps to provide better volumetric efficiency by more than 100% as constructive waves provide improved swirling which leads to reducing detonation and better combustion. The manifold path changes with every range of rpm through operating butterfly valve, which also guides air intake path according to engine load. The air flow is increased at low rpm bypassing the intake air from the long and narrow path to increase low-speed torque. The top end power is increased at high rpm by passing intake air through short and long paths which supplies the great amount of air without any restriction. The variable length intake manifold reduces emission in the diesel engine as it provides pressurized air flow leading to Helmholtz resonance which improves combustion. The total hydrocarbons, CO is reduced while increasing small amount of NOX along with the decrease in BSFC. The optimized torque is achieved with higher cross section manifold at low rpm and with lower cross section at higher rpm, this led to drawback of any multi stage variable intake manifold. The continuous variable intake manifold helps to provide the optimized intake path to provide maximum power and torque. The slider mechanism empowers to attain continuous varying length which removes the limitations of multiple paths operated by multiple valves.
Sharma, Prashant, Singh, Aditya Pratap, Sharma, Vijay, Rai, Vivek
Development of Horizontal Water Cooled Diesel Engine to Achieve High Power Density2018-32-006410/30/2018
The horizontal water cooled diesel engine has a structure including all component parts such as a fuel tank that are necessary to drive engine, and is often a single cylinder engine. It is mounted on many applications such as power tiller and water pump because of high general versatility of installing owing to belt drive. It has a simple structure because of single cylinder, and is active mainly in Southeast Asia. At the same time, the market requires this type of engine higher power while a compact structure is also required from the viewpoint of easy to supply and use. In other words, “High power density” that is improving the output per body size has been required. We have responded to the demand of “High power density” by increasing output without changing the engine size. In order to keep the engine size, we have been enlarging displacement by using our peculiar stroke-up expertise and original bore-up contrivance. In addition to those techniques, we introduced analytic technology for early approach to optimal solution. While we had used deep bowl combustion chamber for emphasizing medium and low speed torque, we adopted shallow dish combustion chamber because we shortened the compression height of piston for stroke-up. We utilized combustion analysis so as to approach optimal solution early because we have no base data of shallow dish combustion chamber. In addition, we used stress analysis to optimize the hardening of crankshaft. As written above, by incorporating analytic technology in addition to conventional development methods, we have been supplying correct size engines speedily in response to requirement of market. In this paper, we introduce the techniques that we adopted in order to realize the high power density.
Komai, Yoshinobu, Takashima, Yusuke, Fujiwara, Tsukasa, Okamoto, Hisao, Kawahara, Minoru
Mapping of dirt contamination in heavy duty engines through oil monitoring2018-36-02689/3/2018
Dirt entrance on internal combustion engine's air inlet systems are a common issue to fleet owners. Heavy-duty engines are more susceptible to this due its great air volume aspirated. Aiming to avoid it manufacturers employ increasingly resources to conduct research in the field and to develop more efficient air filtration systems to reduce the probability of this occurs. Anyway, the early diagnosis are the best way to avoid expensive damages to the engine. This study aims to explain how fail due dust aspiration occurs and how to interpret periodic oil analysis in order to preserve the power units and reduce the risk of incorrect diagnosis.
Eric L., Martins, Fernando C. P., Ulhôa
A Method for Turbocharging Single-Cylinder, Four-Stroke Engines03-11-04-00287/24/2018
Turbocharging can provide a low cost means for increasing the power output and fuel economy of an internal combustion engine. Currently, turbocharging is common in multi-cylinder engines, but due to the inconsistent nature of intake air flow, it is not commonly used in single-cylinder engines. In this article, we propose a novel method for turbocharging single-cylinder, four-stroke engines. Our method adds an air capacitor-an additional volume in series with the intake manifold, between the turbocharger compressor and the engine intake-to buffer the output from the turbocharger compressor and deliver pressurized air during the intake stroke. We analyzed the theoretical feasibility of air capacitor-based turbocharging for a single-cylinder engine, focusing on fill time, optimal volume, density gain, and thermal effects due to adiabatic compression of the intake air. Our computational model for air flow through the intake manifold predicted an intake air density gain of 37-60% depending on heat transfer rates; this density translates to a proportional to power gain. An experimental setup was constructed to measure peak power, density gain, and manifold pressure. With an air capacitor seven times the volume of engine capacity, our setup was able to produce 29% more power compared to natural aspiration. These results confirm our approach to be a relatively simple means for increasing power density in single-cylinder engines. Therefore, turbocharging single-cylinder engines using an air capacitor can provide a lower cost alternative for increasing the power-output in diesel-powered machinery such as tractors, generators, and water pumps, when compared to adding an additional cylinder.
Buchman, Michael, Ramanujan, Devarajan, Winter, Amos G.
Design Optimization of Engine Cooling Unit Packaging for Commercial Vehicle2018-28-00137/9/2018
An engine cooling system is required to maintain stable operating temperature for the engine and prevent it from overheating. Thermal distortion of engine parts can take place if proper cooling is not maintained and engine may loss efficiency. One of the major problem in this domain is to incorporate separate cooling systems for the different variants of engines (different power rating). A single optimized cooling unit is desired to manage the entire range of engine rated power. The factors that affect the cooling system are front end grill opening area, air recirculation, location of snorkel inlet, radiator core size, which need to be tuned to get appropriate results. The above parameters are tuned to obtain appropriate results using the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations. In the next stage, on road cooling trials are performed and real time data is collected. A correlation is established between physical trials and CFD results which may be helpful in future projects as well. From experimental results we observed a sufficient temperature drop in both heat exchangers (radiator and intercooler) and efficient heat rejection is made possible through the heat exchanger to maintain proper functioning temperature of engine. All trials are performed at extreme conditions i.e. full throttle, 100% load and high gradient conditions, to obtain maximum possible heat rejection to coolant fluid.
Sharma, Prateek, Parwal, Mahendra, Ayyar, Eshaan
Closed Loop Throttle Opening Angle Estimation Strategy by Considering Torque Demands from SI Engine2018-28-00797/9/2018
Electronic throttle control is extensively preferred to vary the air intake in the engine manifold for regulating the torque in order to obtain the better vehicle response, high performance in terms of improving the fuel economy and trim down the emissions of the spark ignition engines. For such type of the engine control systems the throttle angle is estimation is accomplished either by pedal follower or torque based method. This work aims to develop a throttle opening angle estimation strategy in a closed loop manner using fuzzy logic approach by considering real time internal system and driver torque demands for controlling the SI engine. In present work the torque demand from internal system such as catalyst heating, cold start assist and battery voltage compensation is estimated using fuzzy logic strategy. Such intelligent system aims to replace the lookup tables associated with those systems and reduces the calibration effort. For the estimated throttle angle the electronic throttle body is evaluated in an engine test bed simulation on Matlab Simulink platform for the various accelerator pedal inputs conditions. Also, the external or auxiliary torque demand input given in the form of ramp signal and assumed torque cycle. The outcome curves based on simulation for engine torque, speed and power are compared against the open loop method. The simulation result of the proposed approach shows betterment than the existing method.. Angular error of the proposed closed loop method is in lower range of 5.3 deg and 4.1 deg for ramp and step based driving cycle inputs respectively. The error value for open loop method is in the higher side of 7.4 deg and 6.7 deg.
B, Ashok, Denis Ashok, S, Kavitha, C
Optimization of Oil Separation Unit for Two Stage Turbocharged Engine2018-28-00667/9/2018
In addition to performance target, recent stringent emission legislation and reduction in oil consumption are the major driving force for engine design and development. In this reference importance of crankcase ventilation has increased immensely and the manufacturers are bound to develop most efficient system with high oil trap efficiency. In crankcase ventilation system, the blow-by gases from the crankcase are routed to the intake manifold through Oil separator system. The oil separator task is to retain the oil part from the blow by gas and send it back to sump. Developing an oil separator for the engine studied here was very challenging considering double stage turbocharger which produces very fine mist of oil and is difficult to separate. The study shows that oil mist coming in blow by is of size 0.3 micron and lesser than it. The major contribution of these fine mists was from turbocharger. Keeping this in view, an oil separation unit which is an integral part of cam cover had been optimized for 1.5 litre, 3 cylinder engine with two stage turbo charging. The separation unit consists of two stage separation, pre & fine separation unit. Pre separation unit trap oil of higher size (Oil droplets) while fine unit separates oil mist from blow by. The optimization had done in stages and finally the oil carry over targets of 2 g/hr & 3 g/hr at 100% & 200% blow by had been achieved with optimized separation unit. 200% blow by was taken for worst condition which replicate the life of engine. The final oil carry values were 1.4 g/hr as against 2 g/hr at 100% blow by while it was 2.3 g/hr as against 3 g/hr at 200% blow by. During trial, it was also ensured that other parameter such as crankcase pressure & air intake depression remains within the target value.
Alam, Md Tauseef, Thakur, Anil, Kumar PS, Venkatesh, Ghadei, Sataya
Numerical and Experimental Research on Flow Resistance of Cool Medium from Heat Dissipation System for Construction Vehicles2018-01-00884/3/2018
Construction vehicles own some inherent characteristics, such as low velocity, high power and following heavy heat flux et al. Aiming at decreasing flow resistance and managing airflow, a 39 ton single drum road roller from one of the biggest manufactures in China was employed as a research target to seek out the effect of air flow resistance on the performance of its heat dissipation system. For a start, a simplified 3D model of the road roller in a virtual wind tunnel was established with a commercial software, which was pre-processed in Gambit later. The radiators were set with heat exchanger boundary condition based on the analysis on the air-side elementary unit, as for the cooling fan, the experimental results in the wind tunnel were transformed into the corresponding boundary condition. Following that, a new design scheme was offered to assign the air flow inside the engine cabin, detail flow trajectories of which were introduced by velocity vector and path line acquired from the simulation results in FLUENT. At last, a field experiment was carried out to validate the correctness of the CFD simulation. The results showed that the outlet temperature of thermal fluid from the simulation could agree with experimental data over an acceptable range. The outlet temperature of coolant maintained around 78°C under the new scheme as ambient temperature was at 30°C, the assignment of air flow path could descend flow resistance, which could improve the heat dissipation performance for construction vehicles as well.
Liu, Jiaxin, Wang, Baozhong, Jiang, Yankun, Long, Haiyang
Heavy Duty Vehicle Cooling Test CodeJ1393_201712 (Historical)12/12/2017
The purpose of this SAE Recommended Practice is to establish a testing procedure to determine the performance capability of heavy duty vehicle cooling systems to meet Original Equipment Manufacturer or end user thermal specifications to ensure long term reliable vehilcle operations. The recommendations from the present document are intended for heavy-duty vehicles including, but is not limited to, on- and off-highway trucks, buses, cranes, drill rigs, construction, forestry and agricultural machines.
Cooling Systems Standards Committee
Study on a Cyclone Air Cleaner with Discharge Function under the Intake Pulsation of a General Purpose Engine2017-32-006011/5/2017
Many general purpose engines, such as the ones used in construction machines, operate in environments with excessive amounts of airborne dust, and are thereby equipped with a cyclone air cleaner so that they can remove as much dust from contaminated air streams in the engine. However, the compact general purpose engine is mainly a single-cylinder type, and the intake flow pulsates. Since the centrifugal action of the cyclone air cleaner under the intake pulsation changes according to the pulsation, it is difficult to enhance the dust separation performance. In this study, we aimed to determine a cyclone air cleaner factor with high purification performance even under the intake pulsation conditions of a general purpose engine. We have designed an ideal geometry for the cyclone air cleaner, which centrifugally separates dust during inhaling and discharges the centrifuged dust using positive pressure due to pulsation. A numerical calculation of the flow under the intake pulsation of this cyclone air cleaner was carried out, and the separation and discharge functions were analyzed. Accordingly, it was confirmed that although the swirling speed inside the cyclone air cleaner depended on pulsation, it demonstrated purification performance even under an intake pulsation by the dust discharge function. We have also found a method to operate the discharge function at the instant when the separation function is the strongest.
Takahashi, Hiroto, Shinohara, Toshiki
Modeling of Unsteady Heat Transfer Phenomena at the Intake Manifold of a Diesel Engine and Its Application to 1-D Engine Simulation2017-32-009711/5/2017
In the past two decades, internal combustion engines have been required to improve their thermal efficiency in order to limit hazardous gas emissions. For further improvement of the thermal efficiency, it is required to predict the mass of intake air into cylinders in order to control the auto-ignition timing for CI engines. For an accurate prediction of intake air mass, it is necessary to model the heat transfer phenomena at the intake manifold. From this intention, an empirical equation was developed based on Colburn equation. Two new arguments were presented in the derived formula. The first argument was the addition of Graetz number, where it characterized the entrance region thermal boundary layer development and its effect on the heat transfer inside the intake manifold. As the second argument, Strouhal number was included in order to represent intake valve effect on heat transfer. This study compared experimental data with the present empirical equation, and average error was estimated to be 3.1%, which was significantly improved in comparison with the Colburn equation. Furthermore, derived empirical heat transfer equation was implemented to the intake manifold model of a diesel engine in 1-D engine simulation. The study confirmed the influence of the heat transfer phenomena, and its importance to intake air. At IVC, temperature difference between Colburn equation and derived equation was calculated to be 3.8 K. This corresponded to an advanced auto-ignition timing by 0.78 deg. CA, which gives an estimated improvement of 0.22% when evaluating both the thermal efficiency and CO2 emission.
Yilmaz, Emir, Joji, Hayao, Ichiyanagi, Mitsuhisa, Suzuki, Takashi
A Comparison of On-Engine Surge Detection Algorithms using Knock Accelerometers2017-01-242010/8/2017
On-engine surge detection could help in reducing the safety margin towards surge, thus allowing higher boost pressures and ultimately low-end torque. In this paper, experimental data from a truck turbocharger compressor mounted on the engine is investigated. A short period of compressor surge is provoked through a sudden, large drop in engine load. The compressor housing is equipped with knock accelerometers. Different signal treatments are evaluated for their suitability with respect to on-engine surge detection: the signal root mean square, the power spectral density in the surge frequency band, the recently proposed Hurst exponent, and a closely related concept optimized to detect changes in the underlying scaling behavior of the signal. For validation purposes, a judgement by the test cell operator by visual observation of the air filter vibrations and audible noises, as well as inlet temperature increase, are also used to diagnose surge. The four signal treatments are compared with respect to their reliability as surge indicator and the time delay between surge onset and indication. Results show that the signal power in the surge frequency band has reasonably good properties as surge indicator. The normal Hurst exponent is problematic, since periodic vibrations from engine firing dominate the scaling behavior. Root mean square and the above mentioned scaling exponent do not measure vibrations caused by surge directly, but rather the reduction in housing vibrations due to the engine load drop. Nevertheless, it was found to be possible to design an indicator that gives good results based on the change in scaling behavior.
Kerres, Bertrand, Cronhjort, Andreas, Mihaescu, Mihai, Stenlaas, Ola
Paccar launches lightest HD automated transmission for on-highway CVs17TOFHP10_0910/1/2017
Paccar has announced a new 12-speed automated transmission (AT) and column-mounted shifter to improve fuel economy and driver ergonomics in Peterbilt and Kenworth models in North America beginning in October. The transmission and shifter were jointly developed to provide a superior shifting experience while reducing weight. “The Paccar Transmission offers best-in-class performance, reliability and low cost of operation,” said Kyle Quinn, Peterbilt general manager and Paccar senior vice president. “With the availability of this innovative transmission, the proven MX-13 engine and the efficient Paccar Axle, the Peterbilt Models 579 and 567 can now be spec'd with the industry's most advanced proprietary drivetrain.”
Borst, Matthew
Active Air Induction Noise Control2017-01-18246/5/2017
Passive, tuned acoustic absorbers, such as Helmholtz resonators (HR) and quarter-wave tubes, are commonly used solutions for abating the low-frequency tonal noise in air induction systems. Since absorption at multiple frequencies is required, multiple absorbers tuned to different frequencies are commonly used. Typically, the large size and multiple numbers of these devices under the hood is a packaging challenge. Also, the lack of acoustic damping narrows their effective bandwidth and creates undesirable side lobes. Active noise control could address all of the above-mentioned issues. Most active noise control systems use feedforward adaptive algorithms as their controllers. These complex algorithms need fast, powerful digital signal processors to run. To ensure the convergence of the adaptation algorithm, the rate of adaptation should be made slow. This might lower the effectiveness of the controller during the transients, e.g., a fast run up of the engine in an induction or exhaust noise control application. An alternative to the feedforward active noise cancellation is feedback-based active noise control. Feedback noise control strategies are more straightforward and computationally less demanding than adaptive feedforward schemes and thus can be programmed in less expensive micro-controllers rather than digital signal processors. Contrary to feedforward scheme where the microphone and speaker are located upstream of the air filter and thus subject to the environmental elements, in proposed feedback scheme, they are placed downstream of the engine air filter and are well protected. An active feedback noise control system is developed for an air induction system and its effectiveness demonstrated in a laboratory set up. A number of 2nd order filters programmed in a microcontroller were used to control the engine noise at multiples tones. The effectiveness of the actively controlled system matched or exceeded that of the traditional induction system with multiple passive acoustic absorbers.
Kashani, Reza, Jayakumar, Karthik S., Bugli, Neville, Lapp, Jeff
Prediction Method for Water Intrusion into the Engine Air Intake Duct while Running on Flooded Road at the Early Stage of Vehicle Development2017-01-13223/28/2017
Vehicles are required durability in various environments all over the world. Especially water resistance on flooded roads is one of the important issues. To solve this kind of problem, a CFD technology was established in order to predict the water resistance performance of the vehicle at the early development stage. By comparison with vehicle tests on flooded roads, it is clarified the following key factors are required for accurate prediction; the vehicle velocity change, the vehicle height change and the air intake flow rate. Moreover, these three key factors should be appropriately determined from vehicle and engine specification to predict water intrusion for flooded roads at the early stage of development. In this paper, a methodology which determines appropriate analysis conditions mentioned above for flooding simulation from vehicle and engine specification is described. The methodology enables us to determine whether the vehicle provides sufficient waterproofness. Further, it is confirmed that the CFD with the methodology can successfully reproduce critical phenomena for water intrusion into the air intake duct.
Yoshitake, Kunihiko, Tateyama, Hiroyuki, Ogawa, Atsushi
Use of an Eulerian/Lagrangian Framework to Improve the Air Intake System of an Automobile with Respect to Snow Ingress2017-01-13193/28/2017
A simulation approach to predict the amount of snow which is penetrating into the air filter of the vehicle’s engine is important for the automotive industry. The objective of our work was to predict the snow ingress based on an Eulerian/Lagrangian approach within a commercial CFD-software and to compare the simulation results to measurements in order to confirm our simulation approach. An additional objective was to use the simulation approach to improve the air intake system of an automobile. The measurements were performed on two test sites. On the one hand we made measurements on a natural test area in Sweden to reproduce real driving scenarios and thereby confirm our simulation approach. On the other hand the simulation results of the improved air intake system were compared to measurements, which were carried out in a climatic wind tunnel in Stuttgart. An estimation of the snow particle size and the snow mass flux on the two test sites was measured by a Snow Particle Counter (SPC). Our investigation shows that an Eulerian/Lagrangian approach can be used to predict the snow ingress. By using snow properties from the test sites as well as from literature, we observed a good agreement between the simulation results and the experiments. Our results also show that it is possible to improve the air intake system by using an Eulerian/Lagrangian framework. However, there are limitations due to the model applied for the particle-wall interactions and due to the fact that the snow particle density and especially the snow particle shape are not known from the test area.
Huber, Christoph, Weigand, Bernhard, Reister, Heinrich, Binner, Thomas
Performance Based Optimization of Intake and Injection Parameters of an Advanced Compressed Air Engine Kit2017-01-12913/28/2017
The increment in the application of fossil fuels is leading the world into a catastrophic state both environmentally and economically. Current demand for fuels exceeds its imminent supply and rather sooner than later energy demands will have to shift towards non-conventional fuels to cope with the situation. With constant developments in the automotive sector, several solutions have been found but none have been as good as gasoline to substitute it in the commercial market. One such solution being compressed air might solve this global fuel crisis, which serves a glowing advantage of being cheaper and greener as it produces zero tail-pipe emissions, and can help in decreasing automobile’s contribution to global warming. Though the potential energy stored in the compressed air limits its application to light duty vehicles and still there will be a need for other alternative solutions for the heavy duty vehicles in order to relieve the pressure from the fossil fuels. Post the development of an advanced compressed air engine kit for a 2-stroke air-cooled SI engine 145cc; there is a big scope for enhancing its performance and efficiency in order to commercialize this technology in production cars. Present investigation aims at optimizing the injector area, expansion ratio (final volume/initial volume) and weight of the flywheel in order to get maximum possible power output and torque from the engine. Valued statistics f\rom previous readings and analysis on aforementioned intake and injection parameters are deliberated and testing and performance analysis is conducted. The results help in obtaining optimum values of the intake and injection parameters and can be used to further enhance the performance of compressed air vehicles to produce a more efficient system.
Gupta, Ashraya, Kathpalia, Harshil, Aggarwal, Harshit, Kumar, Naveen
A Variable Displacement Supercharger Performance Evaluation2017-01-06403/28/2017
The Variable Displacement Supercharger (VDS) is a twin helical screw style compressor that has a feature to change its displacement and its compression ratio actively during vehicle operation. This device can reduce the parasitic losses associated with supercharging and improve the relative fuel economy of a supercharged engine. Supercharging is a boosting choice with several advantages over turbocharging. There is fast pressure delivery to the engine intake manifold for fast engine torque response providing the fun to drive feel. The performance delivered by a supercharger can enable engine fuel economy actions to include engine downsizing and downspeeding. The cost and difficulty of engineering hot exhaust components is eliminated when using only an air side compressor. Faster catalyst warm up can be achieved when not warming the turbine housing of a turbocharger. To quantify these effects, a 2.0L Ford Eco-Boost® engine was chosen for an analytical comparison of three boosting configurations: turbocharged, roots style supercharged, and twin screw compressor supercharged with variable displacement. A number of partial load points were chosen to compare cycle averaged fuel consumption of the boost systems with weighting factors that represent a large SUV. Engine dynamometer testing validated the simulation results.
Wade, Robert, Murphy, Steven, Cross, Paul, Hansen, Craig
Jason Dworkin, Project Scientist, OSIRIS-REx, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MDTBMG-2596511/21/2016
The Design of Eco-Driving Scheme of Energy Saving Race Car2016-32-002611/8/2016
It was developed an eco-driving cycle for an energy saving race car. A fuel consumption simulation model of race car was established to simulate the real engine and vehicle performance based on driving rules and racing track condition. It was studied the effects of engine throttle opening and the vehicle speed in acceleration and deceleration modes on fuel consumption. Several driving schemes were proposed and compared, the optimum results are as follows: with lowest fuel consumption, the engine throttle opening is 60% to 80%, the vehicle speed range is 5 to 65km/h during acceleration and deceleration modes. In addition, the race car should coast in neutral fully at deceleration mode within the allowable running time of the racing rules. An eco-driving cycle was designed based on the optimum results. The simulating results show that the race car fuel consumption with the eco-driving cycle can be reduced by 37% comparing with previous one. The design method of eco-driving cycle by coupling the road condition with engine and vehicle characteristics can be applied in study of energy-saving driving of vehicle.
Peng, Meichun, Wang, Jiahao, li, Jiaru
Experimental Analysis of Combustion Noise Reduction with Performance Optimization in 110cc CVT Scooter Engine2016-01-231110/17/2016
Indian two wheeler market is one of the largest and highly competitive in the world. Indian scooter segment grows at a pace of around 30% YOY. The stiff competition among OEM’s to increase the market share with fuel efficient and high performance products pushes development and calibration engineers to burn the midnight oil to concoct innovative methods to design technology boosted product. Customer expectations are always high in terms of fuel economy, drivability and NVH. Due to higher level of complexity involved in CVT (Continuously Varying Transmission) engine, it is difficult to optimize for achieving best of NVH characteristics along with Fuel Economy, drivability and reduced exhaust emission. This paper describes the experiment conducted during the development of 110cc CVT four stroke scooter engine. The development and calibration of this scooter was mainly based on real world usage pattern (RWUP). In order to obtain best performance from engine, ignition timing, fuel metering and CVT were optimized to achieve Maximum Brake Torque. With the ignition timing which can provide maximum braking torque the performance characteristics of the engine was meeting the PALS/FI target but severe combustion noise was observed which restricted the use of MBT ignition Timing. This technical paper describes the optimization methodology of this four stroke scooter engine on which the combustion noise (Noise generated due to rapid combustion of charge) is substantially reduced within acceptable noise levels without compromise in engine performance. The experiment comprise of noise source identification, analyzing the factors which affects combustion noise and optimization of these parameters to reduce engine combustion noise. Engine combustion parameters like peak cylinder pressure, pressure rise rate, and mass fraction burned along with heat release rate were analyzed by varying ignition timing and carburetion. The Engine ignition timing being dual curve, ignition timing varies with engine speed and operating condition (namely Partially Open Throttle, POT and Wide Open Throttle, WOT). Combustion noise was observed to be higher at both POT and WOT condition. Ignition timing was optimized at specific operating zones where combustion noise was observed to be predominantly higher, the loss in engine performance due to change in ignition timing was substantiated with optimization of carburetor venturi size, air filter connecting tube effective diameter and CVT ratio. Experimental results shows significant reduction in combustion noise up to 5dB(A), without any compromise in engine performance, Fuel economy and drivability.
Prasath G, Arun, Duraiarasan, Saravanan, Govindarajan, R
Semi-Empirical CFD Transient Simulation of Engine Air Filtration Systems2016-01-13684/5/2016
To improve fuel efficiency and facilitate handling of the vehicle in a dense city environment, it should be as small as possible given its intended application. This downsizing trend impacts the size of the engine bay, where the air filter box has to be packed in a reduced space, still without increased pressure drop, reduced load capacity nor lower filtering efficiency. Due to its flexibility and reduced cost, CFD simulations play an important role in the optimization process of the filter design. Even though the air-flow through the filter box changes as the dust load increases, the current modeling framework seldom account for such time dependence. Volvo Car Corporation presents an industrial affordable model to solve the time-dependent dust load on filter elements and calculate the corresponding flow behavior over the life time of the air filter box. The implemented semi-empirical simulation algorithm integrates several sub-models derived from different studies on flows over pleated filters. This work also introduces an experimental method to record the dust pattern on the filter element in order to validate the numerical results. Test results show that the overall dust load as well as its distribution within the filter element can be estimated accurately.
Wu, Hongwen, Brunberg, Johan, Altimira, Mireia, Bratt, Niclas, Nyberg, Henrik, Cronhjort, Andreas, Peciura, Justinas
Comparison of Supercharging Concepts for SI Engine Downsizing2016-01-10324/5/2016
The paper reviews the design of the supercharging system for a strongly downsized engine, to be installed on a sport car. Design is supported by cfd-1d engine simulations, using an experimentally calibrated model. The goal of the supercharging system is to deliver the required values of boost pressure at steady operating conditions, and to maintain or improve the full size engine response during acceleration (one of the most critical issues for downsized engines). Two options have been considered: 1) two-stage turbocharging, with two small turbochargers as a high-pressure stage, and one big turbo as low pressure stage (referred to as “TRITURBO”; 2) two-stage supercharging made up of one low pressure stage turbocharger and one electric supercharger (referred to as “E-SUPER”). It was found that both configurations not only allow the downsized engine to comply with the performance targets at wide open throttle, steady conditions, but they are also able to improve the transient response in comparison to the full size engine. TRITURBO is less expensive than E-SUPER, but also less fuel efficient and more difficult to install on the vehicle.
Mattarelli, Enrico, Rinaldini, Carlo Alberto, Agostinelli, Enrico
Fuelling a Two-Wheeler Engine by Ultrasonic Atomization2015-32-075711/17/2015
This paper presents work performed to improve an engine's fuel economy by introducing ultrasonic atomization as the method of fuelling. An ultrasonic atomizer was added to the air intake path of a four stroke spark-ignited two-wheeler engine, replacing the conventional carburetor. Test results indicate that the engine BSFC reduced by around 20% due to lower pumping losses and lean operation facilitated by better fuel atomization. Less throttling also reduced the pressure difference between the air filter and combustion chamber, especially at lower speeds and low loads. This reduced exhaust gas dilution into the intake manifold and hence a rich mixture was not required for stable operation even at idling conditions. HC emissions are seen to be high and will need to be addressed, but NO emissions reduced significantly.
Balasubramanian, N., Keerthi, Ganesh, Anand, T.N.C.
Evaluation of Drain Life and Filtration of Engine Oil for New Gen-ICV's Operating in Extreme Conditions2015-01-28769/29/2015
In tropical conditions, twelve numbers of ten ton intermediate commercial vehicles run at regular interval from zero to 60000 kilometer. Vehicle field run data were composed and analyzed with intended duty cycle for engine oil drain life estimation. The intermediate commercial vehicle trucks with sump capacity 0.083- 0.104 liter/HP and SAE 15W40 viscosity of oil meeting API CH-4, API CI-4+ from group-I and group-II base stocks are considered. The engine wear is more a function of silica concentration, load factor and age than the API category of the oil. Oil drain interval is found to be proportional to the sump volume for the same stress on the oil. Iron concentration and kinematic viscosity decide to be useful oil life with respect to the limits fixed by the engine manufacturer. In tropical conditions, field trials are carried out on 10 ton payload vehicles at higher temperature, humidity, dust levels and payload factor. API CI-4+ oil provide higher level of protection against soot related viscosity increase and viscosity loss due to shear. Kinematic viscosity @100 degree Celsius is within the limiting range of 11.5 to 18.5 centistoke. Total base number of a minimum of 9 and Max 11.5 is sufficient for BS-III and BS-IV fuel without affecting the oil drain interval. Wear elements like ferrous; copper; chromium; lead; aluminum and silicon Dirt (external) are also within limits. The analysis shows that the CI-4+ oils are best suited for the subject engines. The fresh new oil filter and oil filter run on reliability vehicle has been tested on filter test rig and comparative data have been analyzed. Also the effect of organic sludge; such as unburned fuel, soot, fuel deposits; solvents; and inorganic contamination; like dirt, dust, core sand and wear metal contamination on the filtration of engine oil have been investigated. Pressure drop across the filter and dust holding capacity were measured with respect to oil flow rate and analyzed.
Patil, Shankar, Mahesh, P, Sadagopan, Krishnan, Gokhul, Senniappan Arunachalam
Implementation of Air-Fuel Ratio Feed-Forward Controller Considering Heat Transfer at Intake System to SI Engine2015-01-19829/1/2015
For further development of the thermal efficiency of SI engines, the robust control of the air-fuel ratio (A/F) fluctuation is one of the most important technologies, because the A/F is maintained at the theoretical constant value, which causes the increase of the catalytic conversion efficiency and the reduction of pollutant emission. We developed the robust controller of the A/F, which is the method to change the fuel injection rate by using the feed-forward (FF) controller considering the heat transfer at the intake system. The FF controller was verified under transient driving conditions for a single cylinder, and the A/F fluctuations were reduced at approximately 84%.
Ichiyanagi, Mitsuhisa, Suzuki, Takashi
Small Craft - Graphic SymbolsJ1449_201505 (Current)5/12/2015
This SAE Recommended Practice specifies graphic symbols for operator controls, gauges, tell-tales, indicators, instructions, and warning against risks in small craft and for engines and other equipment intended to be used in small craft.
Marine Technical Steering Committee
Overview of the Engine Inlet Barrier Filter Flight Test Efforts on the V-22F-0071-2015-102415/5/2015
ABSTRACT This paper summarizes recent flight tests conducted at Bell Helicopter Textron with a Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey Advanced Technology Tilt Rotor (ATTR). The test and validation program developed a barrier-type engine air filtration system that significantly extends the engine performance for flight operations in austere environments such as sand, dust, and saltwater. The flight test program covered not only the broad flight envelope of the V-22, but also sand/dust environment flights at Kirtland AFB in Albuquerque, NM. Saltwater flights at Eglin AFB, Florida, were also executed with measurable success. This paper will discuss the entire engine air filter test program in all of its four phases and will include results for each of the phases. The V-22 readiness level stands to improve with the addition of this main engine inlet barrier filter system. A substantial savings in engine overhaul cost is anticipated over the life of the program.
Simpson, Daniel, Jr., Erasmo
New Low Packaging Acoustic Solution for Air Intake Line2015-01-16654/14/2015
Noise is one of the key nuisances from which the car is the source. One of those noise sources, the air induction line of the Internal Combustion Engine (ICE), can use some noise attenuation systems as damping isolated volumes (called resonators), or porous ducts, before the air filter. Those solutions can attenuate designated frequencies or range of frequencies. The issue is that those solutions can be bulky, especially for resonators, expensive or even generate some drawbacks on performances. Elements like hot air ingestion, pressure drops or even generation of new noises are some significant areas where performances can be deteriorated through the implementation of such acoustic device on the air induction line. It has then invented and developed a brand new type of acoustic device, designed to ensure optimal performances for a very low packaging. This solution preserves performances and cost, and tend to cope with most of the drawbacks of usual technologies. This paper describes and explains the design process, the evaluations methodology and results done to identify the optimum product. Then, this optimized concept has been benchmarked versus conventional technologies, both on a test bench as well as on engine bench to assess its performances. Results on intake noise attenuation, acoustic emissivity, pressure drops, temperature elevation and size has finally shown a best-in-class solution, able to overpass usual technologies on all those fields. This leads to an essential solution, saving space and noise emissions, ideal to cope with latest Noise Emission Regulations and challenging packaging constraints.
Arnault, Nicolas, Baudet, Adrien, Becker, Nicolas
Simulation of Tractor Operation in Threshing Field by Creating a Dust Environment to Study the Operational Behavior of Tractor2015-26-01451/14/2015
The objective of this project is “Bringing Field to Lab”. Normally in field, tractors are utilized for various applications like harvesting and threshing operation in a dusty environment which consists of paddy, sand, straw etc. These dusts would affect the tractor performance and often cause problem like engine choking at severe condition. Field data on threshing acquired from north Indian places like Jaitsar, Jalandhar where threshing done in summer at a temperature around 50°C. Also during threshing full tractor power is used through (PTO) power take off and this load fluctuates according to manual loading of paddy in thresher. Many iterations are carried out to simulate the real time loading of tractor in lab level and from the results concepts like, a) Forced dust blowing arrangement with spray quantity control - Simulates Threshing environment, b) Room heaters with controllers for maintaining room temperature-Simulates North India environment, c) DYNO arrangement for PTO loading - Simulates thresher loading of tractor and d) Time controlled dust flow to maintain a dust environment similar to field are developed. A test up is developed with normal dust throw of 250 grams / min and PTO loading which simulates the tractor operation in field condition and also give close correlation between field and lab level. The parameters like Engine coolant temperature (IN and OUT), Engine oil temperature, Transmission oil temperature and Engine suction pressure (due to dust block in inlet air filter the pressure get vary) can be mapped. This become our standard test and it is followed now for our new projects and by that field failures during initial phase of development are identified.
Arthanathan, Sankaranarayanan
Numerical Evaluation of an Electric Turbo Compound for SI Engines2014-32-001311/11/2014
To downsize a spark ignited (SI) internal combustion engine (ICE), keeping suitable power levels, the application of turbocharging is mandatory. The possibility to couple an electric drive to the turbocharger (electric turbo compound, ETC) can be considered, as demonstrated by a number of studies and the current application in the F1 Championship, since it allows to extend the boost region to the lowest ICE rotational speeds and to reduce the turbo lag. As well, some recovery of the exhaust gas residual energy to produce electrical energy is possible. The present paper shows the first numerical results of a research program under way in collaboration between the Universities of Pisa and Genoa. The study is focused on the evaluation of the benefits resulting from the application of ETC to a twin-cylinder small SI engine (900 cm3). Starting from the experimental steady flow performance of turbine and compressor, the complete model of a turbocharged engine has been created using the one-dimension code AVL BOOST. The first numerical results show that ETC is not beneficial over a conventional turbocharger with appropriate turbine geometry if the target is to optimize overall efficiency in one specific operating point of the ICE, like in the case of extended-range electric vehicles. Besides, ETC can slightly improve average overall efficiency when the ICE must provide variable power output, as in the case of conventional or hybrid vehicles. However, the major benefits coming from ETC are the boost range extension in the lowest engine rotational speed region and a wide reduction of turbo lag, which are key points in parallel-hybrid and especially in conventional vehicles.
Frigo, Stefano, Pasini, Gianluca, Marelli, Silvia, Lutzemberger, Giovanni, Capobianco, Massimo, Bolognesi, Paolo, Gentili, Roberto, Ceraolo, Massimo
Design and Development of a Flow Based Dual Intake Manifold System2014-01-288010/13/2014
The Torque from an engine is a very critical parameter which controls the drivability of the vehicle, better torque availability at Partially Open Throttle (POT) condition improves drivability at city driving condition and better torque at Wide Open Throttle (WOT) condition improves cruising at highway driving condition, conventionally engine produces better torque at one particular operating condition leaving poor drivability at others. The Torque characteristics of an engine depends upon the volumetric efficiency of the engine. The volumetric efficiency of a naturally aspirated engine can be improved by tuning the intake manifold. With an overall improvement in volumetric efficiency throughout the engine operating conditions better torque curve can be achieved, which facilitates improved drivability. For improving volumetric efficiency, several technologies were developed and used, among that Dual Intake Manifold system is one where the flow of charge is channelized between longer and shorter flow path depending on the engine operating condition. Conventionally in Dual Intake manifold system, flow is channelized using valves which are actuated by external power sources. However the application of this system is limited due to increased cost, complexity in assembly, need of an external power source for actuation, and increased number of moving parts which in turn reduces the reliability of the system; also this system requires an actuation mechanism for operating the valve which further increases the complexity of the system. In this work a novel Dual Intake Manifold system is designed and developed which improves the torque at POT condition by making the charge to flow through the longer path and at WOT condition the charge flows through the shorter path. The flow of charge between the two paths is controlled based on the flow characteristics of charge at different operation conditions namely POT and WOT conditions. In this method no valves are used to channelize the charge, no external actuation mechanism is required and no moving parts are present, which further improves the reliability of the system. Experimental results have shown more than 47% improvement in Torque and Power at POT condition without any sacrifice of performance at WOT condition.
Saravanan, D., Gokhale, Anish, Karthikeyan, N.
Oil Dilution Model for Combustion Engines - Detection of Fuel Accumulation and Evaporation2014-36-01709/30/2014
To reduce atmospheric CO2 emissions as well as crude oil consumption, several countries have started to increase the ethanol content in gasoline. Brazil is unique in this respect, where pure ethanol fuel (E100) is offered on the market, however the use of pure ethanol as a fuel, significantly affects engine oil dilution. High oil dilution directly affects the injection system, during the fuel evaporation process. The evaporation behaviour is mainly characterized by the chemical composition of the fuel accumulated in the oil, as well as the engine warm-up behaviour. A high proportion of the accumulated hydrocarbons in the engine oil evaporates, as engine oil temperature increases. There can be dramatic effects on systems that are not designed to consider the evaporated hydrocarbons. Effects such as misfire or engine stall are well known phenomena of unconsidered fuel evaporation. The Continental oil dilution model is able to determine the oil contamination during every engine operating point. It is possible to differentiate between several typical fuel types for the accumulation determination and based on that, to model an evaporation mass fuel flow from the crank-case into the intake manifold. Using the model, the impact on the overall system can be considered correctly and the engine combustion stabilized. This paper highlights the fuel accumulation and evaporation model for flex-fuel engines based on a multiple component approach. The general principle of the algorithm will be explained and the system reactions of the function are pointed out and compared to previous systems.
Lenk, Jan-Richard, Meyer, Lars, Provase, Ivan Sanches
Root Cause Analysis, and Influence of Environmental Characteristics on a Heavy Duty Diesel Engine Fault in High Altitude2014-36-03799/30/2014
The objective of this article is to present a root-cause analysis performed to support the fault trace of a heavy duty diesel engine breakdown, operating in high altitude. The process to elaborate a cause-effect diagram, also known as Ishikawa diagram is briefly described. Some factors that can influence the engine behavior and its reliability are listed in the cause-effect diagram. According to the failure mode analyzed, the selected factors are then described, and how they could interfere in the engine functioning.
Massuchetto, Marco Antonio, Lodetti, Julio
Development And Testing Of An Electrical Charger For Internal Combustion Engines2014-36-01779/30/2014
The objective of this work is to study and evaluate an alternative way to increase the air flow into the combustion chamber of a spark-ignition engine. For this purpose an electric ducted fan (EDF) was used to improve the overall volumetric efficiency, increasing the performance of the engine. Looking for better volumetric efficiency with minimum mechanical adjustments, the introduction of an electrician in the intake system of an engine provides a gradual increase of power according to the needs of the driver. Using this approach it is expected to reduce mechanical losses in the admission and improve the volumetric efficiency of the engine. This increased efficiency will cost just the generation of electric power required to drive the fan. The fan was installed in a FIAT Palio 1.6 16V and in a FIAT Palio 1.0 8V and tested in a chassis dynamometer. The obtained results indicate that the used methodology was appropriate to the proposed objectives and a demonstration prototype was built.
Borge, José Antônio Ferreira, Soares, Gustavo Freitas, Portilho, João Paulo Cruz, de Souza Medeiros de Freitas, Marcos José
Power Cylinder Oil Consumption: Problem SolvingJ2795_201408 (Historical)8/5/2014
This document describes methodologies to determine the causes of high oil consumption caused by primarily the power cylinder system.
Piston and Ring Standards Committee
Power Cylinder Blow-by: Problem SolvingJ2798_201408 (Historical)8/5/2014
This document describes methodologies to determine the causes blow-by oil consumption caused by the power cylinder.
Piston and Ring Standards Committee
NVH Integration of Twin Charger Direct Injected Gasoline Engine2014-01-20876/30/2014
The increased focus and demands on the reduction of fuel consumption and CO2 requires the automotive industry to develop and introduce new and more energy efficient powertrain concepts. The extensive utilisation of downsizing concepts, such as boosting, leads to significant challenges in noise, vibration and harshness (NVH) integration. This is in conflict with the market expectation on the vehicle's acoustic refinement, which plays an increasingly important role in terms of product perception, especially in the premium or luxury segment. The introduction of the twin charger boosting system, i.e. combining super and turbo charging devices, enables downsizing/speeding in order to achieve improved fuel economy as well as short time-to-torque, while maintaining high driving dynamics. This concept requires also extensive consideration to NVH integration. The NVH challenges when integrating a roots type supercharger are very extensive. The high frequency source characteristics of the supercharger result in complex wave propagation inside the intake duct system since exciting pulsation orders are well above duct cut-on frequencies. The source strength in relation to audible interior tonal noise threshold is also very high. In addition the background masking levels in terms of mainly combustion related powertrain and road noise are low with the consequence that the orders (tonal noise components) can be prominent and annoying even with a high degree of acoustic source treatment (remedies). The scope of this paper is to describe quantification of the charging system noise radiation and propagation including subsystem target cascading synthesis.
Shah, Ashish, Lennström, David, Sturesson, Per-Olof, Easterling, William
Home Air Purifiers Eradicate Harmful PathogensTBMG-198896/1/2014
In the 1990s, NASA scientists were thinking of what astronauts would need to survive long-term missions to the Moon and other planets. One important requirement was a dependable source of food, which could be accomplished by astronauts growing their own produce in space-age greenhouses. But cultivating crops in a sealed-off environment results in the buildup of an undesirable gas called ethylene. Plants release the odorless, colorless fume into the air, which has the unfortunate effect of accelerating decay, hastening the wilting of flowers and the ripening of fruits and vegetables.
Development of an Air Filtration Software2014-01-07584/1/2014
The air filters in an air intake system permanently remove foreign particles such as dust, dirt and soot from the intake air, thereby maintaining the performance of the engine and protecting it from damage. The filter performance is typically a trade-off between pressure loss, load capacity and efficiency. Exhaust gas regulations and customer requirements such as filter duration always determine air filter development. For this reason Röchling Automotive has developed a new software tool for estimating air filter lifetime which simplifies and significantly shortens the pre-development of filter elements with regard to filtration and pressure drop. In addition, it is possible to compare the different filter geometries (number of pleats, height, paper etc.) in order to limit the number of different filter elements, for example for a complete series of cars. By correlating the total air consumption with the average dust concentration typical for the environment involved, the air filter lifetime can be precisely predicted. The program utilizes input data such as the maximum flow rate, the condition of the ambient air, filter geometry, filter media and air consumption per kilometer. All of these data allow precise predictions to be made regarding filter duration, load capacity and maximum face velocity. First, this paper explains how filter testing is usually carried out according to the ISO 5011 standard, and it describes the testing conditions and regulations with which the test rigs used have to comply. After some general facts on the software tool, the paper focuses on the basic mathematical principles behind it as well as its mode of operation. This is followed by a discussion of the input data required and of the output which the user can obtain in return. The paper finishes with an outlook on additional features in the future.
Barbolini, Marco
A Procedure to Achieve 1D Predictive Modeling of Turbochargers under Hot and Pulsating Flow Conditions at the Turbine Inlet2014-01-10804/1/2014
Nowadays turbocharging the internal combustion engine has become an essential tool in the automotive industry to meet downsizing technique requirements. In that context turbocharger unsteadiness is huge since both turbine and compressor work under high pulsating flow conditions, being turbocharger behavior prediction more difficult but still key for matching and predicting ICE performance. The well understanding and modeling of the occurring physical phenomena during turbocharger unsteady and off-design operation seems crucial. In this paper three small radial turbines used in turbochargers from passenger car applications have been tested under high temperature and pulsating flow conditions on the turbine side. A gas stand and a rotary valve installed on the turbine inlet have been used to reproduce pulses with desired characteristics. A beam-forming technique for pressure wave's decomposition has been used to analyze turbine performance in detail. In order to analyze complex problem of hot pulsating flow on the turbine side, the experiments have been modeled using the 1-D gas-dynamic code OpenWAM™. Several turbocharger sub-models accounting for heat transfer and mechanical losses have been used instantaneously in a quasi-steady way. Besides a turbine geometrical model and an extrapolation methodology to extend turbine adiabatic maps have been applied in order to account for instantaneous efficiency variations and acoustical effects. It has been demonstrated how turbocharger proposed models can be used to well reproduce turbocharger performance working under hot pulsating flow conditions. Accurate results predicting turbocharger averaged parameters and turbine instantaneous performance in both time and frequency domain have been obtained.
Serrano, Jose Ramón, Arnau, Francisco José, Novella, Ricardo, Reyes-Belmonte, Miguel Ángel
SAE 17.6 Cubic Inch Spark Plug Rating EngineJ2203_201402 (Historical)2/26/2014
This SAE Standard defines the standard engine to be used in determining spark plug preignition ratings. The engine is known as the SAE 17.6 Cubic Inch Spark Plug Rating Engine.
Ignition Standards Committee
2013 Create the Future Design: Consumer Products Category WinnerTBMG-1773811/1/2013
Single Cylinder 25kW Range Extender as Alternative to a Rotary Engine Maintaining High Compactness and NVH Performance2013-32-913210/15/2013
Due to the restricted capacity of today's battery systems and therefore limited operating range of electric vehicles (EV), several solutions for recharging the energy storage during driving already have been published and still are the subject of extensive development programs. One example is the Range Extender (RE), which is a combination of an internal combustion engine (ICE) with a generator unit, which serves the purpose of a power back-up in case of a battery with low state of charge (SOC), without any direct connection to the drivetrain. For this kind of RE-application, different boundary conditions are very important. Especially in EVs topics like packaging space and NVH behavior play a main role. To fulfill these important characteristics, AVL has developed a Wankel-RE unit in which the generator is driven directly from the eccentric shaft of the rotary-piston ICE. With such an arrangement and the correct balancing of the power unit directly on the rotor of the generator, a very small packaging size in combination with smooth and silent running can be achieved and fulfills the most important characteristics for an electric vehicle. Besides these outstanding attributes, and although RE rotary engine concepts have proven to have acceptable fuel efficiency even under stringent emission challenges, the main drawback of rotary engines can be seen in non-availability of large scale manufacturing devices for specific rotary engine components. Therefore, the industry would prefer and is demanding solutions based on conventional piston engines. Following this request, AVL has developed an alternative concept which shows the potential of substituting the Wankel engine by a common single-cylinder piston engine within the same tight packaging boundaries. By means of a tailor made balancing system, the mass forces and torsional vibration have been brought to a level which is competitive to the excellent NVH behavior of the Wankel engine. This paper shows the development of this concept, the resulting design and packaging in combination with simulation results confirming the NVH behavior of the single cylinder RE.
Hubmann, Christian, Beste, Frank, Friedl, Hubert, Schoffmann, Wolfgang
Development of Intake Sound Control Technique for Sports-Type Motorcycles2013-32-916410/15/2013
Engine sound is one of the most important factors when selecting a motorcycle from various models. Therefore, it is necessary to create an appealing sound in the rider's ears in addition to complying with noise regulations. In this paper, how we control intake sound is described through the study of a sports-type motorcycle with an inline 4 cylinder engine. To control intake sound, both intake pressure pulsations generated by the engine and acoustic transfer characteristics of the intake system are important. It is shown by unsteady-state one-dimensional computational fluid dynamics analysis that specifications of the exhaust system affect intake pressure pulsations across the valve overlap period. Therefore, to emphasize high order components of the engine revolutions in the intake sound, for example, modifying the layout of the exhaust muffler is effective. Next, acoustic transfer characteristics from the air cleaner box to the rider's ears of the motorcycle are investigated by acoustic tests based on the reciprocity principle. We try tuning these acoustic transfer characteristics by controlling resonance in the air cleaner box by means of finite element analysis. And, it is illustrated experimentally that the sound in the rider's ears is created as intended by modifying the air cleaner box. As a result, it is shown that intake sound can be designed effectively by the proposed method.
Matsubara, Kenta, Nakamura, Noritaka, Katsukawa, Yota, Furuhashi, Kenichi
Reduced-Order Modeling of Intake Air Dynamics in Single-Cylinder Four-Stroke Engine2013-32-904110/15/2013
This study deals with reduced-order modeling of intake air dynamics in single-cylinder four-stroke naturally-aspirated spark-ignited engines without surge tanks. It provides an approximate calculation method for embedded micro computers to estimate intake manifold pressures in real time. The calculation method is also applicable to multi-cylinder engines with individual throttle bodies since the engines can be equated with parallelization of the single-cylinder engines. In this paper, we illustrate the intake air dynamics, describe a method to estimate the intake manifold pressures, and show experimental results of the method.
Akama, Shun-ichi, Murayama, Yasunori, Sakoda, Shigeho
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