Browse Topic: Noise measurement

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Simulation based optimization of the NVH characteristics in modern high speed engine during development phase2026-26-0326To be published on 01/16/2026
Engine noise mitigation is paramount in powertrain development for enhanced performance and occupant comfort. Identifying NVH problems at the prototype stage leads to costly and time-consuming redesigns and modifications, potentially delaying the product launch. NVH simulations facilitate identification of noise and vibration sources, informing design modifications prior to physical prototyping. Early detection and resolution of NVH problems through simulation can significantly shorten the overall development cycle and multiple physical prototypes and costly redesigns. During NVH simulations, predicting and optimizing valvetrain and timing drive noise necessitates transfer of bearing, valve spring, and contact forces to NVH simulation models. Traditional simulations, involved continuous force data export and NVH model evaluation for each design variant, pose efficiency challenges. In this paper, an approach for preliminary assessment of dB level reductions across design iterations is
Rai, Ankur, Deshpande, Ajay Mahadeo, YADAV, RAKESH
Development of a GUI-Based Pitch Sequence Optimization Tool for Tyre Noise Reduction2026-26-0330To be published on 01/16/2026
Minimizing tyre noise is essential for enhancing ride comfort, especially in electric vehicles where the absence of engine noise makes tyre-generated sound more prominent. This work presents the development of a GUI-based pitch sequence optimization tool to support tyre design engineers in generating acoustically optimized tread sequences. The tool operates in two modes: without constraints, where the pitch sequence is optimized freely to reduce tonal noise levels; and with constraints, where specific design rules are applied to preserve pattern consistency and manufacturability. This tool plays a pivotal role in the tire development process, serving as one of the key evaluation criteria for tread pattern approval before mould fabrication. By enabling engineers to generate balanced, low-noise pitch sequences that align with both acoustic targets and engineering constraints, the tool facilitates faster design iterations and smooth integration with downstream processes. Its successful
Sampathraghavan, Lakshmi, Ramarathnam, Krishna Kumar, Mantripragada PhD, Krishna Teja, Ramachandran, Neeraj
Sound quality refinement and vibration reduction during Horn Application in Electric Vehicles2026-26-0338To be published on 01/16/2026
This paper focuses on the cabin sound quality refinement and the tactile vibration reduction during horn application in the electric vehicle. Horn cracking sound is perceived in the cabin while pressing the horn. Higher vibrations are also perceived in accelerator pedal during the particular event. Sound diagnosis is carried out to identify the frequencies contributing to cracking noise. Transfer path analysis is conducted to identify the nature of noise and the predominant path through which forces transfer. Based on finding from TPA, various recommendations are evaluated which reduced the noise to a certain extent. Operational Deflection Shape(ODS) is conducted on the horn, horn mounting bracket and on the body to identify the component having higher deflection at the problematic frequencies . Based on the outcome of ODS, recommendations like dynamic stiffness improvement on the horn bracket and the body is assessed and the effect of each outcome is discussed. With all the
S, Nataraja Moorthy
Noise Reduction of Construction Equipment Vehicle Through Structure-borne and air-borne Noise Reduction Strategy2026-26-0318To be published on 01/16/2026
One can witness the constant development and redevelopment of cities throughout the world. Construction equipment vehicles (CEVs) are commonly used on the construction site. However, the noise pollution from construction sites due to the use of CEV has become a major problem for many cities. The construction equipment employed is one of the main causes of these elevated noise levels. The construction workers face a potential risk to their auditory health and well-being due to the noise levels they are exposed to. Different countries have imposed exterior and operator’s ear noise limits for construction equipment vehicles, enabling them to control noise pollution. In this study, three vehicles were selected and checked for NVH performance and found that the operator ear noise level of the identified vehicle is 6 dB(A) higher than the benchmark vehicle level in dynamic conditions, when tested as per ISO 6396. Similarly, there was another vehicle having exterior noise 2 dB(A) higher than
Shinde, Gaurav, Jawale, Pradeep, Jain, Sachinkumar, Harishchandra Walke, Nagesh
Use of Statistical Energy Analysis to predict Articulation Index (AI) in a vehicle interior for real- world operating scenarios.2026-26-0430To be published on 01/16/2026
Vehicle interior noise is a crucial assessment criterion for automotive NVH. It has a significant effect on customer opinions about the quality of a vehicle. Articulation Index (AI) is one of the key sound metrics used to describe speech intelligibility and quantifies the middle and high frequency spectra associated to the internal noise of vehicle. In reality, Vehicle operating under dynamic condition experiences various air-borne noise sources such as tire rolling noise, powertrain noise, intake-exhaust noise & wind noise along with structure borne excitations such as powertrain vibrations, suspension vibrations. It is very challenging to predict cumulative effect of all these excitations to interior noise level and Articulation Index (AI) of vehicle over complete frequency range. The statistical energy analysis (SEA) is a well-known methodology being used to simulate & predict mid & high frequency noise. Objective of this paper is to present the process of development of a SEA
Doijad, Vishwajit Padmakar, Billade, Dayanand, Apte Sr., Amol Arun, Shewale, Amol, Kothapalli, Brahmananda Reddy
NVH Refinement on the Agriculture Tractor using Coupled Test and Simulation Approach2026-26-0316To be published on 01/16/2026
The Indian farmers choice of agriculture tractor brand is driven by the ease of operation and fuel efficiency. However, the customer preference for operator comfort is driving many tractor OEMs for improvement in noise and vibration at the operator location. Also, the compliance to CMVR regulation for noise at operator ear location and vibration at driver touch point location are mandatory for all the tractors in India. NVH refinement development of the tractor plays a critical role in achieving the regulated noise level and improved tactile vibration In presented work, Noise Source Identification (NSI) is carried out to identify and rank airborne and structure borne noise sources at tractor level through elimination method followed by engine level testing in hemi anechoic chamber to identify the major noise radiating components by using noise and vibration measurement, sound intensity mapping tools. The outcome of NSI has revealed silencer, timing gear cover and oil sump to be highest
Gaikwad, Atul Annasaheb, Bankar, Harshal, Yadav, Prasad S, Harishchandra Walke, Nagesh
Structural and Micro-Geometry Optimization of an Electric drive unit for Whine Noise Reduction2026-26-0315To be published on 01/16/2026
The noise generated by pure electric vehicles (EVs) has become a significant area of research, particularly due to the increasing adoption of electrified propulsion systems aimed at meeting OEM fleet CO₂ reduction targets. Unlike internal combustion engines, which mask many drivetrain noises, EVs expose new challenges due to the quieter operation of electric motors. In this context, the transmission system and gear structures have emerged as primary contributors to noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) in EVs. The present study provides an NVH study that focuses on the gear whine noise issue that is seen at the vehicle level and cascades to the powertrain level. Comprehensive root cause identification, focusing on the transmission system's structural and dynamic behavior. The research emphasizes modifications to both the gearbox housing and gear structures to reduce noise level, and model validation was all part of the study, which was accompanied by physical test results. Using MBS
Baviskar, Shreyas, Kamble, Pranit, Ghale, Guruprasad, Bendre, Parag, Prabhakar, Shantanu, Kunde, Sagar, Thakur, Sunil, Wagh, Sachin
Comprehensive evaluation and development of a single cylinder engine vehicle for refinement of NVH characteristics2026-26-0308To be published on 01/16/2026
The scale of worldwide population presents its own set of difficulties, especially in densely populated cities. Almost every individual has some form of personal transport, which leads to congestion and limited parking space. Automotive manufacturers are scaling down the size of vehicles to resolve these issues to some extent. This paper is based on the NVH development of a single-cylinder diesel engine vehicle. It provides an insight into the comprehensive vehicle level NVH refinement approaches adopted. The NVH characteristics of the benchmark two-cylinder diesel and baseline vehicle were measured and analyzed for target setting. The performance of each subsystem, such as engine mounting, vehicle structure, intake and exhaust, was evaluated, and gap analysis was performed against set targets. It was found that the engine mounting system and vehicle structure were inefficient in isolating the excitation forces. The design and location of the mounting system was evaluated using CAE and
Ghale, Guruprasad Chandrashekhar, Baviskar, Shreyas, Bendre, Parag, Kamble, Pranit, Bhangare, Amit, THAKUR, SUNIL, Kunde, Sagar, Wagh, Sachin
Analysis and optimization of noise and vibrational performance of an e-axle2026-26-0340To be published on 01/16/2026
As the electric mobility landscape evolves, there is a growing emphasis on addressing the Noise, Vibration, and Harshness (NVH) challenges associated with electric drivetrains. The absence of an IC engine in EVs shifts the focus to other noise contributors such as gear meshing, electric machine operation, and structural vibrations. Despite the known influence of micro-geometry on gear dynamics, current optimization practices often rely on empirical adjustments or standard guidelines without fully utilizing advanced computational methods to predict and optimize NVH performance. There exists a pressing need for a systematic approach to analyse and optimize gear micro-geometry to reduce noise and vibration in high-speed e-axle applications. This research aims to bridge that gap by investigating the relationship between micro-geometry optimization and NVH characteristics of an e-axle. Through detailed modelling and optimization techniques, this research aims to identify optimal gear micro
Ankit, Priyadarshi, KULKARNI, KRISHNA, Momin, Vaseem
Assessment of Structure-borne Road Noise for Battery Electric Vehicle: Prediction and Improvement2026-26-0320To be published on 01/16/2026
In the absence of engine noise, road-induced noise has become a major concern specifically for Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs), impacting Sound Pressure Level (SPL) for both drivers and passengers. Under the influence of random road load inputs, structural vibrations which transfer from road and tire to suspension to vehicle body, the cabin interior noise, particularly at lower frequencies, is significantly affected. To improve the road-induced low-frequency structure-borne noise behaviour, which frequently perceptible as ‘booming noises’, a study was carried out to assess predominant noise sources present in vehicle and to suggest refinements in reducing noise levels. By considering random excitations of road profile through tyre patch using CD-Tire model, vehicle interior noise was computed. Subsequently, to get insight of dynamic behaviour of vehicle, various diagnostic assessments to understand the influence from structure and paths were deployed. Major contributors from body
Paik, Dr. Suman, Raghuvanshi, Jayeshkumar, Chaudhari, Vishal Vasantrao, V, Radhika
Black Box Approximation of EMI/EMC Filter Parasitics2026-26-0368To be published on 01/16/2026
Selecting the right EMI/EMC filter is a major challenge when system noise levels exceed compliance or pre-compliance limits. Inline PCB filters are designed to mitigate noise in standalone conditions, but their behavior changes when integrated into a larger system due to unknown parasitics. These parasitics can disrupt electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), leading to non-compliance. To address this, engineers often use off-the-shelf EMI filters, but determining their real-world effectiveness remains complex. Even with simulation-based methods, accurately predicting insertion loss and attenuation is difficult due to limitations in conventional modeling approaches. Traditional SPICE-based simulations rely on static models defined at specific frequency points, with interpolated values for intermediate frequencies. This interpolation introduces inaccuracies, affecting the precision of simulated results. To overcome these limitations, we propose a methodology that reconstructs a realistic
Pandey, Devbrat, Unterreiner, Michael, Mishra, Arvind, singh, Ankur
Failure Investigation and Geometric Optimization of Torsional Vibration Damper for Enhanced Durability and Noise Reduction in Automotive Drivetrain Systems2026-26-0350To be published on 01/16/2026
Internal Combustion engines exhibit multi-order vibrations caused by the inertial forces of reciprocating masses. These vibrations induce drivetrain resonance, negatively impacting occupant comfort and the durability of drivetrain components. Torsional vibrations, a critical subset of these oscillations, demand efficient damping mechanisms. Torsional Vibration Dampers are instrumental in minimizing such vibrations by tuning mass and frequency characteristics to prevent resonance. By splitting resonant frequencies into avoidable zones within the engine's operational range, TVD enhance vehicle performance and refinement by dampening the vibrations. Structurally, TVD comprise an inertia ring integrated with a damping medium, such as vulcanized rubber, which attenuates torsional oscillations by permitting controlled oscillation of the inertia ring. This study focuses on the failure investigation and the geometric optimization of oscillating masses of TVD for performance and durability
WANI, SUJIT ASHOK, S, Manickaraja, Kanagaraj, Pothiraj, Senthil Raja, T, Vellandi, Vikraman, Patil, Dilip
Combustion noise quality improvement in a common rail Diesel Engine at Low idle for Agriculture Tractor2026-26-0329To be published on 01/16/2026
Vehicle level NVH performance plays major role in customer comfort criteria. Tractor low idle rpm Sound Quality can be one of the parameter which influences customer purchasing decision based on comfort criteria. Modern diesel engines with stringent emission norms together with fuel economy requirements pose challenges to noise control. Common rail engine technology has advantage of precise fuel delivery and combustion control which needs optimization to achieve the conflicting requirements of noise, emission and fuel efficiency. Engine noise at low idle condition is dominated by combustion noise which depends on rate of pressure rise inside the cylinder during combustion. The important parameters which influence cylinder pressure rise are fuel injection timing, pilot injection quantity and its separation, rail pressure and EGR valve position. The study is carried out to understand which combustion parameter is most influencing to achieve better sound quality of engine. Taguchi design
p, Priyadarshan, Chavan, Amit, A, Kannanswamy, Patil, Sandeep, Chaudhari, Vishal V
Tractor Cabin Structure Borne Noise Reduction in the Virtual Environment2026-26-0101To be published on 01/16/2026
In recent days, cabin variants in the tractor are preferred by the farmers for the Coziness and longer field hour operation with less fatigue. Noise perceived by customer is the most important factor taken into account during the design stage, as it’s directly linked with operator’s comfort. Observed noise levels has to be within the defined limits as per national/international standards Overall cabin noise levels is contributed by the structure borne noise below 630 Hz. Structure borne noise is the noise typically radiated by the door, roof, windshield, floor, fender and structure assembly due to the engine excitation through the transmission housings and backstories. This paper depicts the process of tractor cabin structure borne noise prediction in the virtual environment. Firstly, Engine bearing loads and axle bearings has been extracted in the virtual stage from the vehicle level driveline model using commercially available MBD software. The finite element (FE) model of the cabin
gunasekaran, pandiyanayagam, K, Somasundaram, Chavan, Amit
JAX9900JAX9900_202512 (Current)12/04/2025
JAX9900
Active Safety Systems Standards Committee
Verifying large alternate product code for an Surface Vehicle RP document - JRP001JA/NEW/RP000000000000000000000001_202511 (Current)11/24/2025
Verifying large alternate product code for an Surface Vehicle RP document - JRP001
Active Safety Systems Standards Committee
Verifying large alternate product code for an JA GV document - JA1124XXJA1224XX/NEW/00000000000000000001_202511 (Current)11/24/2025
Verifying large alternate product code for an JA GV document - JA1124XX
Active Safety Systems Standards Committee
Shoreline Sound Level Measurement Procedure for Recreational MotorboatsJ1970_202511 (Current)11/21/2025
This SAE Recommended Practice establishes the procedure for measuring the sound level of recreational motorboats in the vicinity of a shore bordering any recreational boating area during which time a boat is operating under conditions other than stationary mode operation. It is intended as a guide toward standard practice and is subject to change to keep pace with experience and technical advances.
Marine Technical Steering Committee
Implementation Of Machine Learning In Acoustics Source Detection by Leveraging Synthetic Sound Data Generation Approach2024-26-021301/16/2024
E-Mobility and Low Noise IC Engines has pushed product development teams to focus more on sound quality rather than just focus on reduced noise levels and legislative needs. Further more qualification of products from a sound quality perspective from an end of line testing requirement is also a major challenge. End of line (EOL) NVH testing is key evaluation criteria for product quality with respect to NVH and warranty. Currently for subsystem or component level evaluation, subjective assessment of the components is done by a person to segregate OK and NOK components. As human factor is included, the process becomes very subjective and time consuming. Components with different acceptance criteria will be present and it’s difficult to point out the root cause for NOK components. In this paper, implementation of machine learning is done for acoustic source detection at end of line testing. To improve the fault detection an automated intelligent tool has been developed for subjective to
Shukle, Srinidhi, Iyer, Ganesh, Faizan, Mohammed
Airless tyres in the LEON-T project: How can they be modelled?2024-26-037501/16/2024
For more than a century, pneumatic (air-inflated) tyres have totally dominated the market for road vehicle tyres. However, in the recent two decades, interest has grown in developing airless tyres. Some of the authors were involved in design of an early version in composite material 15-30 years ago for passenger cars. Presently, the EU project LEON-T includes a part in which prototypes for innovative heavy goods vehicle (HGV) tyres are developed, with the main purpose to reduce noise emission by 6 dB. To reduce noise that much it is believed that airless tyres are needed. A special challenge is to get a durable design able to carry typical truck tyre loads. This paper introduces the principal design of airless tyres. Airless tyre prototypes are intended to be developed by partner Euroturbine, in cooperation with mainly Applus+ IDIADA, VTI and subcontractor Lightness by Design. The tyre consists of a rim, load-carrying spokes, composite belt and rubber tread. The primary focus is on the
Anantharamaiah, Bharath, Fragerberg, Linus, Sandberg, Ulf, Hansson, Hans-Erik, Garcia, Juan J.
Investigating The Factors Affecting Cabin Comfort for Agricultural Machinery2024-26-006701/16/2024
Customer expectations for cabin tractors from comfort perspective has grown multifold in the recent years. Cabin noise and vibration is one of the crucial parameter which drives comfort feel for the customer. This would enable customer to remain comfortable during long working hours. Moreover, Cabin Tractors with lesser noise levels found to have better acceptance by Customers all over the world. The Nebraska reports studied for US based tractor shows evolution of trend of cabin noise in 100-150hp tractors in last couple of decades. Undoubtedly, tractor manufacturers have put lot of efforts towards meeting legislation demand & stringent customer requirements for European and US market. This paper presents the work carried out for investigating major contributing factors affecting tractor cabin Noise & Vibration for an existing 75HP tractor. Virtual and experimental studies have been carried out to identify the principal source of noise and the transfer paths for cabin noise
Chavan, Amit, K, Somasundaram, gunasekaran, Pandiyanayagam, Chaudhari, Vishal V, Sati, Navin
A design Approach to Optimize Suspension Clanking Noise in Electric Cars2024-26-022601/16/2024
Designing an electric car suspension system is a key challenge for all OEMs because balancing buzz, squeak, and rattle (BSR) acoustic performance at low-speed driving and improving ride quality at high-speed driving conditions is difficult. Suspension noise deteriorates in-cab acoustic quietness and overall vehicle performance. For this reason, optimizing these noises is becoming increasingly prioritized as a key design issue throughout the development process of suspension system. This paper studies the various components of suspension system and their noises in an electric car. Based on customer voice index and drive pattern, suspension anomalous clanking noise was identified in Electric Car. This noise phenomenon was cascaded from the vehicle level to BSR rig and eventually to the suspension rig for root cause analysis. At the vehicle level evaluation, clanking noise problematic frequency identification was done for both near suspension source and incab with the help of a sound
Titave, Uttam Vasant, Naidu, Sudhakara, kalsule cEng, Shrikant
Powertrain Mounting system NVH simulation methodology using transfer path analysis technique for Electric vehicles2024-26-022501/16/2024
In comparison to traditional gasoline-powered vehicles, Electric vehicles (EVs) development and adoption is driven by several factors such as zero emissions, higher performance, cost effective in maintenance, smoother and quieter ride. Global OEMs are competing to provide a reduced in-cab noise for ensuring a smooth and quiet driving experience. Short project timelines for EV demands quick design and development. In initial stages of project, input data availability of EV is limited and a simplified approach is necessary to accelerate the development of vehicle. This paper focuses on simulation methodology for predicting structure borne noise from powertrain deploying Transfer Path Analysis approach. Current simulation methodology involves full vehicle model with multiple flexible bodies and full BIW flexible model which leads to complex modelling and longer simulation times. The proposed transfer path analysis technique utilises, a simplified Multibody Dynamics EV powertrain model
Duraikannu, Dinesh, Iqbal, Shoaib
Development of Advanced Signal Analysis Technique for Pass-by Noise Source Identification of Light Commercial Vehicle2024-26-020101/16/2024
The Auto industry, particularly goods-moving trucks, is heavily responsible for noise pollution in cities. From a noise pollution control perspective, the noise produced, which is subject to regulation (IS 3028:1998), requires immediate action. This noise is mainly contributed by various vehicle systems like engine, exhaust, intake, tires etc. Identifying the major contributing source is a challenge when the pass-by noise levels does not comply with regulatory norms. The existing methods of source identification like windowing sources or swapping sub-systems sequentially are time consuming and needs more resources. Acquiring noise data using data acquisition system at vehicle level and pass-by noise measurement location can be carried out for contribution analysis, but currently being measured by two separate data acquisition systems. There exists no process/method to synchronize the measurements in two individual data acquisition systems without external exclusive synchronising
Suresh, Vineeth, Choudhari, Yogeshwar, Kalsule, Dhanaji, Athavale, Prasad
Countermeasures for Low Frequency Boom noise Reduction in Electric Vehicle2024-26-021401/16/2024
Electric vehicles are much quieter than IC engine powered vehicles due to less mechanical components and absence of combustion. The lower cabin noise in electric vehicles make customers sensitive to even small disturbance in vehicle. Road boom noise is one of the major concerns to which the customers are sensitive in electric vehicles. The test vehicle is a front wheel driven compact SUV powered by electric motor. In normal plain road, noise levels are acceptable but when the vehicle has been driven on coarse road, the boom noise is perceived, and the levels are objectionable. Multi reference Transfer path Analysis (MTPA) is conducted to identify the path through which maximum forces are entering the body. Based on MTPA, modifications are proposed on the suspension bushes and the noise levels were assessed. Operational deflection shape (ODS) analysis is conducted on entire vehicle components like suspension links, sub frame, floor, roof, and doors to identify the deflection pattern of
S, Nataraja moorthy, Rao, Manchi, Raghavendran, Prasath, Selvam, Ebinezer
Challenges for Indian Road Traffic with Sound Alert Devices on Electric Vehicles2024-26-021101/16/2024
Challenges for Indian Road Traffic with Sound Alert Devices on Electric Vehicles For safety towards pedestrians and other road-vehicles, sound alert systems (horns) have been in use since development of Automobiles. On the same line but with special purpose of preventing a Driver to sleep in a running vehicle, a Driver Monitoring System [DMS] is recently developed. For Electric Vehicles which are very quiet during starting and driving till 20 km/hr, Acoustic Vehicle Alert System (AVAS) is deployed in Europe and likely to be implemented in India soon. For all these Alert Devices, there are Standard Regulations across the world: ECE R-28 for Horns and ECE R-138 for AVAS. They, however, define only lower and upper dBA limits of the sound radiated by them. For DMS, no such regulation exists till today. With this, there has been a long time debate on what an optimal dBA level should be there, for all road-users as well as for vehicle- users inside the cabin. It would be adequate, on one
A, Milind Ambardekar
Achieving New Pass-By Noise Regulatory Norms R51.3 (Method B) - An Analysis of Acceleration and Noise Source Contribution2024-26-019901/16/2024
Worldwide automotive sector regulatory norms have changed and become more stringent and complex to control environmental noise and air pollution. To continue this trend, the Indian Ministry of Road Transport is going to impose new vehicle exterior pass-by noise regulatory norms R51.3 (Method B) in the upcoming year to control urban area noise pollution. This paper studies the synthesis of M1 category vehicle driving acceleration, dominant noise source, and frequency contribution in exterior PBN level. A vehicle acceleration analysis study was carried out to achieve an optimized PBN level based on the vehicle’s PMR ratio, reference, and measured test acceleration data. Based on the analysis, the test gear strategy and acceleration were changed to achieve a lower PBN level. Improved engine calibration resulted in a 20% increment of ith gear acceleration. This increased acceleration surpassed the upper limit of the reference acceleration range; hence, the vehicle was tested in a
kalsule cEng., Shrikant Balasaheb, Titave, Uttam, Patil, Jitendra, Jadhav, Kamalakar, Naidu, Sudhakara
Intake and Exhaust System Orifice Noise Optimization of a Single Cylinder Engine Using 1D Simulation Approach2024-26-021201/16/2024
Reducing vehicular noise has become a crucial step in product development to meet stringent legislation and improve passenger experience. Smaller vehicles like three-wheelers and quadricycle are often powered by a single cylinder engine due to product cost, packaging and weight constraints. Unlike a multi-cylinder engine where cylinders fire one after another which helps to reduce noise levels by destructive interference of pressure waves, a single cylinder engine produces higher noise levels due to firing of only a single cylinder. Intake and exhaust flow noise is one of the dominant sources of vehicular noise. Testing performed on an actual vehicle demonstrates reduction in cabin noise levels by reducing intake and exhaust flow noise. This study focuses on using CAE tools to reduce intake and exhaust flow noise levels to meet target noise requirements. One dimensional (1-D) gas dynamics simulation provides a good balance between simulation fidelity and run-time, allowing for
Paranjape, Sumeet, Thakur, Sunil, Emran, Ashraf, Sharma, Vijay, Wagh, Sachin
NVH Refinement of Structure borne tonal noise in electric vehicle2024-26-019801/16/2024
Globally all OEMs are moving towards electric vehicle to reduce emission and manage fuel cost. Customers expect highest level of refinement and sophistication in electric vehicle. At present, the customers are sensitive to high pitched tonal noise produced by electric powertrain which gives a lot of challenges to NVH engineers to arrive at a cost-effective solution in less span of time Higher structure borne tonal noise is perceived in electric vehicle at the vehicle speeds of 15 kmph and 60 kmph. The test vehicle is front wheel drive compact SUV powered by motor in the front. The electric powertrain is connected to subframe with help of three mounts. Transfer path analysis (TPA) using blocked forces method is carried out to identify the exact forces of the powertrain. Powertrain mount is characterized by applying the predicted forces and dynamic stiffness at problematic frequency is measured. By reducing the dynamic stiffness of powertrain mounts, the noise levels are reduced by ~ 5
S, Nataraja moorthy, Rao, Manchi, Raghavendran, Prasath, Selvam, Ebinezer
Analysis and Reduction of Abnormal Suspension Noise in Sports Utility Vehicle2024-26-021701/16/2024
This paper focuses on reducing abnormal noise originating from suspension when driving on rough road at the speed of 20 kmph. The test vehicle is a front wheel driven monocoque SUV powered by four cylinder engine. Cabin noise levels are higher between 100 to 800 Hz. Vibration levels are measured on front and rear suspension components, front and rear subframe, subframe connections on body to identify the noise source locations. Since the noise levels are dominant only in certain rough patches at very narrow band of time, wavelet analysis is used for problematic frequency identification. Based on wavelet analysis, it is identified that the vibration levels are dominant on front lower control arm (LCA) due to inferior isolation performance. The dynamic stiffness of LCA bushes is reduced by ~ 30% to improve the isolator performance which reduced the noise levels by ~ 2 dB (A). Modal analysis is conducted on suspension components like LCA, stabiliser bar, shock absorber, tires and front
S, Nataraja Moorthy, Rao, Manchi Venkateswara, Raghavendran, Prasath, Manivannan, Giridharan
Reduction of Gearbox noise by optimizing Gear micro geometry2024-26-023401/16/2024
Vehicle noise level has to be maintained within the limit specified by Pass By Noise (PBN) standards to meet the regulatory requirements. Gearboxes and engines are the main sources of noise in a vehicle, owing to the mechanical and physical processes involved. The noise problem in transmission system is characterized by high amplitude acoustic signals, and the gear mesh noise can be indirectly estimated using the Transmission error parameter. Transmission error is defined as the difference between the actual position of the output gear and the position it would occupy if the gear drive were perfect, which can be attributed to various factors such as tooth profile errors, misalignment, and tooth deflections. A six-speed manual transmission commercial vehicle is observed to exhibit higher noise levels during the vehicle PBN test. The gearbox is modelled in Romax gearbox simulation software and the transmission error value is identified to be high. The micro geometry parameters lead
G R, Santosh Kumar, Ks, Dhianeshwar, Basim, K Mohammed
Solving Whine Noise in Electric Vehicles: A Comprehensive Study Using Experimental and Multiphysics Techniques2024-26-022201/16/2024
This paper examines one of the approaches used to identify the root causes of sound quality issues in vehicles, including the direct impact of psychoacoustics on the human experience. Specifically, the absence of masking effects provided by traditional combustion engines has made noise and vibration from electric drives significant factors in decision-making processes, with high-pitched tonal noise from electric motors causing annoyance and sound quality concerns for electrified propulsion systems. During vehicle testing at different speeds, a whining noise was observed, leading to an NVH test to locate the noise source. The noise is traced to the transmission by the dominating order of input reduction along with the contribution from the casing resonance. A multi-physics-based e-NVH analysis was performed, and the test data were correlated. By optimizing transmission error (T.E.) and implementing modifications to enhance the drivetrain design's stiffness, noise levels were reduced
Cheerla, Ganesh, Pulugundla, Krishna Chaitanya, Kolla, Kalyan Deepak, Sathyanarayana, P.V.V.
Cabin noise modeling for seat location variation using AI and Machine Learning2025-01-012905/05/2023
Analyzing acoustic performance in large and complex assemblies, such as vehicle cabins, can be a time-intensive process, especially when considering the impact of seat location variations on noise levels. This paper explores the use of AI and machine learning to streamline this analysis by predicting the effects of different seat configurations on cabin noise, particularly at the driver’s ear level. The study begins by establishing a baseline simulation of cabin noise and generating training data for various seat location scenarios. This data is then used to train an AI model capable of predicting the noise impact of further seat adjustments. These predictions are validated through detailed simulations. The paper discusses the accuracy of these predictions, the challenges encountered, and provides insights into the effective use of AI and machine learning in acoustic analysis for cabin noise, with a specific emphasis on seat location as a key variable. Keywords: Acoustic analysis, AI
Kottalgi, Santosh, Banerjee, Bhaskar
Active noise control with head tracking system2025-01-001205/05/2023
In active noise control, the control region size(zone of control) decreases as the frequency increases, so that even a small moving of the passenger's head causes the ear position to go out of the control region. In order to increase the size of the control region, many speakers and microphones are generally required, but it is difficult to apply it in a vehicle cabin due to space and cost constraints. In this study, we propose moving zone of quite actvie noise control technique. An 2D images based head tracking system captured by a camera to generate the passenger's head coordinates in real time with deep learning algorithm. In the controller, the control position is moved to the ear position using a multi-point virtual microphone algorithm according to the generated ear position. After that, the multi-point adaptive filter training system applies the optimal control filter to the current position and maintains the control performance. Through this study, it is possible to secure the
Oh, ChiSung
Localisation of Ultra-short Sound Emissions from Automotive Components by Using the Sound Field Scanning Method2025-01-009205/05/2023
Design verification and quality control of automotive components require the analysis of the source location of ultra-short sound events, for instance the engaging event of an electromechanical clutch or the clicking noise of the aluminium frame of a passenger car seat under vibration. State-of-the-art acoustic cameras allow for a frame rate of about 100 acoustic images per second. Considering that most of the sound events introduced above can be far less than 10ms, an acoustic image generated at this rate resembles an hard-to-interpret overlay of multiple sources on the structure under test along with reflections from the surrounding test environment. This contribution introduces a novel method for visualizing impulse-like sound emissions from automotive components at 10x the frame rate of traditional acoustic cameras. A time resolution of less than 1ms eventually allows for the true localization of the initial and subsequent sound events as well as a clear separation of direct from
Rittenschober, Thomas
Characterize the Sound Field Generated from a Vehicle Horn by Pellicular Analysis2025-01-005805/05/2023
To predict the sound field produced by a vehicle horn requires a good source representation of it in the full vehicle model. This paper investigates the characterization of a physical vehicle horn by an inverse method called pellicular analysis. To implement this method, firstly an acoustic testing is performed to measure the sound pressure radiated from the horn at a certain number of microphone locations in a free field environment. Based on the geometry of a virtual horn, the locations of each microphone and measured sound pressure data, pellicular analysis is adopted to recover a set of vibration pattern of the virtual horn. The virtual horn and the recovered vibration information are then incorporated in a full vehicle numerical model to simulate its exterior sound field. The validity of this approach is confirmed by comparing the prediction for a horn in a production vehicle to the corresponding physical test which is required to meet the Brazilian regulation CONTRAN 764/2018.
Yang, Wenlong, MELO, ANDRE
Fast noise prediction of an electric powertrain integrated in various vehicles2025-01-007605/05/2023
The automotive industry's transition to electrification raises new challenges to maintain a comfortable acoustics environment both inside and outside the car. This paper presents an innovative way to make an early prediction of the overall sound of a vehicle at driver’s ear by mixing noise sources that can be simulated and noise sources that can be measured at component level. This hybrid approach combining Test and Simulation data helps make decisions in the early design phase by predicting the noise of one component integrated in the whole vehicle. For instance, Valeo, with the help of sound synthesis techniques, is able to predict the sound of an e-drive when it is combined with Rolling noise that varies depending on the vehicle speed and the car segments - more or less refined, from a dataset of multiple vehicles. Realistic signals could be generated and compared with actual acoustic measurement to validate the method.
Redon, Milan, Dendievel, Clement, Pluton, Matthias
Active Control of Engine Order Noise for Heavy-duty Trucks: Using the Genetic Algorithm for the Optimization of Error Microphone Arrangement2025-01-001305/05/2023
The arrangement of error microphones for a vehicle active noise control (ANC) system is no trivial work, especially for heavy-duty trucks due to the dilemma resulted from the large volume of the cab and the limited number of microphones accepted by most manufacturers in the auto industry. Most ANC developers resort to trial and error, which is not only a heavy workload given the amount of interested working conditions to be test, but also does not guarantee to yield the optimum noise cancellation performance. In this paper, the authors proposed an error microphone selection methodology using a genetic-algorithm (GA) -based mechanism. The target vehicle was a heavy-duty truck with a six-piston diesel engine, and two scenarios were particularly interested, i.e. driver & copilot and driver & one passenger sleeping on the berth. We first arranged eight microphones at different locations in the cab, five on the headrests, two on the B pillars and one at the head position of the sleeping
Wang PhD, Jian, Ling, Zihong, Zhang, Zhe, Cai, DeHua, lv, Xiao, Zhang, Ming, Gao, GuoRan
Multi-Method Approach for car tailgate electric telescopic rod Noise: Detection, Characterization, and Prediction2025-01-003805/05/2023
As the automotive industry moves towards greater intelligence, electric tailgate systems have seen widespread adoption, featuring remote control, obstacle detection, and intelligent opening functions that significantly enhance the user experience. The electric telescopic rod, as a key actuator, has drawn attention for its structural and transmission design. However, studies have shown that during actual operation, various noise issues arise with electric telescopic rods, affecting the sound quality and smoothness of the tailgate's opening and closing. This paper presents a noise detection and analysis study based on a bench test platform for a specific model of electric telescopic rod. Using a microphone to capture noise signals, three main types of noise were identified: high-frequency electromagnetic noise, low-frequency impact noise, and periodic structural noise. The study accurately detects high-frequency electromagnetic noise using wavelet packet energy feature extraction
fan, Sibei, wang, Siling, zhu, Zhehui, li, Lei, qin, Jiade, Meng, Dejian, pei, Kaikun
A computational process to predict and mitigate liftgate gap noise2025-01-002805/05/2023
Noise comfort significantly influences vehicle purchasing decisions. With wind noise being a primary contributor to the overall cabin experience vehicle manufacturers must focus on optimizing the exterior shape of their models to minimize wind noise while balancing fuel efficiency and aesthetic appeal. High-speed airflow over gaps in the vehicle’s exterior can generate considerable noise, which often enters the cabin through seals. A good sealing strategy could be very helpful to address these gap noise issues. However, doing this with traditional experimental processes can be challenging, since early stage prototypes may lack detailed gap information. Modifying the seal design after the tooling stage to address these noise issues can be costly for manufacturers, as suppliers often incur expenses related to tool modifications and redesigns. Overdesigning by incorporating multiple layers of seals for all the gaps can inflate part and manufacturing costs, ultimately impacting profit
Moron, Philippe, Jantzen, Andreas, Kim, Minsuk, Senthooran, Sivapalan
Interior Noise Reduction of Construction Equipment Vehicle Through Structure-borne Noise Reduction Strategy2025-01-006305/05/2023
One can witness the constant development and redevelopment of cities throughout the world. Construction equipment vehicles (CEVs) are commonly used on the construction site. However, the noise pollution from construction sites due to the use of CEV has become a major problem for many cities. The construction equipment employed is one of the main causes of these elevated noise levels. The construction workers possibly are face a potential risk to their auditory health and well-being due to the noise levels they are exposed to. Different countries have imposed exterior and operator noise limits for construction equipment vehicles, enabling them to control noise pollution from CEVs. In this study, the operator ear level noise of the identified vehicle is 6 dB(A) higher than the regulatory limit in dynamic conditions, when tested as per ISO 6396. It was a tough time for the NVH engineer to reduce the interior noise level of the vehicle. Surprisingly, the steering unit and radiator fan were
Jawale, Pradeep
Sonic Boom propagation using high and low-fidelity methods2025-01-003405/05/2023
A bottle neck to the introduction of civil supersonic aircraft is represented by the noise produced by shock waves during the cruise flight, the so-called "sonic boom". Authorities prohibit supersonic flight over land due to the exceeding noise levels produced by sonic boom. This work deals with a comprehensive methodology for assessing the aircraft sonic-boom signature at ground level starting from an accurate estimation of the near-field pressure signature caused by shock-wave pressure. High fidelity computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is typically used to calculate near-field sonic booms, whereas proper models are used for propagating at long distances, since CFD becomes computationally demanding as propagation distances exceed 10 km. The present study focuses on assessing a low-fidelity technique (e.g. Whitam's equation) against the direct application of a high-fidelity CFD method for sonic boom propagation at a medium distance. The former propagates the pressure signature through
Glorioso, Antimo, Fasulo, Giovanni, Petrosino, Francesco, Barbarino, Mattia
HVAC Noise2025-01-005705/05/2023
Within automobiles, the HVAC is a critical system to regulate the occupants’ thermal comfort. However, at its high operating speeds, it can contribute significantly to the overall sound levels perceived by the cabin occupants, impacting their experience. This is especially true in the case of electric vehicles due to their overall quieter operation. This work has the intention to validate HVAC noise predictions using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. In addition, CFD simulations provide detailed flow field insights which are essential to identify and rank the main noise sources, and it ultimately allows a better understanding of the physical mechanisms of noise generation on similar systems. These insights are very difficult, if not impossible, to obtain with physical testing and are key to designing a quiet and efficient HVAC system. Sound levels were measured experimentally at eight different locations inside of a Class-8 Nikola TRE hydrogen fuel cell electric semi
Ihi, Rafael, Fougere, Nicolas, Passador, Stephen, Woo, Sangbeom, Kim, James, Desouky, Mohamed
Comprehensive Analysis and Optimization of Door Closing Sound Quality of a Heavy Truck2025-01-006605/05/2023
Based on the objective and subjective experiment and finite element analysis, the influencing factors on the door closing sound quality of a heavy-duty truck is analyzed and optimized. Results show that the loudness and sharpness can be reduced apparently by increasing stiffness and damping of the door. The sound quality can be enhanced by increasing the pressure release area, which can decrease the air resistance of dooring closing. By adding holes on the inner liner and changing the pressure release location, the dooring closing air resistance is reduced from 289 Pa to 181 Pa. In terms of the rebound sound, the sound level is positively relative to the door closing force. Increasing the protrusion height and decreasing the stiffness of the vibration absorber of the handle can improve the rebound sound quality. Optimizing the absorbers on both ends and adding damping material can decrease the loudness by 47.8%, reduce the cavity sound, dismiss the trembling and improve the compact
Wang, Jian, Zhang, Yongshen, Feng, Lei, Xie, Chenhao, Lin, Jiewei, Sun, Changchun
Objective Quantification of Wind Noise2025-01-003605/05/2023
With the rapid growth of electric vehicles (EV), the need for more advanced tools and techniques ever increasing to evaluate wind noise especially in the EV’s due to the absence of masking effect of major noise sources like powertrain. Traditionally, on road evaluation of wind noise is done by either subjectively or objectively using psychoacoustic parameters like Articulation Index (AI) or sound pressure levels. However, the wind noise is usually masked by other noises at low frequency like road noise and at higher frequencies due to different mechanisms like aspiration or leaking, whistling, flow turbulence, cavity and buffeting. This kind of typical behavior of wind noise needs objectification of noise levels across frequency ranges. Since traditional methods lack in characterizing the wind noise frequency wise and brining the human bias especially when dealing with waterfall diagram or color plots so there is a need for development of new method. To avoid the above-mentioned
bodla, murali, Bairagi, Ankan
Design, Manufacturability, Optimization, and Validation of a Reactive-Style Muffler for a Formula SAE Race Car2025-01-002405/05/2023
The noise generated by internal combustion engines, particularly in high-performance vehicles like Formula SAE race cars, presents a significant challenge in adhering to strict competition noise regulations. To address this issue, mufflers are essential for reducing acoustic emissions. This study focuses on the design, manufacturability, optimization, and validation of a reactive-style muffler specifically for a Formula SAE combustion competition car. The proposed muffler utilizes two chambers to generate destructive interference, targeting the two dominant exhaust frequencies of the Honda CBR600RR engine to maximize transmission loss and reduce noise levels below the SAE-mandated range of 103–110 dB(C). A 3D model of the muffler was developed using SolidWorks, capturing the precise geometries required for acoustic optimization. The exhaust noise and muffler performance were simulated using GT-Suite, allowing for an evaluation of noise attenuation across engine speeds. Experimental
Labao, Kai, Middleton, Nicholas, Nuszkowski, John
Horn sound digital validation for ECE-R28 regulation compliance2025-01-000805/05/2023
Every vehicle has to be certified by the concerned governing authority that it matches certain specified criteria laid out by the government for all vehicles made or imported into that country. Horn is one of the components that is tested for its function and sound level before a vehicle is approved for production and sale. Horn, which is an audible warning device, is used to warn others about the vehicle’s approach or presence or to call attention to some hazard. The vehicle horn must comply with the ECE-R28 regulation in the European market. Digital simulation of the horn is performed to validate the ECE-R28 regulation. In order to perform this, a finite element model of a cut model of a vehicle, which includes the horns and other components, is created. Fluid-structure coupled numerical estimation of the sound pressure level of the horn, with the appropriate boundary conditions, is performed at the desired location as per the ECE-R28 regulation. The simulation results thus obtained
Ramachandran, Balachandar, Raveendran, Roshin, Mondal, Arghya
The Experimental Study of Reducing Cooling Fan Noise using Test Bench2025-01-010805/05/2023
The blade pass frequency (BPF) noise for axial flow cooling fans in Electrical Vehicles (EV) is much obvious in some of rotational speeds. The root cause of this BPF noise is due to the cooling fan loading which is caused by the pressure difference between inlet and outlet of the fan. The pressure difference is defined as the resistance value of the fan. The resistance value of fan in EVs is much higher than the value of internal-combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. It is very difficult to obtain the resistance valve in full vehicle condition. A new method to estimate the vehicle resistance value is developed using bench tests. By assuming, on the same operating parameters of the same fan both in vehicle and in test bench, such as inlet voltage, current and rotational speed, the resistance value of the fan in vehicle is the same as in test bench, thus, the operating parameters are used in the bench testing to simulate the resistance value of the fan in vehicle. Once the resistance value
Duan, Andy, Yu Sr, Jing, shao Sr, 1Lt Siyuan, zhou, changshui, Gu, Perry
Electric Bus NVH Challenges and Refinement Using Innovative Approach2025-01-008005/05/2023
The trend towards electrification propulsion in the automotive industry is highly in demand due to zero-emission and becoming more significant across the world. Battery electric vehicles have lower overall noise as compared to conventional I.C Engine counterparts due to the absence of combustion engine noise. However, other narrowband and tonal noises are becoming dominant and are strongly perceived inside the cabin. With the ongoing push towards electrification, there is likely to be increased focus on the noise impact of gearing required for the transmission of power from the electric motor to the road. Direct coupling of E-motors with Axle has resulted in severe tonal noises from the driveline due to instant e-motor torque ramp up from 0 rpm and reverse torque on driving axle during regenerative braking. The tonal noises from the rear axle during vehicle running become very critical for customer perception. For automotive NVH engineers, it has become a challenge to balance expected
Doshi, Sohin, Kalsule, Dhanaji, Sawangikar, Pradeep, Suresh, Vineeth, Sharma, Manish
Methodology for Radiated Noise Refinement of Electrified Drivetrain Systems2025-01-009805/05/2023
Electric drive units (EDU) of battery electric vehicles and electric drivetrain components of hybrid vehicles require significant development effort and planning to ensure that a refined NVH sound quality is achieved. New tools and methods are required to understand the NVH performance throughout the development process and to ensure that NVH risks can be quickly identified and mitigated within the correct EDU subsystems. This paper discusses the development of a methodology (EDSL – Electric Drive Sound Level) aimed at addressing this need. It also outlines how the EDSL tool can be used to address radiated noise issues and understand the NVH performance of the various subsystems within an electrified drivetrain component. The first use of the EDSL methodology is to characterize component-level radiated noise test results and compare the different mechanical and electrical noise sources to targets. The results from this are used to guide EDU development in the appropriate areas
Pruetz, Jeffrey E., Steffens, Christoph, Fu, Tongfang, Govindswamy, Kiran
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