Browse Topic: Bolts

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The applications of Acoustic Black Holes to attenuation of Coach/Bus Frame Structure Vibrations2025-01-006505/05/2023
Abstract An acoustic black hole (ABH) is a structure whose cross-sectional thickness decreases exponentially to zero, and the phase velocity and group velocity of wave propagation in those structure acoustic black holes decrease as the thickness decreases until they are zero. ABH produce some very magical physical phenomena. For example, because the wave velocity decreases to zero, the wave can never reach the center of the ABH, so the wave propagation in the acoustic black hole has neither refraction nor reflection; that is to say the vibration wave will not go through the acoustic black hole. As a result, the wave energy is concentrated in the center of the ABH. The arrangements of those acoustic black holes in the structures could change the directions of the vibrational wave propagation in the structures at NVH engineers’ wills. These amazing phenomena could play a magical role in reducing structural vibration, structural noise radiation and structure-borne noise. Basic structures
Huang, Xianli
Handling Loading Dynamics in Chassis Bolted Connections Through Friction Increase2022-01-024103/29/2022
With the trend towards electrification, the number of vehicle variants (ICE, hybrid, BEV) for a like model are increasing, or for the case of BEVs, there are multiple models utilizing the same skateboard design. These vehicle variants can create challenges on how to handle the differences in weight and loading dynamics while utilizing the same carry-over chassis design. In some cases, the solution to this problem can be solved by increasing the shear capacity of the critical bolted connection. This can be done by increasing the static coefficient of friction between the mating components. FEM results are shared on a friction enhancement solution and the difference it can make on load capacity for a weight bearing connection in chassis. The solution is effective on all common material types including aluminum and e-coated steel. Comparisons are made to bolt design solutions, proving that friction increase can significantly improve the performance of the bolted connection without a need
Jackowski, John, Milton, Chuck, Ness, Jon, Grimm, Florian
Methodology and application on load monitoring using strain-gauged bolts in brake calipers2022-01-112103/29/2022
As technology evolves, the number of sensors and available data on vehicles grow exponentially. In this context, it is essential to use sensors for monitoring key components, increasing safety and reliability, and gathering data useful for mechanical dimensioning and control systems. This paper presents an application of strain-gauged bolts brake calipers fixation of two electric vehicles. With this approach it was possible to obtain the loads applied to the brake pads and correlate them with braking behavior, therefore gaining insights on braking conditions and system state. The goal of the study is analyzing the strengths and limitations of the method and proposing developments to deploy it in real applications. This topic is particularly important and novel for electric vehicles, where powertrains can create positive and negative torques and generate complex interactions with braking system. Strain-gauges are a long-known technology applied in many fields, and its usage in bolts and
de Carvalho Pinheiro, Henrique, Sisca, Lorenzo, Carello, Massimiliana, Ferraris, Alessandro, Airale, Andrea Giancarlo, Falossi, Marco, Carlevaris, Alberto
Development & Deployment of Bolted joint integrity evaluation for Automotive suspension joints2022-01-092803/29/2022
Bolted joints are the most commonly used joints in automotive suspension assemblies. They are expected to retain the strength over the course of useful life of the vehicle and contribute to durability in a big way through reduction of stress amplitudes. Any sort of loosening or slip or breakage in these joints can lead to noise or catastrophic failures. In the past, such issues were addressed through thumb rules & design guidelines. However, with the focus on first-time right Tests with reduced Validation time it has become important to upfront predict the suspension joint integrity through simulation. Toward this objective, a novel approach was developed to upfront simulate the suspension joint integrity for bolted joints. This approach considers various parameters like bolt preload, tolerance stackup of the parts in the joint, coefficients of friction of various interfaces, quality of contact & effect of deformation at the thread interface on joint integrity. Also, key parameters
Chaudhari, Varun N., Nagappan, Rajkumar, Kangde, Suhas
Chevrolet Bolt Electric Vehicle Model Validated with On-The-Road Data and Applied to Estimating the Benefits of a Multi-Speed Gearbox2022-01-080203/29/2022
This paper presents a model for predicting the energy consumption of a 2017 Chevy Bolt electric vehicle. The model is validated using more than 100 measured drive cycles covering in excess of 6,000 miles of driving and temperatures from 15 to 90 ⁰F. The mechanical road load acting on the vehicle is calculated via ABC parameters from the publicly available US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Annual Certification Data database. The vehicle model includes wheel diameter, gear ratio, rated electric machine torque and power, 12V accessory load based off measurements, measured electric machine efficiency obtained from a publication from General Motors, modelled inverter efficiency, assumed gearbox efficiency, and a battery model. To ensure accuracy under real-world conditions, road grade, temperature effects, and heating and cooling energy are included as well. The model predicts a 0 to 60mph acceleration of the vehicle of 6.6 seconds, just 0.1 seconds greater than the rated value. The
Machado, Fabricio, Kollmeyer, Phillip, Emadi, Ali
Influence of Manufacturing Processes on the Structural behavior of Truck Frame Rail Sections2022-01-091403/29/2022
The sequence of manufacturing processes involved in the making of ladder shaped truck frame rail assembly leave certain amount of manufacturing and assembly imperfections in the form of plastic deformation and residual stresses in some areas of frame rail ‘C’ sections. The plastic deformation and the resulting residual stress should not be allowed to cross the safer limit as it would affect the structural behaviour of the frame rail while interacting with the externally induced loading stresses from extreme road operating conditions. If the combined stress level crosses the yield limit of the frame material, it may lead to premature failure of frame rail much before it gives the expected life. One such manufacturing induced premature failure in a truck frame rail assembly during proving ground trials was studied in detail using experimental analyses and presented in this paper. As part of this study, the local material crowding due to plastic deformation occurring at certain sections
K, Chinnaraj, KR, Balaji, Gopal, Gopi
BOLT, MACHINE - DOUBLE HEXAGON, EXTENDED WASHER HEAD, CORROSION AND HEAT RESISTANT STEEL, UNS S66286, 130 KSI MIN, .5000-20UNJF-3AAS9561 (Current)10/28/2021
E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems
BOLT, MACHINE - DOUBLE HEXAGON, EXTENDED WASHER HEAD, CORROSION AND HEAT RESISTANT STEEL, UNS S66286, 130 KSI MIN, .4375-20 UNJF-3AAS9560 (Current)10/28/2021
E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems
BOLT, MACHINE – DOUBLE HEXAGON, EXTENDED WASHER HEAD, DRILLED, PD SHANK, UNS S66286, SILVER PLATED, .5625-18UNJF-3AAS9580 (Current)10/26/2021
E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems
BOLT, MACHINE - DOUBLE HEX HEAD, REDUCED SHANK, UNS N07718 - 185 KSIAS3650C10/12/2021
SCOPE IS UNAVAILABLE.
E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems
Hydraulic Pump and Motor Mounting and Drive DimensionsJ744_202110 (Current)10/08/2021
This SAE Standard applies to hydraulic pumps and motors used on off-road self-propelled work machines as described in SAE J1116.
CTTC C1, Hydraulic Systems
Hydraulic Pump and Motor Mounting and Drive DimensionsJ744_202110-TEST-REC (Historical)10/08/2021
This SAE Standard applies to hydraulic pumps and motors used on off-road self-propelled work machines as described in SAE J1116.
CTTC C1, Hydraulic Systems
BEARING, ROLLER, NEEDLE, TRACK ROLLER INTEGRAL STUD, SEALED, TYPE VIII ANTIFRICTION, INCHAS21440C (Current)10/06/2021
ACBG Rolling Element Bearing Committee
T-Bolt and Eye Bolt, A286 CRES, 1000 °F Fatigue RatedAS4108D (Current)09/01/2021
This specification defines the requirements for A286 CRES T-bolts and eye bolts, with room temperature tensile strength of a minimum of 160000 psi, for use with clamps and V-band couplings at 1000 °F maximum ambient temperature.
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
T-Bolt and Eye Bolt, A286 CRES, 1000 °F Fatigue RatedAS4108D-TEST-REC (Historical)09/01/2021
This specification defines the requirements for A286 CRES T-bolts and eye bolts, with room temperature tensile strength of a minimum of 160000 psi, for use with clamps and V-band couplings at 1000 °F maximum ambient temperature.
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
Impact of Mode Shapes on Experimental Loss Factor Estimation in Automotive Joints2021-01-111008/31/2021
This paper presents the experimental work carried out on single-lap joints fastened together with bolts and nuts to investigate the contribution of mode shapes, and the effect that bolt sizes has in dissipating energy in built-up structures. Five different bolt sizes are chosen to assemble five single-bolted single-lap joints using aluminum plates. An analogous monolithic solid piece carved from the same aluminum material is used to determine the material damping and compare it against the damping from bolted joints. The dynamic response of all structures is captured under free-free boundary conditions, and the common modes are analyzed to understand the contribution and primary source of damping in the same range of the sampling frequency. This investigation has revealed that the source of damping in the joints is heavily linked to the mode shapes of the structure and structural damping (also referred to as material damping) contributes more during specific mode shapes compared to the
Sanjeev, Shaan, O'Boy, Dan J., Cunningham, Paul, Fisher, Steve
Steel Self-Drilling Tapping ScrewsJ78_202107 (Current)07/28/2021
This SAE Standard covers the dimensional and general specifications, including performance requirements, for carbon steel self-drilling tapping screws suitable for use in general applications having point Styles 2, 3, 4, and 5. It is the objective of this document to ensure that carbon steel self-drilling tapping screws, by meeting the mechanical and performance requirements specified, shall drill a hole and form or cut mating threads in materials into which they are driven without deforming their own thread and without breaking during assembly.
Fasteners Committee
Steel Self-Drilling Tapping ScrewsJ78_202107-TEST-REC (Historical)07/28/2021
This SAE Standard covers the dimensional and general specifications, including performance requirements, for carbon steel self-drilling tapping screws suitable for use in general applications having point Styles 2, 3, 4, and 5. It is the objective of this document to ensure that carbon steel self-drilling tapping screws, by meeting the mechanical and performance requirements specified, shall drill a hole and form or cut mating threads in materials into which they are driven without deforming their own thread and without breaking during assembly.
Fasteners Committee
BOLT, SPLINE DRIVE SPECIAL EXTENDED WASHER HEAD, REDUCED HEAD, PD SHANK, AMS5708, METRICMA3448A07/12/2021
E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems
Disc Wheel and Hub or Drum Interface Dimensions - Truck and BusJ694_202104 (Current)04/30/2021
This SAE Recommended Practice contains dimensions and their tolerances concerning disc wheel to hub or drum interface areas for truck and bus applications. Disc wheels designed only for single wheel applications (not dual wheels) for light trucks and special or less common applications are not covered in this document.
Truck and Bus Wheel Committee
Disc Wheel and Hub or Drum Interface Dimensions - Truck and BusJ694_202104-TEST-REC (Historical)04/30/2021
This SAE Recommended Practice contains dimensions and their tolerances concerning disc wheel to hub or drum interface areas for truck and bus applications. Disc wheels designed only for single wheel applications (not dual wheels) for light trucks and special or less common applications are not covered in this document.
Truck and Bus Wheel Committee
TERMINAL JUNCTION SYSTEM, TERMINAL JUNCTION BLOCKS, SECTIONAL, GROUNDING MODULES, STUD TYPE MOUNTING, SERIES IAS81714/27B (Current)04/22/2021
AE-8C2 Terminating Devices and Tooling Committee
Bolts and Screws, Steel, UNS S66286 Classification: 130 ksi/1200 °F 1800 °F Solution Heat Treated, Aged After Roll Threaded Procurement Specification forAS7478E (Historical)04/09/2021
This procurement specification covers bolts and screws made from a corrosion and heat resistant, age hardenable iron base alloy of the type identified under the Unified Numbering System as UNS S66286.
E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems
Bolts and Screws, Steel, UNS S66286 Classification: 130 ksi/1200 °F 1800 °F Solution Heat Treated, Aged After Roll Threaded Procurement Specification forAS7478E-TEST-REC (Historical)04/09/2021
This procurement specification covers bolts and screws made from a corrosion and heat resistant, age hardenable iron base alloy of the type identified under the Unified Numbering System as UNS S66286.
E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems
Bolts and Screws, Steel, Low Alloy Heat Treated, Roll ThreadedAS7452C (Historical)04/07/2021
This procurement specification covers aircraft quality bolts and screws made from a low alloy steel of the type identified under the Unified Numbering System as UNS G87400, and of a series of room temperature tensile strengths ranging from 125000 to 185000 psi.
E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems
Bolts and Screws, Steel, Low Alloy Heat Treated, Roll ThreadedAS7452C-TEST-REC (Historical)04/07/2021
This procurement specification covers aircraft quality bolts and screws made from a low alloy steel of the type identified under the Unified Numbering System as UNS G87400, and of a series of room temperature tensile strengths ranging from 125000 to 185000 psi.
E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems
BOLT, MACHINE-HEX HEAD-FULL SHANK, LONG THREAD, AMS5731, METRICMA3347A (Current)03/05/2021
E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems
BOLT, MACHINE-HEX HEAD-FULL SHANK, LONG THREAD, AMS5731, METRICMA3347A-TEST-REC (Historical)03/05/2021
E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems
Bolts, Screws, and Nuts - External Wrenching UNJ Thread, Inch - Design StandardAS1132K-TEST-REC (Historical)03/01/2021
The scope of this SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) is to define the following dimensional requirements for double hexagon, hexagon head and tee headed bolts, and nuts with AS8879 UNJ inch series threads primarily for use in propulsion systems. Design requirements are based on UNJC threads for sizes 0.1640 and smaller and UNJF threads for sizes 0.1900 and larger.
E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems
Bolts, Screws, and Nuts - External Wrenching UNJ Thread, Inch - Design StandardAS1132K (Current)03/01/2021
The scope of this SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) is to define the following dimensional requirements for double hexagon, hexagon head and tee headed bolts, and nuts with AS8879 UNJ inch series threads primarily for use in propulsion systems. Design requirements are based on UNJC threads for sizes 0.1640 and smaller and UNJF threads for sizes 0.1900 and larger.
E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems
BOLT, MACHINE - DOUBLE HEX EXTENDED WASHER HEAD, DRILLED, CLOSE TOL SHANK, AMS5643 (UNS S17400), 140 KSI, .5625-18 UNJF-3AAS3180B (Current)12/22/2020
E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems
TEST PROCEDURES FOR EVALUATING BOLT-LOAD RETENTION OF MAGNESIUM ALLOYSUSCAR35-1 (Current)11/19/2020
A bolt-load retention (BLR) test is a practical test to determine the bolt load of a fastener joint with time and at given temperatures. There are three types of BLR tests described in this standard, namely general-purpose test, design-purpose test, and screening material test. A general-purpose BLR test may be used for screening materials, while a design-purpose BLR test is usually used to verify the BLR behavior of a specific joint. The screening material test is an example of the general-purpose test for typical automotive applications.
USCAR
TORQUE-TENSION TESTING AND EVALUATION OF FASTENER FINISHESUSCAR11-2 (Current)11/19/2020
This standard provides a test method for determining the torque-tension relationship of a fastener finish as applied to a surrogate screw for the purpose of measuring the frictional characteristic of the fastener finish. The results obtained by this test shall be used as a process control attribute of the fastener finish and shall not be utilized for specific applications.
USCAR
BOLT, MACHINE - HEXAGON HEAD, FULL SHANK, CORROSION RESISTANT STEEL (UNS S17400), 140 KSI MIN UTS, .5000-20 UNJF-3AAS9788B (Current)11/19/2020
E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems
BOLT, MACHINE - HEXAGON HEAD, PD SHANK, CORROSION RESISTANT STEEL (UNS S17400), 140 KSI UTS MIN, .2500-28 UNJF-3AAS9806B (Current)11/19/2020
E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems
Nuts, Self-Locking, Steel High Strength, All Metal 450 °F Use, UN and UNJ Thread FormAS7252A (Current)11/11/2020
This specification covers all metal, self-locking wrenching nuts, plate nuts, shank nuts, and gang channel nuts made of a carbon or low alloy steel.
E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems
Recommended Wheel Tie Bolt Preload ProcedureARP5481A (Current)09/17/2020
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides the recommended procedure for obtaining desired preloads in aircraft wheel tie bolts when mounting tires and assembling the wheel. It is generally referred to as the snug-angle bolted joint assembly procedure. It is also known as the “torque-turn” procedure in the heavy equipment ground vehicle industry.
A-5A Wheels, Brakes and Skid Controls Committee
Bolted Joints - Still a Key Part of Efficient Powertrains and a Challenge for Simulation2020-01-222109/15/2020
The bolt is one of the most standardized and most commonly used machine elements. On the other hand, since the mechanics of highly stressed bolted joints and the thread fatigue are complex issues, the design and evaluation of such joints is frequently carried out with major simplifications and assumptions, leading to either over-engineered solutions or to premature failures of the prototypes. The simulation techniques and the computing power that are now available theoretically allow a precise evaluation of the fatigue safety in the most heavily loaded areas through the application of very fine FE models of the thread regions. However, due to the modeling and calculation effort, this is still only acceptable in practice for structures with a limited number of bolts. Furthermore, uncertainties related to material specification including the behavior in the plastic range as well as difficulties in considering thread manufacturing tolerances or residual torsional stresses from the
Buczek, Konrad, Bartosik, Maciej, Sułkowski, Piotr
Bolts and Screws, Steel, UNS S66286 Tensile Strength 130 ksi, Procurement SpecificationAS7477H-TEST-REC (Historical)08/26/2020
This document covers bolts and screws made from a corrosion and heat resistant, precipitation hardenable, iron base alloy of the type identified under the Unified Numbering System as UNS S66286.
E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems
Bolts and Screws, Steel, UNS S66286 Tensile Strength 130 ksi, Procurement SpecificationAS7477H (Historical)08/26/2020
This document covers bolts and screws made from a corrosion and heat resistant, precipitation hardenable, iron base alloy of the type identified under the Unified Numbering System as UNS S66286.
E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems
BOLT, MACHINE - HEXAGON HEAD, DRILLED 6 HOLES, PD SHANK, AMS5731, UNS S66286, .4375-20 UNJF-3AAS3118B (Current)06/15/2020
E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems
BOLT, MACHINE - HEXAGON HEAD, FULL SHANK, CORROSION RESISTANT STEEL (UNS S17400), .2500-28 UNJF-3AAS9784B (Current)04/27/2020
E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems
BOLT, MACHINE - HEXAGON HEAD, FULL SHANK, CORROSION RESISTANT STEEL (UNS S17400), .1900-32 UNJF-3AAS9783B (Current)04/27/2020
E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems
Validity Assessment and Calibration Approach for Simulation Models of Energy Efficiency of Light-Duty Vehicles2020-01-144104/14/2020
Software tools for simulations of vehicle fuel economy/energy efficiency play an important role strategic decision-making in advanced powertrains. In general, there is a trade-off between the level of detail in a numerical model of a vehicle (higher detail provides better simulation accuracy), and the computational time resources to run the model. However, even with detailed models of a vehicle, there remains some uncertainty about how the vehicle performs in the real-world. Calibration of simulation models versus real-world data is a challenging task due to variations in vehicle usage by different owners. This work utilizes datasets of real-world driving in vehicles that have been equipped with OBD/GPS loggers. The loggers record at fairly high frequency the vehicle speed, road slope, cabin heating/air-conditioning loads, as well as energy/fuel consumption. For six advanced powertrain vehicle models (Bolt, Leaf, Model S, C-Max Energi, Prius Prime, Volt), an assessment is made
Hamza, Karim, Chu, Kang-Ching, Favetti, Matthew, Benoliel, Peter, Karanam, Vaishnavi, Laberteaux, Ken, Tal, Gil
A Study on Bolted Joint Finite Element Modeling for Vehicle Level Durability Analysis2020-01-017804/14/2020
Bolted joints are widely used connections in automotive vehicle structures. However, it has been a challenge to accurately predict static and fatigue behavior of the sheet metal adjacent to the bearing area of bolted joints when linear analysis approach is used. This paper describes an experiment study on static and fatigue behavior of sheet metal adjacent to bearing area of bolted joints which are typically found on vehicles. These joints cover different bolt sizes (M6 to M14), and nut types (hex nut, hex flange nut, round nut, welded nut etc.). Different sheet metal material grades were selected which were, mild steel, high strength steel, dual phase steel and aluminum. The joints were subjected to coach-peel loading condition, because fastened joints have lowest strengths under this condition. 25 different joint combinations were included in this experimental study. For both static and fatigue tests, three samples were tested for each joint type and loading condition combination
Zhang, Weidong, Guo, Mingchao
BOLT, MACHINE - HEXAGON HEAD, DRILLED 1 HOLE, PD SHANK, CRES AMS5731 (UNS S66286), .3750-24 UNJF-3AAS3110B (Current)04/14/2020
E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems
Bolts, Cobalt-Chromium-Nickel Alloy UNS R30035, Tensile Strength 260 ksi, Procurement SpecificationAS7468C-TEST-REC (Historical)04/11/2020
This procurement specification covers bolts made from a corrosion resistant, work-strengthened, cobalt-chromium-nickel alloy of the type identified under the Unified Numbering System as UNS R30035.
E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems
Bolts, Cobalt-Chromium-Nickel Alloy UNS R30035, Tensile Strength 260 ksi, Procurement SpecificationAS7468C (Current)04/11/2020
This procurement specification covers bolts made from a corrosion resistant, work-strengthened, cobalt-chromium-nickel alloy of the type identified under the Unified Numbering System as UNS R30035.
E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems
BOLT, MACHINE - DOUBLE HEXAGON EXTENDED WASHER HEAD, FULL SHANK, STEEL AMS6322, CADMIUM PLATED, .5625-18 UNJF-3AAS9947B (Historical)03/24/2020
E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems
BOLT, MACHINE-DOUBLE HEX EXTENDED WASHER HEAD, CLOSE TOLERANCE SHANK, CORROSION RESISTANT STEEL (UNS S17400), 140 KSI UTS MIN, .1900-32, UNJF-3AAS3167B (Current)03/09/2020
E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems
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