Browse Topic: Cardan joint

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Optimizing Steering Column Layout and UJ Phase Angle to Enhance Vehicle Dynamics Performance2019-01-50102/5/2019
Vehicle dynamics is one of the most important vehicle attributes. It is classified into three domains, the longitudinal, vertical, and lateral dynamics. This paper focuses on optimizing the lateral vehicle dynamics which is driven by the straight ahead controllability and cornering controllability of the vehicle. One of the important parameters that dictates these sub-attributes is the steering ratio. Therefore, designing the right steering ratio is critical to meet the vehicle “specific” targets. Significant amount of work has been done by many researchers on variable steering ratio by implementing variable gear ratio (VGR) rack, active steering, and steer-by-wire systems. This paper discusses the methodology and considerations to optimize the steering ratio for a constant gear ratio rack by optimizing the steering column layout, viz., orientation and the phase angle in universal joints. A detailed analysis of steering system layout is done to optimize the steering ratio to enhance the vehicle dynamics performance. Full vehicle-level multibody dynamics (MBD) simulations are done in ADAMS® to compare the vehicle response behavior for different steering ratios in the open-loop objective tests. The Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) results show significant impact of the proposed design methodology on vehicle controllability. When the phase angle and the initial column angle are optimized for a quick on-center steering ratio, the response gains are higher, resulting in a sporty and agile feel. However, when the same vehicle is tuned for a slower on-center steering ratio, the gains are lower, resulting in a sluggish, lazy feel. This methodology can be implemented during the initial vehicle design phase to optimize vehicle performance.
Puvvula, Praneeth, Ravuri, Susheel, Dubal, Ajit, Salunkhe, Swapnil
Design and Analysis of a Gear Rattle Test Rig2009-01-21135/19/2009
Gear rattle in manual transmission systems is a complex phenomenon and problematic to transmission and vehicle manufacturers. In the last three decades some inroads have been made in applying analytical and numerical analysis to understand rattle, however solutions and design methodologies for low rattle or no rattle are elusive. Problems with rattling transmissions continue to plague the industry. Controlled experiments for transmission rattle are required for research, to aid in the development of design tools and for validation of these tools. This paper presents a test rig which utilises a Hooke's joint to induce the torsional oscillations that lead to rattle. The design process relies on torsional lumped mass modeling and linear and transient nonlinear analyses and this paper details how the correct specification of the required driving motor isolation system is achieved. The rig complements the ongoing development of advanced rattle simulation tools and design methodologies and is intended for validation and research work.
Crowther, A. R., Rozyn, M. K.
The Application Concept of Universal Joint to Make Limited Slip Differential, Center Differential and Clutch2007-01-06624/16/2007
There are many types of joint that are popularly used nowadays; and the Universal joint is one of the types. However, the application of the Universal joint limits the angle of the driving axle and the driven axle not less than 160 degrees. The lower degree of this angle will require unnecessary higher input torque because the input load increases. Therefore, in this article presents the application concept of Universal joint at the angle lower than 160 degrees, such as: Limited Slip Differential, Center Differential, Viscous Coupling and Clutch.
Anantapal, Nonnwats
Universal Joints and Driveshafts—Nomenclature—Terminology—ApplicationJ901_200701 (Current)1/30/2007
The following definitions and illustrations are intended to establish common nomenclature and terminology for universal joints and driveshafts used in various driveline applications. In addition, useful guidelines are included for the application of universal joints and driveshafts. For more specific details, see Universal Joint and Driveshaft Design Manual, AE-7.
Drivetrain Standards Committee
Investigation of the Vehicle Ride Vibration Effect on the Driveline Fluctuations2002-01-306511/18/2002
One of the main causes of the torsional and bending fluctuations of the driveline is the angularity of the driveshaft and its universal joints. Most of the previous studies of the driveline vibrations have considered constant and equal angularities of these joints. However, the exact equality of the angularity is very difficult to maintain for ground vehicles under different ride vibration modes. This paper is concerned with the coupling between the driveline fluctuations and the ride vibrations of the rear drive vehicles. The coupled motions, which are; drive axle suspension deformation and vehicle body pitch angle and their derivatives, have been used to study the driveshaft and output shaft bending and torsional fluctuations. The results have showed that the fluctuations of the driveshaft due to the base angularity of the joints are superimposed by another fluctuation due to the bounce and pitch of the vehicle body. Also, the results showed that the output shaft is torsionally fluctuated even for equality of the propeller shaft joints angles.
Rabeih, E. M. A, El-Demerdash, S. M.
Evaluation Method for Vibratory Forces Caused by Propeller Shaft1999-01-17635/17/1999
This paper describes a bench test evaluation method for vibratory forces caused by a propeller shaft. Most of the vibratory forces are usually generated at the joints of a propeller shaft. They are classified as vibratory forces of axial, radial and moment directions. Axial force can be easily evaluated by measuring the load washer outputs. On the contrary, radial and moment forces can not be analyzed enough clearly even though the outputs are measured, because the load washer for both forces is the same and the outputs depend on the sum of these forces. In this paper, an algorithm for the evaluation method is described. In this method the outputs, as a sum of the forces, are by computation translated separately into kinds of forces which are generated at each joint. The translated results are calculated using an inverse matrix of influence coefficients between the forces and the outputs. Using this method, the evaluation is effective for analyzing the mechanism of the forces.
Ono, Koichiro
High Speed Fixed Constant Velocity Joint for Automotive Driveshaft Applications9808342/23/1998
A fixed ball Constant Velocity joint has been developed and optimized specifically for automotive driveshafts with articulation angles greater than those permissible with cardan joints. The joint was developed both as an NVH solution to cardan joints and as a lightweight replacement for the centered double cardan joint which exists in many light truck applications today. The joint offers NVH improvements against cardan joints due to its CV nature, and significant improvement when compared to centered double cardan driveshafts because of reduced overhang, improved runout control, compact design and a 20% weight reduction. Internal geometry of the joint has been optimized to minimize heat generation during operation. The joint has been successfully endurance tested running at 75 kilowatts at angles of 10.
Johnson, Rory
High Speed Constant Velocity Joints for Car and Light Truck Driveshafts9508912/1/1995
This paper reviews the Constant Velocity Joint technology available for Passenger Car and Light Truck driveshafts. It discusses performance requirements of various driveline configurations and analyses design characteristics and application limits of high speed constant velocity joints. A new generation of driveshaft joints is introduced and novel joint concepts are presented.
Magirius, Stefan, Booker, Dan
Analysis of an Automotive Driveline with Cardan Universal Joints9508952/1/1995
A detailed methodology is presented in this paper for a complete assessment of various forces, torques, and kinematic effects due to universal joint angularities and shaft yoke phasing. A modular approach has been adopted wherein constitutive equations represent each of the key elements of a driveline namely the driveshaft, coupling shaft, universal joint, and the transmission/axle shafts. Concentrated loads are used wherever loads are being transferred between the elements of a driveline. Local matrices are developed for the equilibrium of the respective driveline members. The local matrices are then assembled into a global matrix and solved for the kinematic state of the complete driveline. A 6x15 matrix has been developed to represent a general shaft in the system and a 6x10 matrix has been developed for a universal joint cross. This gives us a complete picture of all the loads on all driveline members. The calculated bearing loads can then be used to appropriately design or select the trunnion and center bearings. The developed approach can accommodate angularity changes in three dimensions. Thus a very general algorithm has been developed to address driveline issues encountered in practice. Experimental studies have been conducted on a truck driveline and the vibratory response of the driveline was recorded. In addition, computer simulations have been undertaken to predict the vibratory response of the same driveline. Results from both the studies are presented in this paper.
Szadkowski, Andrew, Prange, Edward, Vedam, Kumar, Naganathan, Nagi G.
TORAN™: A Comprehensive Simulation Tool for Driveline Torsionals94232211/1/1994
A novel computer simulation program entitled TORAN™ has been developed by the Spicer Clutch Division of Dana Corporation. TORAN™ has been developed for use as an engineering tool for quick and interactive, yet a complete torsional analysis of heavy duty truck drivetrains. This will allow the design and application engineers to examine and predict the behavior of these drivetrains throughout practical ranges of frequencies and torques. TORAN™ is more than just another modification of similar existing programs. The Program, which includes a database of confidential data furnished by drivetrain component and OEM manufacturers and algorithms proprietary to the Spicer Clutch Division. The algorithm accommodates some substantial nonlinearities, such as clutch damper hysteresis and universal joint disturbances. Also included are several new modeling features describing geometrical configuration of axles, torsional properties of tires, etc. The Program can perform a complete modal analysis and evaluate the steady state response to periodic excitations. Furthermore, the special structure of the TORAN™ database and its user friendly interface provide a means for interactive parametric studies for design purposes. The interface allows interactive addition of damper inertias at different locations in the drivetrain and an immediate evaluation of their influence on the drivetrain torsionals. The simulation software involves more than 20,000 lines of computer code in FORTRAN and C and uses OSF MOTIF windowing functions for its user-friendly interface. While the simulation is designed within a UNIX type environment, the user need not be UNIX competent to run torsional analyses. All functions are built to be mouse-click and keyboard operations within the environment provided by the software. Both modeling issues and program features of TORAN™ will be detailed in this paper.
Szadkowski, Andrew, Naganathan, Nagi G.
Trunnion-Type Double Cardan onstant Velocity Steering Joint93301611/1/1993
The parameters of a well designed vehicle steering system include a consistent torque effort at the steering wheel, a crisp and symmetric return to the straight ahead position, and a pleasing on-center feel. Historically, these features were more easily attained with a straight-line placement of the steering column relative to the gear connection. The trend toward vehicle downsizing, along with new vehicle requirements for crush zones and tighter package restraints, have necessitated the incorporation of multiple universal joint steering systems, thus making the features above more difficult to obtain. Moreover, operating angles continue to increase with the reduction of packaging space and imposed government motor vehicle safety standards. The solution presented herein introduces a small diameter, simplified double Cardan joint that, unlike multiple joint, high angle, single Cardan systems, will transmit rotational motion at near constant velocity with little or no torque variation, thus approximating the performance of less complex systems of years past.
Doyle, Thomas J., Frutig, Edward A., Boyden, David E., Riccitelli, Martin G.
Dynamic Behavior of a Driveline with Universal Joints91249111/1/1991
Nowadays universal joint drive(UJD) is an essential part in a machine to transmit the rotational motion, although it can be also used to transmit the intermittent drives. But only a uniform rotational motion on the average will be concerned in this paper. For the particular kinematics condition of a universal joint(UJ), torsional and bending vibrations are produced excessively in an elastic driveline incorporating UJ, in addition to those by the external or the process conditioned excitations due to the oscillating driving or load torque. Damages in a driveline component or excessive dynamic forces or disturbances can be caused in driveline system as a consequence. In case that defects are not directly developed, the annoying noise of high frequencies is eventually accompanied. This paper presents the analysis of exciting mechanisms of vibration in a driveline and some results from the recent research works.
Park, Bo Yong, Stühler, W.
New Variations of the Cardan Concept Increase Universal Joint Performance9117779/1/1991
An increased demand for greater performance of universal joints has prompted the development of joints capable of long life at high speeds, high angles, and high loads. The Cardan joint has proven to be the only design capable of meeting all these demands. New variations of the Cardan and double Cardan concepts have shown the ability to increase universal joint performance. The purpose of this paper is to define the advantages of a new universal joint design based on the Cardan concept. By changing the shape and location of component parts of the Cardan and double Cardan designs, improvements in lubrication, vibration and misalignment can be obtained. Advantages in lubrication can be accomplished by replacing the internal Cardan cross or “spider” with an external ring. Vibration improvements over the double Cardan joint are obtained by replacing the external connecting yoke with an internal connecting member. Misalignment angles up to 90° are possible with less sacrifice to joint rigidity and space requirements.
Britton, James S., Cornay, Paul J.
An Atlas of Linkages for Independent Suspensions9119259/1/1991
Number synthesis is an important tool in mechanism design. It permits the systematic enumeration of all possible candidate mechanisms for a given application thereby placing bounds on the technology. This paper describes the application of number synthesis to the structural synthesis of independent suspensions. An independent suspension must permit vertical motions of the wheel relative to the car body, while being fairly rigid in directions orthogonal to the vertical. This is best achieved by means of in-parallel linkages, i.e., suspensions consisting of one or more chains of links and joints connected in parallel between the wheel and the car body. We enumerate all possible single-degree-of-freedom in-parallel linkages with up to five chains. A single-degree-of-freedom linkage is one in which the configuration of the entire linkage is specified by a single parameter. The discussion is restricted to linkages with revolute, prismatic, cylindric, pin-in-sphere, and spherical joints. There are 2 singlechain, 82 two-chain, 224 three-chain, 160 four-chain, and 56 five-chain in-parallel linkages which are candidates for possible use as independent suspensions. Structural graphs for all these linkages are presented. All existing independent suspensions appear in this atlas as natural products of the enumeration process.
Raghavan, Madhusudan
Effect of Mounting Errors on Cardan-Type Universal Joint Kinematics8804832/1/1988
Homogeneous coordinate-transformation matrices are used to analyze a Cardan-type universal joint whose input and output shafts do not intersect because of mounting tolerance errors. It is found that such mounting errors induce double-frequency axial motion at the output joint of magnitude comparable to that of the error. To avoid this sliding motion it is important that the offset between the input and output axes which results from mounting errors be held to as close a tolerance as is possible.
Fischer, Ian S.
Computer-Aided Analysis of a Steering Column Using Cardan Universal Joints8412049/1/1984
The methodology has been developed to analyze the forces and stresses in a steering column with any arbitrary Cardan univeral joint system. Various forces and moments in a two Cardan joint system supported by two anti-friction radial bearings on both the input and output shaft have been determined as a function of shaft rotational angle. It is assumed that the torque and axial force in the input shaft are given. With this assumption, 30 unknowns are solved from 30 simultaneous force and moment equilibrium equations for the three shafts and two crosses. This general analysis will determine bearing loadings, torque variations within the system, and allow calculation of stress fields within critical components. A more efficient design for the system can be realized with the results of such an analysis.
Cowles, John H., Chiu, Y. P.
Systematic Development of Universal and Constant Velocity Joints8405662/1/1984
A systematic procedure for finding approaches is presented in this paper for the development and design of new universal joint shafts in the field of drive technologies. Building upon known joint designs, including the universal joint, the double Cardan joint, and ball-type constant velocity joints based on the Rzeppa, Weiss, or Tripot principles, the work steps in this development methodology for finding new concepts are arranged in a design engineering analysis and a synthesis portion. Joint designs abstracted under these provisions can be distinctly cross-compared within the kinematic chains and examined for common features that, following this, can be summarized in one common basic joint model. The joint synthesis contains the same work steps as the joint analysis, however, the sequence is reversed, meaning that it proceeds from the abstract to the concrete, and it generates new concept approaches based on the basic joint model by, for example, number variation of the kinematic chain. Restrictions, the approach selection and the design lead in some cases to new types of constant velocity universal joints: a few will be presented in this paper.
Balken, Jochen F.
Torsional Vibration Measurement and Analysis: A New Technique8313209/12/1983
Torsional vibration measurements, while varying in complexity, are probably the least familiar type of vibration measurement. The high output demands imposed on today's engines require a complete understanding of torsional vibration. This understanding is necessary to insure proper function and durability of these engines and their components. The need for an accurate, reliable and durable measurement system that could be used for the evaluation of any engine application is essential. The measurement system has two basic components, an engine mounted transducer and signal conditioning/data reduction equipment. The transducer must be selected before other system components can be identified or developed. A prototype transducer has been evaluated and proven to meet the above criteria. Its performance has been verified with the use of redundant test methods. This instrumentation included proximity probes, linear accelerometers, an angular velocity transducer and optical methods. The linearity response of the transducer was excellent on all the subjected test set-ups. The device responded equally well to either rotating or non-rotating inputs. Eccentric locations of the transducer were shown to have minimal effects on the output response. Temperature compensation must be built into the production transducer and accurate readings can be expected from 25°F (−3.8°C) to 250°F (121°C). The future of this device looks very promising and the range of applications extend from torsional testing and machinery diagnosis to continuous systems monitoring.
Henry, Mark S.
Simulation of Torque Characteristics in Drivelines with Universal Joints8210272/1/1982
The variations of torque in drivelines with single and double cardan U-joints in a 4-wheel-drive articulated farm machine in motion have been studied by computer simulation. A mass elastic model for an engine, power train and the machine is used for the simulation. The effects of tire slips and traction parameters on torque variation of drive shafts have also been included in the study. The torque in drive train input drive shaft with single U-joints having large angular unequality for 40 deg. articulation and 15 deg. oscillation about center pivot has shown severe fluctuations with reversals. The yoke accelerations are also beyond acceptable values. The power train output shaft does not show much of a torque variation because of lower speed and effective inertias and stiffnesses. The driveline torque variation is reduced when the angular unequality is made smaller. The use of double cardan joints with as high a joint angle as 32.5 deg. is found to have lowered the torque fluctuation and has eliminated the torque reversals in the drive train input shaft. The angular accelerations of yokes have also been drastically reduced. The effects of initial tire slips and coefficients of traction are found to be negligible on the torque characteristics of the drive train input shaft. The effects are larger on the torque variations of the front output shaft. The study has further shown that for the same degree of oscillation as above, a double cardan joint would be needed to reduce the torque fluctuation in the PTO input drive shaft.
Kar, Malay K.
An Angular Sensor for Transmission Error Inspection8200542/1/1982
To serve the need of in-line rear axle diagnostics as well as other types of transmission inspection, an angular sensor development has been undertaken. It has resulted in a new device, incorporated into a system which performs angular error sensing at three levels. High precision of better than 0.003% in velocity variations is achieved. A continuous check of the null-error status of the devices is maintained in order to ensure maximum reliability of the readings. An easy on-site calibration check is available which eliminates the need for any precision calibrating fixture. The device is configured to accommodate a pass-through drive shaft for in-line mounting. A rugged design and immunity to rotor imperfections are advantageous in a plant environment.
Milenkovic, V., Shmuter, S.
Design of Increased Horsepower Agricultural P.T.O. Drivelines7908772/1/1979
The population of larger than 150 horsepower tractors in North America has now grown to a point where powered implements are being designed to utilize the higher horsepower available. The continuing objective of reducing driveline noise levels while transmitting power efficiently can be achieved in these larger units by a proper analysis of the driveline geometry as well as the drive shaft design. This paper outlines the factors considered in the analysis.
Trojanowski, T.S.
Interpretation of Laboratory Tests on Universal Joints7908782/1/1979
The Cardan universal joint is widely used in highway and off-highway vehicles to transmit power for propulsion and accessories. In spite of its wide use, the analysis of driveline failures is complex because the failure modes are inter-related and the time required for wear failures to develop allows much evidence of the primary failure mode to be obscured. This paper presents a description of the basic failure modes that are common to Cardan universal joints and the relation between these failure modes and the laboratory tests that are used to investigate their effect on service life. Methods of analyzing the data generated in laboratory tests are also discussed. Finally, a comprehensive example is presented to show the accumulation of information that can be obtained from a complete test program.
Johnson, Teddy B.
Constant Velocity Joints and Their Applications7800982/1/1978
Various families of constant velocity joints have been developed and applied in mass production vehicles, to overcome limitations imposed by cardan joints in automotive drive line applications. The special requirements of front wheel, rear wheel and longitudinal drive lines, as well as the different construction principles are specified and analysed. Furthermore the individual characteristics and features of the main GKN fixed and plunging joints are described. Forecast vehicle design requirements are identified which led to the development of a new constant velocity joint family.
Girguis, Sobhy L., Sankey, Ivor G., Schüler, Volker, Guimbretiere, Pierre
Double Cardan Constant Velocity Universal Joint7406712/1/1974
The double Cardan joint is a solution for many driveline design configurations where the speed and included continuous operating universal joint angle requirements make it impossible to use a single Cardan joint. The basic design principals, dynamic operating characteristics, and the application of the double Cardan constant velocity universal joint are presented as a guide to the application of the double Cardan-type universal joint. Vehicle concepts are made possible with the preferred or most convenient location of components by using a double Cardan design. It offers an economical solution to driveline configurations that must operate at unequal compound angles.
Cooney, Charles E.
A Low Cost Inertial Measurement Unit for Business Aircraft6903372/1/1969
Dramatic advances in the area of Low Cost Inertial (LCI) platforms have rapidly hastened inertial navigation applicability for today's commercial and business aircraft. Even in the recent past, a navigation system's Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) with its extremely precise sensors, has conventionally been considered a prime source of high cost. A “reduced cost system” which would be attractive to the business and private aircraft market place, should begin, therefore, with a stable element of inherent simplicity featuring drastic new low cost designs and innovations in sensors, components, and fabrication techniques. In addition, these features must offer improved reliability, reasonable maintenance concepts, and adequate performance. Finally, in order to insure its acceptance, the design of this low cost IMU must emphasize compatibility with existing aircraft interfaces and procedures.
Gasper, Frank T., Ross, Herbert S.
Dynamic Characteristics of Truck Driveline Systems6501894/1/1965
This paper reviews the functions, construction, and operating characteristics of truck driveline systems. It shows the various types of universal joint-propeller shaft constructions used in a wide range of applications. There is discussion of conventional considerations, constant velocity joints, wheel drive installations, and others. The dynamic characteristics are studied as to how they affect and are affected by the entire vehicle drive train. Experience factors are shown to establish practical engineering guide limitations.
Mazziotti, Philip J.
LOW TUNNELS MEAN HIGH ANGLES6105351/1/1961
MARQUIS, D. P.
THE NEW BUICK LOW-PROFILE DRIVELINE6105341/1/1961
DALEY, F. R. L., CHRISTENSEN, R. J.
NEW CONCEPTS IN DRIVELINES6105271/1/1961
KAYSER, JOHN A.
DYNAMICS OF A LOW SILHOUETTE HOTCHKISS DRIVE LINE5703131/1/1957
BOLLINGER, R. H.
METHODS OF MEASURING TORSIONAL VIBRATION4701191/1/1947
HOPE, L. F.
UNIVERSAL JOINT EFFICIENCY1500131/1/1915
Spicer, C. W.
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