Browse Topic: Productivity

Items (307)
In this paper, we describe an innovative V&V approach using the SCADE product, enabling significant reduction of effort while preserving compliance with DO-178C/DO-331. This new approach relies on a unique capability: automatic generation of Low-Level Tests. Details about savings will be provided to show how we can reduce costs, speed up certifications, and bring products to the market faster. We will conclude by summarizing the actual benefits and describing ongoing work to bring other savings in the future.
Xavier Dormoy, FrancoisDion, Bernard
The scope of this report will document the various voltage levels and provide a rational for each level as discussed and agreed to in the AE-7 committee.
AE-7C Systems
Since certifying the Bell 505 in December 2016, customers on six continents have received delivery of 250 of these light, single-engine aircraft. In three years the worldwide fleet logged more than 35,000 flight-hours, a testament to the Bell 505's customer experience - not only with the aircraft, but with delivery and service. In getting to the 250th delivery, the paper discusses the efforts taken to meet market demand, provide custom finishing, offer kit integration, and even take on additional envelope expansion. Numerous configurations and kits were made available a short time after initial certification, allowing Bell 505 customers to take full advantage of the aircraft capability in a timely manner. The challenges of meeting market demand and transitioning from low rate production to full rate production requires a team effort and this paper shows how it was done for the 505.
Paquin, PatrickLavallee, Yann
Axiomatic Design of a Reconfigurable Assembly System for Aircraft Fuselages2019-01-13593/19/2019
Modern aerospace industry develops assembly process lines for new aircraft which is produced on a single production line while shortening production times by new technologies. Production processes are developed with systems such as lightweight fixtures, reconfigurable tools, automated part positioning, automated scanning countersink control, automated riveting, robotic measurement etc. These systems provide the necessary flexibility for aircraft fuselage and wing assembly projects. Aerospace manufacturers invest in assembly lines in order to increase production rates and meet growing customer demands. Most of the investments are allocated to state-of-the-art robots for drilling and riveting, sealing, coating and painting applications, in addition to material handling, carbon fiber layup and different types of machining operations. In this study, an assembly system design methodology is developed by using axiomatic design principles in order to propose a solution to design complexity for aircraft fuselage structures assembly. Framework of design methodology is shaped based on system design methods, academic research, industry requirements and industrial case studies. Axiomatic design and reconfigurability principles integrated to developed methodology. Holistic and hierarchical design approach is demonstrated. Aircraft fuselage panel assembly case study is carried out for better understanding of how the methodology is applied. It has been shown in the study that the methodology transforms the reconfigurability requirements into a flexible and scalable system. This study can be used as a reference guide to assembly system design not only for aerospace industry but also whole assembly systems in different industry branch.
Celek, Osman EmreYurdakul, MustafaIc, Tansel
A Phased Approach to Optimized Robotic Assembly for the 777X2019-01-13753/19/2019
Low rate initial production of the 777X flight control surfaces and wing edges has been underway at the Boeing St. Louis site since early 2017. Drilling, inspection, and temporary fastening tasks are performed by automated multi-function robotic systems supplied by Electroimpact. On the heels of the successful implementation of the initial four (4) systems, Phases II and III are underway to meet increasing production demands with three (3) and four (4) new cells coming online, respectively. Assemblies are dedicated to particular cells for higher-rate production, while all systems are designed for commonality offering strategic backup capability. Safe operation and equipment density are optimized through the use of electronic safeguards. New time-saving process capabilities allow for one-up drilling, hole inspection, fastening, fastener inspection, and stem shaving. Multi-function end effectors with dual spindles permits drilling and reaming within a single clamp, and hybrid cutting fluid delivery enables a no-compromise approach to process optimization. New automated health checks and calibrations limit the need for operators and maintenance personnel to access the equipment. The integration of these innovative technologies provides a high level of process control while the timely deployment of additional phases maintains a lean production system.
Mir, RyanDeVlieg, Russell
Deterioration Characteristic of Catalyzed DPF Applied on Diesel Truck Durable Ageing2018-01-17019/10/2018
In this paper, it was researched the degradation characteristics of catalytic performance of three kinds of DPFs (C1, C2 and C3, with precious metal concentrations being 15, 25 and 35 g/ft3 respectively) after diesel truck aging. It is found out that the crystallinity of three kinds of DPF samples (Used) in full vehicle aging was higher than that of fresh samples (Fresh) and aged samples (Aged) in the laboratory. Compared with Fresh samples, the concentration of Pt atom in precious metal on the surface of Aged and Used samples tends to decrease in most cases. Activities to CO and C3H8 of Aged and Used samples of three kinds of DPFs had all been degraded, and activity degradation showed a substantial correlation with concentration reduction rate of precious metal on the carrier surface. NO2 productivity of Used samples all rose. Crystallinity of DPF samples after full vehicle aging in Inlet, Middle and Outlet areas successively increased. The reduction rate of Pt atom concentration of Inlet samples was higher, followed by that of Outlet layer samples, and that of Middle layer samples was lower. Activities to CO, C3H8 and NO2 of Inlet samples were relatively low, yet the catalytic activity of Middle samples was relatively high. Activity differences were resulted from the differences of thermal degradation due to different thermal loads during aging.
Zhou, HuaZhao, HongweiYin, ZenghuiFeng, QianZhou, MaoxiangLi, JingyuanQin, KongjianLi, Mengliang
Automation in Simulation Process: Simplifying the Complexity in Vehicle Design2018-01-04714/3/2018
General Motors (GM) vehicle design operations group has envisioned that all designers and Design Engineers (DEs) should be able to analyze simple and single components and produce robust subsystem parts to support full vehicle system analysis. This vision is achieved by developing the Smart Simulation Tool (SST) within the Siemens NX CAD system. This tool empowers the designers to take charge of simple parts and produce high quality parts first time. This tool will also make both design and engineering analysis organizations at General Motors more efficient and productive. This paper describes the Smart Simulation Tool that was developed to automate the pre and post processing tasks of the Siemens NX Advanced Simulation process. Generally, the simulation process consumes a lot of designer’s time for building the Finite Element Analysis (FEA) models, typically one to two hours and is very tedious and has the potential for errors. The Smart Simulation tool has automated analysis tasks within NX system such as selecting a component, creating the finite element model and simulation files, assigning material properties, calculating size of mesh, meshing the model, applying loads and boundary conditions, solving the analysis model, and finally post processing the model. The Smart Simulation Tool also generates the analysis report in PowerPoint format with no further input in to the system. The report includes model setup with loads and boundary conditions, stress plot, strain energy density plot, and embedded 3D modal analysis frequency animations and contour displacement plots. It also has the option of uploading the deformed shapes, results files and the reports back into the Simulation Data Management and Siemens Teamcenter. The targeted users of the Smart Simulation Tool are designers, designing engineers, simulation engineers across several GM organizations, such as body design, interiors, exteriors, chassis, closures, electrical design, propulsion systems etc. The Smart Simulation Tool can be used for performing single component and assembly analyses (Linear Static Solution 101, and Modal Frequency Solution 103 and basic Nonlinear Analysis Solution 106) to assess stiffness, structural performance and permanent set. The main benefits of this Smart Simulation Tool are improvement in efficiency (10 X times faster), 70% reduction in modeling time, and tremendous cost savings. This tool can handle both 2D shell elements and 3D tetra mesh elements. Pre-determined mesh criteria is loaded into the Auros data base system and can be accessed through the Smart Simulation Tool when the component is selected. Other rules that are incorporated in the tool are: when determining maximum stresses, the elements directly attached to bolt connections will not be considered; and when using SHELL elements, the tool disregards stresses on triangular (TRIA) elements. The Smart Simulation Tool also ensures consistency in analysis results and simplifies the complexity in vehicle design by reducing the design iterations. It has also built-in automated tools for quickly creating bolts spiders and different type of weld connections. Simulation analysis models can now be built in less than five minutes for simple assembly components. This paper discusses the features incorporated into the Smart Simulation Tool such as One Click Simulation, Gage Optimization, and Material Recommendation through some actual design examples and also correlates the analysis data with test results and other solvers. Finally, the Smart Simulation Tool enables the designers to develop better products faster, cheaper and with higher quality every time.
Nallapati, SankarKenny, LisaWilkinson, David
A Quasi-Dimensional Charge Motion and Turbulence Model for Diesel Engines with a Fully Variable Valve Train2018-01-01654/3/2018
With the increasingly strict emission regulations and economic demands, variable valve trains are gaining in importance in Diesel engines. A valve control strategy has a great impact on the in-cylinder charge motions, turbulence level, thus also on the combustion and emission formation. In order to predict in-cylinder charge motions and turbulence properties for a working process calculation, a zero−/quasi-dimensional flow model is developed for the Diesel engines with a fully variable valve train. For the purpose of better understanding the in-cylinder flow phenomena, detailed 3D CFD simulations of intake and compression strokes are performed at different operating conditions with various piston configurations. In the course of model development, global in-cylinder charge motions are assigned to idealized flow fields. Among them, swirl flow is characterized by an engine swirl number that is determined by both developments of the swirl angular momentum and the moment of inertia. The generation of swirl angular momentum during intake is estimated from the intake mass flow and instantaneous stationary swirl number. The latter is obtained from virtual flow bench simulations in consideration of valve phasing. When modeling swirl losses during compression and expansion, the effects of wall friction, turbulent conversion as well as piston motion are taken into account. Furthermore, a sub-model describing the flows induced by piston motion including axial and squish flows is set up. In conjunction with the charge motion model, a quasi-dimensional turbulence model is developed based on the k-ε turbulence model. Turbulence production rate and dissipation are determined through sub-models. Inflow turbulence is modeled as local shear in the cylinder entrance area. TKE out of axial flows is transferred latish from the axial kinetic energy. Besides, turbulence productions from squish and swirl flows are approximated using idealized flow fields. Dissipation is estimated in a zero-dimensional sub-model by means of a newly developed turbulence length scale, which takes account of all the influences of in-cylinder flow, inflow and back squish flow. The results from the performed validations demonstrate that the proposed flow model accurately predicts the temporal change of in-cylinder flow quantities and also responds correctly to the variations of piston configuration as well as operating conditions such as engine speed, charging pressure and valve actuation. Further application of the model in other Diesel engines is feasible by tuning certain model parameters.
Yang, QiruiGrill, MichaelBargende, Michael
Experimental and Kinetic Analyses of Thermochemical Fuel Reforming (TFR) with Alcohol Enrichment in Plug Flow Reactor: a Verification of In-Cylinder TFR2017-01-227810/8/2017
In-cylinder thermochemical fuel reforming (TFR) in spark ignition natural gas engine was developed to reveal that thermochemical fuel reforming could increase H2 and CO concentration in reformed gas, leading to an increase of thermal efficiency and engine performance. Moreover, ethanol enrichment has been proved to have great potential to optimize TFR performance. In order to explain TFR phenomenon chemically, methane oxidation experiments were conducted in a laminar flow reactor with addition of ethanol and methanol at equivalent ratios of 1.5, 1.7, 1.9 and 2.1 from 948K to 1098K at atmospheric pressure. Experimental results showed that methanol have great ability to facilitate the oxidation of methane than that of ethanol. Meanwhile, the degree of methane conversion became more significantly as the equivalent ratio increased. Kinetic analysis of oxidation of methane with alcohol enrichment in a plug flow model was also conducted in this study. There was good agreement between experimental and computational results. The oxidation of methanol or ethanol released plenty of radicals such as H, OH and HO2, which further reacted with CH4 more intensively in fuel rich condition. Rate of production and sensitivity analyses showed that methanol could produce more reactive radicals, which were involved in a series of initial oxidation reactions of methane. It indicated that methanol have great potential to improve in-cylinder TFR performance.
Deng, ZhiweiLi, AngZhu, LeiHuang, Zhen
The Next Generation HI-LOK and HI-LITE System2017-01-20869/19/2017
The fast growth of air traffic and the need for lighter and more fuel efficient aircraft is driving the ramp-up of important new aircraft programs. These increases in production rates are driving manufacturers to seek out robust and reliable installation systems. They must also adapt to the unique requirements of composite materials that now have an increasingly important place in the aerospace industry. Moreover, environmental constraints continue to evolve and drive new regulations, such as REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals) in Europe. As an example, this regulation is leading to the adoption of non-chromate surface treatments and paints for most applications. The legacy generation of fasteners does not comply with all of these new requirements. Clearance fit installation and the lower coefficient of friction of composite structures increases the resultant installation torque on the pin recess, at levels the traditional hexagonal recess cannot safely withstand. A new range of technologies had to be developed while ensuring continuity in performance, tools and assembly methods. The solution was integrated within a proven and well-known structural aerospace fastener family, namely the HI-LOK and HI-LITE systems. The traditional hexagonal recess has been replaced by the ASTER recess, whose design is optimized for usage on the threaded end of fasteners. The ASTER recess helps achieve higher torque resistance for both installation and removal of the fasteners. This insures that the recess will not be damaged during installation and provides robust installation conditions. To address environmental and health concerns, the non-chromate HI-KOTE 1NC aluminum-pigmented coating replaces legacy coatings without compromising performance. These combined technologies form a complete, mature range of fasteners and tools that may be used as a direct drop-in replacement in any composite, metallic or hybrid structure, eliminating the need for joint redesign.
Lo, Justin
Faster, Better, Economic - Newest Acid Zinc-Nickel Technology for Brake Caliper Plating2017-01-25079/17/2017
The demand for zinc-nickel coatings continuously increases in the automotive industry due to their high corrosion protection as well as superior wear and heat resistance compared to pure zinc platings. The state-of-the-art plating systems in the brake caliper industry are acid zinc-nickel electrolytes, as only they allow for direct plating on cast iron. Cast iron is the most common base material for the production of automotive brake components due to excellent mechanical and thermal properties. Well suited coatings will preserve the functional properties and provide additional advantages like improved corrosion protection and homogeneous and long lasting appearance. Consistently increasing quality demands, extended warranty periods and cost pressure lead to further developments and force the industry to look for new solutions. Therefore improvement of throwing power (thickness distribution) of acid zinc-nickel electrolytes would allow for a reduction in plating time and thus an increase in productivity. More homogeneous coatings on the other hand will lead to an improvement of corrosion resistance and quality. With an appropriate post-treatment consisting of passivate and reactive inorganic sealer, a high-end system with superior cathodic corrosion protection, highest wear resistance and perfect appearance is achieved. This study will introduce Atotech´s new ammonium and boric acid-free acid zinc-nickel electrolyte - Zinni® 220 - which, as a result of the significantly improved throwing power, sets new standards in acid zinc-nickel plating. It opens enormous possibilities to improve quality and productivity while keeping the highest corrosion protection and perfect appearance. The superior thickness distribution and nickel incorporation will be presented and compared to conventional acid zinc-nickel electrolytes. Overall this results in higher plating quality at reduced cost and improved productivity.
Hoch, MatthiasKaczmarek, MichalAhr, Markus
ABSTRACT The development of Bell's third-generation tiltrotor, the V-280, places great focus on achieving low cost and robust design simplicity and is demonstrated on the Joint Multi-Role (JMR) Air Vehicle Concept Demonstrator (AVCD). The design and manufacture of the V-280 AVCD wing structure is an example that achieves significant recurring and development cost savings through the infusion of Design for Manufacturing (DFM) principles, advanced materials, robust manufacturing processes, and low-cost developmental tooling. To drive simplicity through all aspects of the design, the V-280 AVCD wing employs a straight, constant section profile with no forward sweep or upward dihedral. Wing skins, spars, and ribs utilize a broad goods layup technique that favors large fabric ply shapes over highly tailored tape plies. This approach has yielded significant reduction in fabrication labor hours (via increased composite material application rates) and has resulted in reduced scrap material. Mechanical assembly hours are also reduced through use of room-temperature paste bonded structure as well as large scale use of determinant assembly methods. Multiple risk reduction test articles, produced concurrently with the design effort, helped to inform and validate the producibility and structural integrity of the final design configuration. New production methods applied to the V-280 demonstrator wing have yielded a projected 57% reduction in total labor hours and a 50% reduction in development tool costs. At the same time, a minimal capital investment profile is supporting the potential production rates necessary for a Future Vertical Lift (FVL) program of record.
Decker, RyanBaines, AndrewCarlson, DaveKooiman, JamesStanney, KeithWolfe, Doug
The Ecosystem for Engineering Design Applied to Formula SAE2017-01-13243/28/2017
Modern mechanical design is heavily supplemented by computer-aided design and engineering (CAD/CAE) tools. The predominance of these tools have been developed to augment the analysis efforts during the detailed phase of the design process. Yet, many design oversights and inefficiencies are the result of inadequate vetting of engineering requirements, and vague accountability to those requirements during conceptual design. The Ecosystem for Engineering Design is developed herein as an immersive CAE tool for comprehensive design process support that facilitates the elimination of these sources of design inefficiency. In addition, the Ecosystem promotes rigid adherence to phase-appropriate design process activities increasing productivity. Many time-consuming administrative and information management tasks are automated to further increase designer efficiency. The Ecosystem for Engineering Design incorporates an array of phase-based design utilities including Total Design [1] and Axiomatic Design [2], making it a flexible and capable design-decision support tool. Designers are able to consolidate efforts in the most promising direction and design iteratively within each phase to avoid costly, whole-process iterations. In this vein, the Ecosystem innately supports lean design philosophies by minimizing the time to achieve a high-quality solution, minimizing resource use, and maximizing product value. The tools chosen for development and implementation are those with proven track records for maximizing design efficiency, and resulting design quality including Axiomatic Design, Total Design, and many prolific high-quality CAD/CAE tools available today. Using structured, relational data objects, archived information can be used for concept development, and also for requirement construction. The Ecosystem is developed as a comprehensive project management and design tool and is demonstrated in the context of undergraduate Society for Automotive Engineers (SAE) team design competitions, such as Formula SAE. The Ecosystem is shown to provide value to all stakeholders of design including the designer, the customer, and supervisors.
Jones, RobertSteingrimsson, BaldurEtesami, FaryarYi, Sung
Engineering Productivity Increase with Organization Architectures2017-01-02483/28/2017
Motivation - Ambiguous product targets, a global market, innovation pressure, changing process requirements and limited resources describe the situation for engineering management in the most R&D organizations. Achieving complex objective with limited resources is a question of performance. Performance in engineering departments is highly correlated to the existing capability of the engineering staff. When the reduction of engineering effort in development projects becomes additional goal for the management, an increase of engineering productivity is required. International engineering sites are established globally to push the capacity limits and to increase the productivity by the accessing big employment markets of engineering talents. By solving the conflict of limited resources and complex engineering goals, a need organizational challenge occurs - global co-engineering. Co-engineering is the extension of simultaneous engineering by the distribution of tasks and responsibilities in a global organization. Different to other global enterprise functions, like sales, the individual engineering staff takes over global responsibilities independent of their own localization. Systems are designed, constructed, implemented or tested in one region for the product release in a different region. Contribution - This technical report analyzes the challenges of engineering management in a global co-engineering environment. The relevance and value of a transparent organization overview is described and derived. The Organization Architecture (OA) is explained as tool to achieve the required transparency of globally distributed roles and responsibilities. The relevance of the organization structure is distinguished from the process structure required for product quality (acc. Six Sigma) or process maturity (acc. SPICE). The method to introduce, maintain and use of the Organization Architecture is described, including the nomenclature for the organizational elements. The benefits of the OA along those phases are evaluated in an industry use-case. The typical organizational optimizations - identified by the OA - are introduced and explained. The limitations of the OA for optimization of engineering organizations are explained. The possible combination of the OA with other management methods for R&D are discussed.
Koark, Fabian Jorg UweKorandla, Arvind
Vibration Assisted Drilling on Automated Drilling Units: Challenges, Dynamic Modelization and Prospective Developments2016-01-20979/27/2016
The Vibration Assisted Drilling (VAD) process has been implemented in Automated Drilling Equipment (ADE) on an industrial scale since 2011. Today more than 11000 ADEs are currently used on aircraft assembly lines. As well as drawing up a short report on the use of this new process, the authors make an assessment on new challenges that VAD has to face up. Indeed production rates are increasing and ADE manufacturers improve their technologies, one of the most recent and major development concerning the electrical motorization of the machines. These evolutions are as many opportunities for the VAD provided you have a clever understanding as well as an expert knowledge of the process. Thus the authors propose a new dynamic model of the whole VAD system which integrates the behavior of the part, cutting tool/material pair and the machine. The confrontation of model results and experimental validation tests demonstrates the relevance of the works. On this basis the authors detail some perspective of ADE process of tomorrow in terms of implementation technologies, parameters settings or even cutting tool optimization. They also show the interest of a smart connection between this new model and the Mitis database which is fed for ten years by monitored VAD tests.
Laporte, SylvainDe Castelbajac, CosmeLadonne, Mathieu
STAXX 50K - Standards for Carbon Composites Production Technology2016-01-21149/27/2016
Carbon composites have been on an odyssey within the past 15 years. Starting on the highest expectations regarding the performance, reality was hitting a lot of programs hard. Carbon composites were introduced on a very high technical level and industry has shown of being capable to handle those processes in general. In particular, production never sleeps and processes undergo a continuous change. Within these changes costs remain the most critical driver. As products are improving during their lifetime, they usually increase the degree of complexity, too. According to the normal cost improvement, this has drastic consequences for production. When setting up the first generation of composite production, the part being produced has been in the centre of attention. At a first glance this was the correct approach, but at a second one, it initiated up a huge number of variations in production processes, as in composite production the material and the part have to be built at the same time. This phenomenon especially occurs in the production of small, monolithic parts, where prepreg technology, hand layup, resin transfer moulding and more technology is applied. Today, also the variety in material is growing, when thermoset sytems have to compete with thermoplastics. This adds complexity to production as well. As the trend for those small, monolithic parts develops into the direction of being non-core for the production of OEM and Tier one suppliers, OEM and Tier one suppliers seek to find new suppliers for those parts, as their production will not remain profitable for those parts on the long run. Therefore, a supply chain has to be built upon standards, that helps suppliers to assess their risk on investment on the one hand and on the other hand where only proven standard technology is used to build parts within a spectrum of given and controllable technology. Automation will help to put the supply chain into a place, where the assessment of the quality and the cost are becoming more transparent for all parties. In terms of standards, only those should be applied where they are beneficial to the production. When standards meet automation it is most profitable, when automation occurs early in the process chain. Because of that the fibre placement process is most promising of being the industrial standard, as it offers a very high flexibility to build a large variety of parts. Fibre Placement has been introduced on a large scale for building fuselage structures for example. It is not applied for the production of small parts yet, even though it would offers several advantages. So far, production equipment for this purpose was not available. STAXX machines will close this gap. This will be an enabler to produce parts on a high level of automation and STAXX machine will improve the supply chain, too. As suppliers will benefit from the experience in automation of the OEM and Tier 1 suppliers, the entire process chain of composite parts will develop the option of becoming simpler, because of the reduction of raw materials used. STAXX will decrease the risk for the part manufacturer as it builds upon well established technology and with regard on invests and production cost it is cost efficient due to being a stand alone production system, also because one machine will be able to operate different materials. By setting standards in production using a direct fibre layup the impact on cost reduction is given by technological factors and by economical factors, because standards assure to increase the number of potential suppliers.
Meyer, Matthias
Aircraft Wing Build Philosophy Change through System Pre-Equipping of Major Components2016-01-21209/27/2016
In the civil aircraft industry there is a continuous drive to increase the aircraft production rate, particularly for single aisle aircraft where there is a large backlog of orders. One of the bottlenecks is the wing assembly process which is largely manual due to the complexity of the task and the limited accessibility. The presented work describes a general wing build approach for both structure and systems equipping operations. A modified build philosophy is then proposed, concerned with large component pre-equipping, such as skins, spars or ribs. The approach benefits from an offloading of the systems equipping phase and allowing for higher flexibility to organize the pre-equipping stations as separate entities from the overall production line. Its application is presented in the context of an industrial project focused on selecting feasible system candidates for a fixed wing design, based on assembly consideration risks for tooling, interference and access. Further industrial, human and cost factors are discussed to establish project competiveness. The main findings show a potential to reduce assembly time of systems equipping operations by 30% together with a lower ergonomic impact score. The paper also presents design rules derived from the case study towards a system design for a pre-equipping build philosophy. Primarily, cross component interfaces should be avoided as much as possible. Access for phase one structural operations need to be considered as well as major component jig pickup points. To increase system installation independence, layout considerations of components should lead to sufficient access to all components at any installation stage.
Judt, DavidForster, KevinLockett, HelenLawson, CraigWebb, Philip
Automated FML Manufacturing for Aircraft Fuselages2016-01-21129/27/2016
As a new material FML, made by aluminum foils and Glasfiber-Prepreg, is a real alternative to common materials for fuselages of aircrafts like monolithic aluminum or CFRP. Since experiences within A380 this material has some really good advantages and develops to the status as alternative to aluminum and composite structures. To become FML as a real alternative to aluminum and carbon structures there are many things to improve: design, material, costs and process chain. So following one of the main goals for an industrial application for high production rates of aircrafts is the automation of production processes inside the process chain for FML-parts like skins and panels for fuselages. To reach this goal for high production rates first steps of automation inside this new process chain have been developed in the last two years. Main steps is the automated lay-up of metallic foils and Glasfiber-Prepreg. Over this there are some more steps within positioning of i.e. stringers and doublers by automatic integration and also in parallel shorter process chain to reduce process cost significantly. Different concepts and results of the last two years of development work will be shown in this presentation with the scope of much higher level of automation and reduced process steps for industrial application of FML for higher production rate. Over this next steps for demonstrating industrial ability of this manufacturing process are planned for the next time.
Apmann, Hilmar
An Asymmetric Wrenching System with High Torque Transfer Capability for Aerospace Pins2016-01-20819/27/2016
The installation of common threaded aerospace fasteners by the application of a torque to a nut or collar is made possible by an internal wrenching element or recess feature adapted to the threaded end of a pin, which accepts a mating anti-rotation key designed to partially balance the applied torque. In applications such as the mechanical joining of composite structures accomplished by wet clearance fit installations of permanent fasteners, high nut or collar seating torques not adequately opposed by frictional resistance at the contact surfaces of the fastener and joint members effectively shift a greater proportion of the torque reaction requirement onto the recess and mating anti-rotation key which in turn can experience high torsional stresses exceeding their design capability and result in frequent service failures. In particular, the industry standard hexagonal recess and key have been shown to be highly susceptible to such severe conditions with failure rates as high as 20% in field applications. A superior asymmetric recess design was developed for use in aerospace pins to enhance the reaction torque capability of the fastener and mating key over the current baseline, without compromising established functional requirements, enabling fastener use in more demanding service applications. In this paper, the installation performance capability of threaded pins with the asymmetric recess is compared to equivalent substitutes with alternative recess designs through a series of standard industry tests conducted across a range of part sizes. Numerical simulations and experimental test results demonstrate that the asymmetric recess and key exceed the torsional strength and fatigue life of the current industry standard and other commercially available designs, offering the potential to increase productivity and reduce the cost of structural assembly and maintenance operations.
Pinheiro, RodrigoGurrola, RobertDzebo, Sead
This paper presents the results of the three and a half year Adaptive Vehicle Management System (AVMS) Phase II program, which developed a suite of technologies designed to exploit the large amount of information available across the subsystems of a modern rotorcraft and flight tested them on three platforms, an H-6 flying technology demonstrator, an H-47 Chinook and an AH-64 Apache. Technologies developed included those in the areas of tactile-cueing based carefree maneuvering, tactile cueing for maneuver and mission aiding, active external load stabilization, rotor state sensing, and alternative redundancy methods. The AVMS program expands on most other flight controls research by demonstrating a VMS that can simultaneously optimize multiple metrics including not only handling qualities but also aircraft performance, mission productivity, safety, and operating and sustainment (O&S) costs. The flight test results show benefits to mission productivity as demonstrated by an average of 19% improvement in the time to complete a range of mission task elements, along with a 34% improvement in workload, significant improvement in performance, and almost a 1 Cooper-Harper Point Rating (CHPR) improvement in handling qualities. In addition, the AVMS technologies were shown to prevent inadvertent exceedances of operating and safety limits, thereby saving a projected average of $50,000 per aircraft per year for a typical advanced capability military rotorcraft. The results substantiate our hypothesis that these technologies will make a significant positive impact on the effective and efficient operation of modern rotorcraft.
Enns, RussellSegner, DavidDryfoos, James
The three and a half year Adaptive Vehicle Management System (AVMS) Phase II program developed technologies in the areas of tactile-cueing based carefree maneuvering, maneuver aiding, and mission aiding. It also flight tested these technologies on three platforms, an H-6 Little Bird technology demonstrator, MH-47G Chinook, and AH-64 Apache. This paper focuses primarily on the results from testing the AVMS technologies on the AH-64 Apache helicopter. In summary, the results show a significant improvement in mission productivity, workload, performance, and handling qualities. These results substantiate the hypothesis that the AVMS technologies provide significant, positive impacts on attack helicopter platforms and it proves AVMS technologies can improve multiple metrics simultaneously without the expense of impacting the other metrics.
Klein, GaryKashawlic, BryanEnns, Russell
Development of Fracture Model for Laser Screw Welding2016-01-13444/5/2016
This paper describes the development of a fracture finite element (FE) model for laser screw welding (LSW) and validation of the model with experimental results. LSW was developed and introduced to production vehicles by Toyota Motor Corporation in 2013. LSW offers superb advantages such as increased productivity and short pitch welding. Although the authors had previously developed fracture FE models for conventional resistance spot welding (RSW), a fracture model for LSW has not been developed. To develop this fracture model, many comprehensive experiments were conducted. The results revealed that LSW had twice as many variations in fracture modes compared to RSW. Moreover, fracture mode bifurcations were also found to result from differences in clearance between welded plates. In order to analyze LSW fracture phenomena, detailed FE models using fine hexahedral elements were developed. The analytical results revealed that the fracture modes were determined not only by equivalent plastic strain on the element but also by the stress triaxiality state of the element. The model with new fracture criteria allowed for the fracture mode bifurcation to be recreated in different clearance cases, as observed in the experiments. Based on the above results, a simplified new efficient fracture model for LSW was developed for implementation into large-scale vehicle FE models. The new model consists of hexahedral elements for the nugget part and shell elements for the heat affected zone (HAZ). The new LSW fracture model correlated well with experimental results with respect to fracture mode bifurcation.
Kumagai, KoushiKuwahara, MasaakiYasuki, TsuyoshiKoreishi, Norimasa
Predicting Impact Damage, Residual Strength and Crashworthiness of Composite Structures2016-01-04974/5/2016
The development of the latest generation of wide-body carbon-fibre composite passenger aircraft has heralded a new era in the utilisation of these materials. The premise of superior specific strength and stiffness, corrosion and fatigue resistance, is tempered by high development costs, slow production rates and lengthy and expensive certification programmes. Substantial effort is currently being directed towards the development of new modelling and simulation tools, at all levels of the development cycle, to mitigate these shortcomings. One of the primary challenges is to reduce the extent of physical testing, in the certification process, by adopting a ‘certification by simulation’ approach. In essence, this aspirational objective requires the ability to reliably predict the evolution and progression of damage in composites. The aerospace industry has been at the forefront of developing advanced composites modelling tools. As the automotive industry transitions towards the increased use of composites in mass-produced vehicles, similar challenges in the modelling of composites will need to be addressed, particularly in the reliable prediction of crashworthiness. While thermoset composites have dominated the aerospace industry, thermoplastics composites are likely to emerge as the preferred solution for meeting the high-volume production demands of passenger road vehicles. This keynote paper outlines recent progress and current challenges in the development of finite-element-based predictive modelling tools for capturing impact damage, residual strength and energy absorption capacity of thermoset and thermoplastic composites for crashworthiness assessments.
Falzon, BrianTan, Wei
Aerospace Standard 6228 Developed to Support Improved Productivity and Reduce Occupational Disease Among Powered Hand Tool Operators2015-01-24859/15/2015
A joint US Department of Defense (DOD), General Services Administration (GSA) and National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) project initially addressing procurement criteria for powered hand tools stimulated involvement of the SAE EG1-B Hand Tools committee and affiliated industry participants, producers of powered hand tools. It became apparent of the need to develop a standard that addresses occupational disease, productivity, life-cycle cost in the selection of Hand Power Tools. Committee efforts focused upon development of an SAE International Standard that considers productivity hand-arm vibration, noise, other safety and health factors and life-cycle costs in procurement criteria for powered hand tools. Aerospace Standard, AS 6228 Safety Requirements for Procurement, Maintenance and Use of Hand-held Powered Tools, was published in September 2014. Concurrently, a new committee, EG1-B1, Powered hand tools, productivity, Ergonomics and Safety, evolved from the EG1-B subcommittee initially formed to address this topic. The standard provides a process for semi-quantitative assessment and comparative weighting of factors including life-cycle cost, vibration, ergonomics and noise into the evaluation and procurement decision. GSA has adapted the standard in evaluation of powered hand tools and is currently making approximately 140 lower vibration/ergonomic tools available to Federal users and Aerospace Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEM's), while identifying new products based on customers supply support requests. Current efforts are focused on outreach to industry and DOD; development of a technical report describing application of the AS 6228 standard and extending the processes described here to other commodities and industrial processes.
Geiger, Mark BenjaminSter, John Michael
A Global Improvement in Drilling and Countersinking of Multi-Material Stacks with Vibration Assisted Drilling2015-01-25019/15/2015
Over the last few years, many aircraft production lines have seen their production rate increase. In some cases, to avoid bottlenecks in the assembly lines, the productivity of processes needs to be improved while keeping existing machine-tools. In this context, the case of drilling machine-tools tends to require particular attention, especially when multi-material parts are drilled. In such instances, the Vibration Assisted Drilling (VAD) process can be a way to improve productivity and reliability while keeping quality standards. This article presents a case of a drilling/countersinking process for stainless steel and titanium stack parts. Firstly, the article assesses the feasibility and benefits of using Vibration Assisted Drilling and Countersinking with the current cutting-tools. Secondly, it studies the consequences of introducing a new tool holder in the process, which combines the V.A.D. function, a new declutching function and the ability to control countersink depth. Thirdly, a process study is undertaken on these last developments in order to design more efficient cutting tool geometries. New drilling and countersinking combined tools are developed. Their performances when used with the V.A.D. process are highlighted, in terms of productivity, reliability and quality.
de Castelbajac, CosmeLaporte, SylvainLonfier, JulianPuviland, Emmanuel
Items per page:
1 – 50 of 307