Browse Topic: Forging

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3D-PRINTING IMPACTS ON SYSTEMS ENGINEERING IN DEFENSE INDUSTRY2024-01-352711/15/2024
ABSTRACT Today’s combat vehicle designs are largely constrained by traditional manufacturing processes, such as machining, welding, casting, and forging. Recent advancements in 3D-Printing technology offer tremendous potential to provide economical, optimized components by eliminating fundamental process limitations. The ability to re-design suitable components for 3D-printing has potential to significantly reduce cost, weight, and lead-time in a variety of Defense & Aerospace applications. 3D-printing will not completely replace traditional processes, but instead represents a new tool in our toolbox - from both a design and a manufacturing standpoint.
Deters, Jason
Technical Paper
Evaluation of interface microstructure and bonding strength for dissimilar rotary friction welding of E46 and AA6061-T62024-26-019501/16/2024
Nowadays, friction welding is recognised as a highly productive and economic joining process for similar as well as dissimilar welding of automobile and aerospace components. Friction welding is the viable solution to offset the challenges of dissimilar fusion welding due to varying thermal and physical properties as well as limited mutual solubility. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the interface microstructure and interface bonding strength for dissimilar rotary friction welding of 3.15 mm E46 disc and 45 mm AA6061-T6 bar at different friction time and forging pressure. The direct drive rotary friction welding of E46 and AA6061-T6 is performed at combinations of two different friction time (4 sec and 7 sec) and forging pressure (108 MPa and 125 MPa). Mechanical bonding strength at the interface is evaluated based on the push-off and multi-step shear strength. Further, fractography of failed samples is carried out to understand the failure mechanism of welded joints
Chudasama, Gautam, Kalyankar PhD, Vivek, Chauhan, Shiv
Technical Paper
SAE TOMORROW TODAY: SAE: Forging a New Mobility Ecosystem - Part 11317111/12/2021
Think you know SAE? These episodes will have you thinking again. The next mobility revolution is upon us. Connected, automated and electrified transportation can provide equity of access to jobs, education, health care and beyond - but the future comes with challenges as innovators consider sustainability, resiliency and scalability of production. In part one of this special two-part series, SAE International's own Chief Growth Officer, Frank Menchaca, discusses the ways SAE is meeting the changing needs of 21st-century transportation and mobility, the organization's partnership with Argo AI and Clemson University to build the new Robotics Bootcamp, why SAE's J3016 Levels of Driving Automation was created, and the launch of SAE's Office of Sustainable Energy. Intrigued? Meet Pete. Meet Skylar. And meet Violet.
Hineman, Marcie
Podcast
Process Modelling of Aluminium Propeller Shaft by Integrated Computational Materials Engineering Approach2021-26-037409/22/2021
Integrated Computational Materials Engineering (ICME) simulation is an approach associated with materials processing methods by linking materials models at multiple length scales. AA6061 aluminum alloys are used popularly for its high strength-to-weight ratio so, enhancement of its mechanical properties by optimized thermomechanical process parameters using Matcalc is carried out. Simulation for different thermo mechanical processing is carried out and compare with the experimental results and analyzed. Initially, cold forging is carried out with artificial aging and then warm forging is carried out with and without artificial aging. Analyzed the simulation result of all three thermo mechanical treatment and correlated with simulation further to get the optimum process parameter for the iterations. In cold forging, dislocation density increment is observed and also refinement of grain. A refine grain form more grain boundary area which impedes dislocation motion and dislocations tend
Parasumanna, Ajeet Babu Kumar
Technical Paper
TS108 Manufacturing Specification for Studs, Bolts and Screws in BS S159 Material 1100 MPa (159,000 lbf/in² ) Tensile at Room Temperature (for which Forging Is Optional and Qualification not a Requirement)TS108-6 (Current)01/01/2019
No scope available.
Engine and Airframe Technical Standards Committee (TSC)
Specification
Optimization in Forging Process Using Computer Simulation2014-28-004104/28/2014
New process development of forging component require lot of process knowledge and experience. Even lots of trial-and-error methods need to be used to arrive at optimum process and initial billet dimensions. But with help of reliable computer simulation tools, now it is possible to optimize the complete process and billet dimensions without a single forging trial. This saves lot of time, energy and money. Additionally, simulation gives much more insight about the process and possible forging defects. In this paper, a complete forging process was needed to be designed for a complex component. With the help of computer simulation, the complete conventional forging process and modified forging process were simulated and optimized. Forging defects were removed during optimization of the process. Also billet weight optimization was carried out. Deciding the pre-forming shape of the billet was the main challenge. With use of computer simulation, an innovative pre-forming shape was arrived
Kumbhar, A. R., Kulkarni, S. A., Paranjpe, J. M., Karanth, N. V.
Technical Paper
New Generation of Forging Steels for Cyclic Loaded Safety Components with Improved Fatigue Properties2014-28-000504/28/2014
Lightweight design in the automotive industry is not always combined with the usage of alternative materials like composites. Even high strength steels have high potential for reducing the weight for lightweight design. For the forging industry a new steel is developed, which enables the TRIP-effect (Transformation Induced Plasticity) for forging parts. This material effect is already well known and used for steel sheet structures. The TRIP-effect is based on the structure of the TRIP-material containing retained austenite, which has the possibility to form residual stresses due to the austenite-martensite transformation under cyclic loading. Beside static properties, the dynamic and cyclic material behaviour has a high importance for parts in the automotive industry. So, for lightweight design, a focus has to be on fatigue behaviour under service loads including overloads for an optimal weight reduction. The traditional forging steels are the precipitation hardening ferritic-pearlitic
Elek, Lars, Fischer, Christian, Melz, Tobias, Wagener, Rainer, Wirths, Vera, Bleck, Wolfgang
Technical Paper
Magnetic Shield for Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigerators (ADR)TBMG-1565902/01/2013
A new method was developed for creating a less expensive shield for ADRs using 1018 carbon steel. This shield has been designed to have similar performance to the expensive vanadium permen dur shields, but the cost is 30 to 50% less. Also, these shields can be stocked in a variety of sizes, eliminating the need for special forgings, which also greatly reduces cost.
Magazine Article
FITTING ASSEMBLY, CROSS, REDUCER AND NONREDUCER, INTERNAL FLARE ON ONE END, TO FLARED TUBEAS95 (Historical)01/09/2013
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
Technical Standard
Tolerances, Hexagon Bar, Machined Flat and Forged Wrenching Flat Sizes for Fluid FittingsARP1201C (Current)01/02/2013
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) lists wrenching surface sizes and tolerances for fluid fittings which utilize machined or unmachined hex bar dimensions and machined or forged wrenching surfaces across the center body section of shape fittings.
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
Recommended Practice
LIFTING EYE - PROPELLER SHAFTAS161A (Current)12/05/2012
AGE-4 Packaging, Handling and Transportability Committee
Technical Standard
Surface Discontinuities on General Application Bolts, Screws, and StudsJ1061_201211 (Current)11/19/2012
This SAE Recommended Practice defines, illustrates, and specifies allowable limits for various types of surface discontinuities that may occur during the manufacture and processing of bolts, screws, and studs in sizes through 24 mm or 1 in diameter inclusive with lengths to 150 mm or 6 in inclusive, having specified minimum tensile strengths of 900 MPa or 120 000 psi and greater, which are primarily intended for use in automotive assemblies.
Fasteners Committee
Recommended Practice
Joining and Assembly of Bulk Metallic Glass Composites Through Capacitive DischargeTBMG-1422608/01/2012
Bulk metallic glasses (BMGs), a class of amorphous metals defined as having a thickness greater than 1 mm, are being broadly investigated by NASA for use in spacecraft hardware. Their unique properties, attained from their non-crystalline structure, motivate several game-changing aerospace applications. BMGs have low melting temperatures so they can be cheaply and repeatedly cast into complex net shapes, such as mirrors or electronic casings. They are extremely strong and wear-resistant, which motivates their use in gears and bearings. Amorphous metal coatings are hard, corrosion-resistant, and have high reflectivity. BMG composites, reinforced with soft second phases, can be fabricated into energy-absorbing cellular panels for orbital debris shielding.
Magazine Article
Cutting Edge - Optional Cross-Sections and Dimensions Loader StraightJ1581_201110 (Current)10/25/2011
The purpose of this SAE Recommended Practice is to specify dimensions for loader straight cutting edge cross sections without holes and with bolt holes for mounting bolt-on teeth and tooth adaptors on loader buckets described by SAE J731. This recommended practice is intended to supplement SAE J1303 and SAE J1304 with cross sections for heavier duty applications, by identifying larger blunts, greater bevel angles, larger bolt holes, and greater bolt spacing.
MTC1, Earthmoving Machinery
Recommended Practice
Cutting Edge - Cross Sections Loader StraightJ1303_201110 (Current)10/25/2011
For cutting edges used on buckets for loaders defined in SAE J1057a. The dimensions are applicable to rolled, cast, forged, flame cut, and machined cutting edge sections. Straight cutting edges are defined as those whose leading edge and rear edge are parallel and, thus, are of constant cross section. For "straight cutting edge sections with bolt holes," see SAE J1304 FEB85. NOTE—For some heavy duty applications, cross sections with larger blunts and greater bevel angles may be required.
MTC1, Earthmoving Machinery
Recommended Practice
Aluminum Alloy Die Forgings (7050-T74) Solution Heat Treated and OveragedAMS4107C (Historical)08/10/2011
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of die forgings and forging stock.
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Material Specification
Aluminum Alloy Die Forgings (7175-T66) Solution and Precipitation Heat TreatedAMS4148B (Historical)08/10/2011
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of die forgings and forging stock.
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Material Specification
Steel, Low Carbon, Bars, Forgings, Tubing, Sheet, Strip, and Plate, 0.25 Carbon, MaximumAMS5062E (Historical)08/10/2011
This specification has been declared “NONCURRENT” by the Aerospace Materials Division, SAE, as of August 2009. It is recommended, therefore, that this specification not be specified for new designs. “NONCURRENT” refers to those specifications which have previously been widely used and which may be required for production or processing of existing designs in the future. The Aerospace Materials Division, however, does not recommend these specifications for future use in new designs. “NONCURRENT” specifications are available from SAE upon request.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Material Specification
Titanium Alloy Bars, Forgings and Forging Stock, 6.0Al - 4.0V, Solution Heat Treated and AgedAMS6930B (Historical)06/23/2011
This specification covers a titanium alloy in the form of bars, forgings, and stock for forging.
AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee
Material Specification
Quality Assurance Sampling and Testing, Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel Wrought Products and Forging StockAMS2370K (Historical)06/23/2011
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Material Specification
Nickel-Iron Magnetic Alloy, Bars and ForgingsAMS7705F (Current)12/13/2010
This specification covers a magnetic nickel-iron alloy in the form of bars, forgings, and forging stock.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Material Specification
Automotive Engineering International 2010-09-0710AEID090709/07/2010
Optimizing the replacement for engine displacement New boosting and fuel-delivery technologies, and even twin-cylinder ICEs, are among the solutions being employed by powertrain engineers aiming for the next round of fuel-consumption and emissions targets. Back to basics Top Toyota executives discuss steps taken to bolster quality control during the development process while still forging ahead with new innovative product. Hyundai builds on success The company and Kia share European technologies and facilities, but they maintain individual model and marque identities as their presence strengthens. Teeming with ideas Automakers and suppliers get together to address consumer-electronics-friendly life cycles.
Magazine Issue
FITTING, TEE, STANDARD AND REDUCER, BULKHEAD ON RUN, INTERNAL PORT ON SIDE, FLARELESSAS1001G (Historical)04/27/2010
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
Technical Standard
FITTING, TEE, STANDARD AND REDUCER, BULKHEAD ON RUN, INTERNAL PORT ON SIDE, FLARELESSAS1001G-TEST-REC (Historical)04/27/2010
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
Technical Standard
FITTING, TEE, STANDARD AND REDUCER, BULKHEAD AND INTERNAL PORT ON RUN, FLARELESSAS1002G (Historical)04/27/2010
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
Technical Standard
Aerospace Engineering & Manufacturing 2009-12-0909AEMD120912/09/2009
Linking design and manufacturing Design, manufacturing forge tighter links with help from emerging development tools.
Magazine
Steel, Bars and Forgings, 2.0Cr - 10Ni - 14Co - 1.0Mo (0.15 - 0.19C), Vacuum Melted, Normalized and OveragedAMS6527D (Historical)06/11/2009
This specification covers a premium aircraft-quality alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, and forging stock.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Material Specification
Steel Bars, Forgings, and Tubing, Free-Cutting, 1.5Mn - 0.25Pb (0.32-0.39C) (11L37)AMS5020F (Current)12/15/2008
This specification has been declared "CANCELLED " by the Aerospace Materials Division, SAE, as of December 2008. By this action, this document will remain listed in the Numerical Section of the Index of Aerospace Material Specifications indicating that it has been "CANCELLED ".
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Material Specification
Steel Bars, Forgings, and Tubing, 0.88Cr - 1.8Ni - 0.42Mo - 0.08V (0.25 - 0.33C)AMS6427J (Historical)04/21/2008
This specification covers an aircraft quality, low alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, mechanical tubing, and forging stock.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Material Specification
Steel, Bars and Forgings 5.0Cr - 1.3Mo - 0.5V - (0.38 - 0.43C)AMS6488H (Current)01/16/2008
This specification covers a low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, and forging stock. These products have been used typically for parts requiring a steel capable of through-hardening to a minimum hardness of 50 HRC in section thicknesses up to 12 inches (305 mm) with relatively high levels of strength, fatigue resistance, ductility, and thermal stability in service from -100 degrees to +1000 degrees F (-73 degrees to +538 degrees C), but usage is not limited to such applications. Certain design and processing procedures may cause these products to become susceptible to stress-corrosion cracking after heat treatment; SAE ARP 1110 recommends practices to minimize such conditions.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Material Specification
Titanium Alloy, Bars, Wire, Forgings, and Rings, 6Al - 6V - 2Sn, Annealed, Heat TreatableAMS4971G (Historical)06/27/2007
This specification covers a titanium alloy in the form of bars, wire, forgings, flash welded rings, and stock for forging or flash welded rings.
AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee
Material Specification
Titanium Alloy Bars, Wire, Forgings, Rings, and Drawn Shapes, 6Al - 4V, AnnealedAMS4928R (Historical)01/09/2007
This specification covers a titanium alloy in the form of bars, wire, forgings, flash welded rings, drawn shapes, and stock for forging or flash welded rings.
AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee
Material Specification
Steel Bars and Forgings, 5.0Cr - 1.3Mo - 0.5V (0.38 - 0.43C)AMS6485H (Current)10/30/2006
This specification covers an aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, and forging stock.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Material Specification
Bolts and Screws, Aerospace Engine - Materials, Procurement Specifications and PropertiesAIR4923 (Historical)10/11/2006
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) provides a tabular listing of materials, procurement specifications, and mechanical properties for bolts and screws developed for use on aerospace propulsion systems designed using the U.S. customary system or the SI system.
E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems
Information Report
Steel, Bars, Forgings, and Tubing, 1.45Cr (0.93 - 1.05C) (SAE 52100), for Bearing ApplicationsAMS6440N (Historical)09/22/2006
This specification covers a low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, mechanical tubing, and forging stock.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Material Specification
Steel, Bars, Forgings, and Tubing, 1.0Cr (0.98 - 1.10C) (SAE 51100), Electroslag RemeltedAMS6446E (Current)07/17/2006
This specification covers a premium aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, mechanical tubing, and forging stock.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Material Specification
Steel, Bars, Forgings, and Tubing, 1.05Cr - 1.1Mn (0.92 - 1.02C) (Modified 51100), Consumable Electrode Vacuum MeltedAMS6445G (Current)07/17/2006
This specification covers a premium aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, mechanical tubing, and forging stock.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Material Specification
TACHOMETER MOUNTING PAD AND DRIVE - TYPE IIAS55A (Historical)05/31/2006
E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems
Technical Standard
Steel, Bars, Forgings, and Tubing, 1.0Cr (0.98 - 1.10C) (SAE 51100) for Bearing ApplicationsAMS6449E (Current)05/15/2006
This specification has been declared NONCURRENT by the Aerospace Materials Division, SAE, as of September 1995. It is recommended, therefore, that this specification not be specified for new designs. Alloy: 51100 UNS Number: G51986
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Material Specification
Titanium Alloy Bars, Forgings and Forging Stock, 6.0Al - 4.0V, Solution Heat Treated and AgedAMS6930A (Historical)02/20/2006
This specification covers a titanium alloy in the form of bars, forgings, and stock for forging.
AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee
Material Specification
Cutting Edge-Cross Sections Loader StraightJ1303_200602 (Historical)02/05/2006
For cutting edges used on buckets for loaders defined in SAE J105a. The dimensions are applicable to rolled, cast, forged, flame cut, and machined cutting edge sections. Straight cutting edges are defined as those whose leading edge and rear edge are parallel and, thus, are of constant cross section. For "straight cutting edge sections with bolt holes," see SAE J1304 FEB85. NOTE: For some heavy duty applications, cross sections with larger blunts and greater bevel angles may be required.
MTC1, Earthmoving Machinery
Recommended Practice
LIFTING EYE - PROPELLER SHAFTAS161 (Historical)10/28/2005
AGE-4 Packaging, Handling and Transportability Committee
Technical Standard
Steel, Bars and Forgings, 3.1Cr - 11.5Ni - 13.5Co - 1.2Mo (0.21 - 0.25C), Vacuum Melted, Annealed, Heat Treatable to 290 ksi (1999 MPa) Tensile StrengthAMS6478B (Current)09/30/2005
This specification covers a premium aircraft-quality alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, and forging stock. These products have been used typically for parts requiring a combination of high strength, high toughness, and weldability, but usage is not limited to such applications. Product after proper heat treatment should attain a minimum tensile strength of 290 ksi (1999 MPa) and yield strength of 245 ksi (1689 MPa).
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Material Specification
Steel, Bars and Forgings, 3.1Cr - 11.5Ni - 13.5Co - 1.2Mo (0.21 - 0.25C), Vacuum Melted, Normalized and Overaged, Precipitation HardenableAMS6532C (Historical)09/22/2005
This specification covers a premium aircraft-quality alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, and forging stock.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Material Specification
Steel Bars, Forgings, and Tubing, 1.0Cr (0.98 - 1.10C) (SAE 51100), Consumable Electrode Vacuum MeltedAMS6443G (Current)09/22/2005
TThis specification covers a premium aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, mechanical tubing, and forging stock.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Material Specification
Steel Bars, Forgings, and Tubing, 1.05Cr - 0.55Ni - 1.0Mo - 0.12V (0.43 - 0.49C)AMS6432C (Current)09/22/2005
This specification covers an aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, mechanical tubing, and forging stock.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Material Specification
Steel Bars, Forgings, and Tubing 1.45cr (0.98 1.10c) (SAE 52100) for Bearing ApplicationsAMS6440M (Historical)08/31/2005
This specification covers a low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, mechanical tubing, and forging stock.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Material Specification
Aluminum Alloy, Die Forgings 4.0Mg 1.3Li 1.2C 0.45 O₂ Mechanically Alloyed, As-FabricatedAMS4322A (Current)07/25/2005
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of die forgings and forging stock. These forgings have been used typically for applications requiring moderate triaxial strength, low density, high modulus, and good resistance to a combination of stress-corrosion cracking, but usage is not limited to such applications.
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Material Specification
FLANGE, STRAIGHT THREAD PORT, WELDAS5227 (Historical)06/02/2005
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
Technical Standard
TS27 Manufacturing Specification for Studs, Bolts and Screws in BS HR601 Material 1000 MPa (145,000 lbf/in²) Tensile at Room Temperature (for which Forging is optional and Qualification not a requirement)TS27-4 (Current)12/01/2004
No scope available.
Engine and Airframe Technical Standards Committee (TSC)
Specification
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