Browse Topic: Renewable energy

Items (174)
Find
Green Jet Fuel Additive Made from Acetone Plus LightTBMG-361733/1/2020
A domestically generated additive was made by taking biomass-derived acetone — common nail polish remover — and using light to upgrade it to higher-mass hydrocarbons. It can be blended with conventional jet fuel to fly while providing environmental benefits.
Slippery Surfaces Allow Sticky Pastes and Gels to SlideTBMG-361923/1/2020
Materials known as yield-stress fluids, including gels and pastes, can be found in consumer products such as food, condiments, and cosmetics, and in products in the energy and pharmaceuticals industries. Unlike other fluids such as water and oils, these materials will not start to flow on their own, even when their container is turned upside-down. Starting the flow requires an input of energy, such as squeezing the container.
Insect-Inspired Motion SensingTBMG-359932/1/2020
Researchers have taken inspiration from flying insects to demonstrate a miniaturized gyroscope, a special sensor used in navigation technologies. Gyroscopes sense rotational motions to provide directional guidance without relying on satellites, so they are immune to signal jamming and other cyber threats, making them ideal for aircraft and submarines.
In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU): Methylotrophic Microorganisms Expressing Soluble Methane Monooxygenase ProteinsTBMG-358121/1/2020
Long-duration missions to planetary bodies and deep space will require new technological developments that support human habitation in transit and on distant bodies. Microorganisms are unique from the standpoint that they can be employed as self-replicating bio-factories to produce both native and engineered mission-relevant bio-products. Methane (CH4) usage in In-Space Manufacturing (ISM) platforms has been discussed previously for human exploration and has been proposed to be used in physicochemical systems as a propulsion fuel, supply gas, and in fuel cells.
Products of Tomorrow: January 2020TBMG-358141/1/2020
This column presents technologies that have applications in commercial areas, possibly creating the products of tomorrow. To learn more about each technology, see the contact information provided for that innovation.
Control of the Distillation Curve of Biodiesel Fuel by Cross-Metathesis Reaction Based on Fatty-Acid Composition2019-01-218712/19/2019
Biodiesel fuel (Fatty acid methyl esters: FAME) have lower volatility than petro-diesel fuel due to the larger molecular size of FAME. Recent studies report that the distillation temperature of biodiesel fuel can be lowered by the cross-metathesis reaction with short-chain olefin using ruthenium catalyst. In this study, the effect of cross-metathesis reaction conditions on the distillation characteristics of reformulated biodiesel fuel is investigated to reveal the reaction conditions for fitting the distillation curve of biodiesel fuels to that of petro-diesel fuel. Furthermore, the reactivity of typical biodiesel fuels such as RME (rapeseed oil), SME (soybean oil), and WME (waste cooking oil) for cross-metathesis reaction were examined to reveal the reaction conditions appropriate for their fatty-acid compositions.
Kawasaki, Kiyoshi, Yamane, Koji, Umeno, Ryohei
Oxidation of Soybean Biodiesel Fuel in Diesel Engine Oils04-12-03-001512/5/2019
Abstract During diesel engine operation, some fuel is entrained in engine oil, particularly as a consequence of strategies to regenerate NOx traps or particle filters. This “fuel dilution” of oil can adversely affect engine oil properties and performance. Compared to diesel fuel, biodiesel is more prone to fuel dilution and more susceptible to oxidation. Oxidation stability experiments were conducted at 160°C using a modified Rapid Small-Scale Oxidation Test (RSSOT) and a Rancimat instrument with 0, 5, 10, and 20 wt% biodiesel in four fully formulated engine oils, two partially formulated engine oils, and two base oils. These experiments showed decreasing oxidation stability with increasing biodiesel content. An exception was noted with the least stable oils (two base oils and one engine oil) in which 5 wt% biodiesel improved the oxidation stability relative to oil without biodiesel. Experiments with biodiesel distillation fractions identified this stability enhancement within the least volatile biodiesel fraction, consistent with natural antioxidants in the biodiesel. Omission of two engine oil additives, antioxidants and zinc dialkyldithiophosphates (ZDDP), led to an unexpected increase in oxidation stability (with and without biodiesel). Time-series oxidation experiments at 160°C with one of the fully formulated engine oils, with and without 20 wt% biodiesel, demonstrated that the biodiesel caused greater oxidation instability and extent of oxidation, greater formation of peroxides and reduction in total base number (TBN), increased ester content, and higher density. Kinematic viscosity increased with aging time and eventually surpassed that of the engine oil aged without biodiesel. With extended aging time, the fully formulated engine oil containing biodiesel “broke,” forming black tar-like materials with high viscosity.
Ball, James C., Anderson, James E., Duckworth, Jacob A., Uy, Dairene, Wallington, Timothy J.
Photovoltaic-Powered SensorsTBMG-3571412/1/2019
Internet of Things devices require batteries that must be replaced frequently, which can be problematic for long-term monitoring. Photovoltaic-powered sensors were developed that could potentially transmit data for years before they need to be replaced. Thin-film perovskite cells — known for their potential low cost, flexibility, and relative ease of fabrication — were mounted as energy-harvesters on inexpensive radio frequency identification (RFID) tags.
Device Creates Electricity from SnowfallTBMG-3571212/1/2019
Researchers have designed a device that creates electricity from falling snow. The device is inexpensive, small, thin, and flexible like a sheet of plastic. It can work in remote areas because it provides its own power and does not need batteries. The device is also a weather station that can tell how much snow is falling, the direction the snow is falling, and the direction and speed of the wind.
Ultra-Thin Layers of Rust Generate Electricity from Flowing WaterTBMG-3572212/1/2019
Research shows that thin films of rust (iron oxide) can generate electricity when saltwater flows over them. These films represent an entirely new way of generating electricity and could be used to develop new forms of sustainable power production.
2019 'Create the Future' Sustainable Technologies Category Winner: Wave-Powered Water DesalinationTBMG-3544911/1/2019
A Fuzzy Logic Based Energy Management of Grid Connected Hybrid Energy System2019-28-007610/11/2019
On account of boundless presence and eco-friendly nature of Sustainable Energy Sources (SES) like Wind system, PV etc. power generation using SES became more captivating. This work concentrates on Energy Management (EM) of grid synchronized Hybrid Renewable Energy System (HRES) along with fuzzy logic control. Where the HRES system is a combination of solar panel and wind turbine as sources. Along with an electrical battery for energy storage via an interface using a DC-DC fused CUK-SEPIC converter with multiple input is adopted. This convertor is employed to incorporate the HRES to the main grid. In addition to grid integration a Fuzzy Logic Based (FLB) controller is employed to increase the efficiency of the system. The converter topology used is a crossbreed of wind and solar power system, which is used to eliminate the inclusion of MPPT. A two level framework is imposed, which includes a logic controller to ensure efficient EM when HRESs are interconnected with the grid. Simulation of the FLB energy management system is performed along with the implementation of hardware setup.
Dayalan, Suchitra, Rathinam, Rajarajeswari, Pandey, Pranav, Adap, Mrutyunjay
Optimal Sizing and Energy Management of a Microgrid Using Single and Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization under Autonomous and Grid Connected Mode2019-28-015810/11/2019
The conventional energy sources are getting depleted while at the same time the energy demand keeps growing. Hence, it is important to consider non-conventional energy sources to meet future energy demands. The renewable energy based microgrid system is one of the promising solutions to meet this increasing energy demand. The major parameters under consideration in a micro-grid system are cost-effectiveness, quality of service and energy management. This work concentrates on the energy management of the Photovoltaic/Wind based microgrid system connected to the fuel cell, microturbine and battery under Islanding (or) Autonomous mode and Grid-Connected Mode. The current model of PV, Wind and Battery systems are employed. The Wind, PV and Battery types are chosen from i-HOGA. The optimal combination of these sources with the aim of minimizing the operating cost, pollutant treatment cost and maximizing reliability using both single and multi-objective particle swarm optimization (PSO) has been considered. This microgrid has also been analyzed under three different strategies for both grids connected and islanded mode and the best energy management strategy is obtained after analysis. In addition to this, the type and number of PV, Wind, and Battery to meet the forecasted demand are determined under islanding mode using Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO). A solitary best-accepted solution is attained from Fuzzy membership function. The algorithm proposed decides the optimal number of units and types of units selected to achieve the optimal cost. The simulation has been performed in MATLAB environment.
Dayalan, Suchitra, Rathinam, Rajarajeswari, Valliappan, Subramaniyan
Demand Side Load Management by Using Priority Based Load Shedding Algorithm with and without Renewable Energy Generation2019-28-007310/11/2019
Demand side load management (DSLM) emphasizes control of the power demanded, by reducing the peak load and control of energy utilization of the system. DSLM is introduced to improve the flexibility of the grid power usage and also to aid the utilization of Renewable Energy Generation (REG) which is intermittent. In this work, implementation of load shedding (LS) algorithm for the residential load is performed with the limit of power as constraint, considering REG and grid in three different modes of operation. Solar and Wind power are the REG considered in this work. Priority Based Load Shedding (PBLS) is performed to limit the power consumption of equipment during peak hours with the implementation of varying pricing signal. In order to implement PBLS, three residential user load data for 24 hours is considered. The users are categorized as low, medium and high priority user. The priority of the user is based on the load consumption for 24 hours. The proposed LS scheme is performed, depending on the power requirements of Home Electric Devices (HEDs) and the priority of consumer. The main objective of cost reduction (power consumption) along with minimization of user discomfort is achieved by using the PBLS algorithm. Simulation results for REG islanded mode, grid connect mode and REG aided grid mode is performed. The further cost comparison is made with and without a load schedule. The scheduling of load curve is performed using Genetic Algorithm (GA) optimization.
Rathinam, Rajarajeswari, Dayalan, Suchitra
Influence of Addition of Ethanol into Non-Edible Biodiesel from Rice Bran Oil on the Properties and Performance - An Experimental Study in Direct Injection VCR Diesel Engine2019-28-016010/11/2019
Non-edible oil biodiesels and alcohols are the two major liquid fuel sources available to replace diesel to fuel compression ignition engine. This study is to investigate the solubility, properties and performance of biodiesel from non-edible rice bran oil and ethanol. Solubility test was conducted in three different temperatures 50C, 150C& room temperature (300C approximately). The stable blends were tested for essential properties such as energy content, cetane number, kinematic viscosity, heat of vaporisation, flash point and oxygen content as per ASTM standards. Biodiesel- ethanol blends containing 30% of ethanol was found stable up to 50C. This blend also met the minimum requirement with respect to properties to fuel compression ignition engine. These blends were tested in compression ignition engine for performance, combustion and emission characteristics in various load conditions under two compression ratios (17,1 & 18,1). Results showed that the compression ratio 18:1 was found suitable for the optimal blend. This blend produced brake thermal efficiency, peak incylinder pressure, peak heat release rate, hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, and smoke similar to that of diesel. However, ignition delay & emission of oxides of nitrogen produced by this blend was found slightly higher compared to diesel.
Balasubramanian, Prabakaran, Shanmuga Sundaram, Padmanaba Sundar, Manoharan, Hemakumar
Elastomer Swell Behavior in 1-Propanol, Diisobutylene, Cyclopentanone, and a Furan Mixture Blended in E10 and a Blendstock for Oxygenate Blending (BOB)04-12-03-00118/21/2019
The compatibility of four potential bio-derived blendstock molecules with infrastructure elastomers was determined by measuring the volume change following exposure. The blendstock molecules included 1-propanol, diisobutylene, cyclopentanone, and a furan mixture. The elastomers included two fluorocarbons, six nitrile rubbers (NBRs), and one each of fluorosilicone, neoprene, polyurethane, and silicone. The elastomers were exposed to the fuel molecules as blends ranging from 0 to 30 vol.% in both a blendstock for oxygenate blending (BOB) formulation and an E10 fuel. Silicone exhibited excessive swelling in each test fuel, while the other elastomers showed good compatibility (low swell) with diisobutylene, 1-propanol, and the furan mixture when BOB was used as the base fuel. The E10 base fuel produced high (>30%) swell in neoprene, polyurethane, and some nitrile rubbers. In most cases diisobutylene produced the least amount of volume expansion. In contrast, the addition of cyclopentanone produced unacceptably high swelling in each elastomer and is not considered suitable for use with these fuels. Analysis of the results showed that the swelling behavior is predominantly due to the polarity of the elastomer and test fuels.
Kass, Michael D., Janke, Christopher J., Connatser, Raynella M., West, Brian
Rotary Electrical ContactTBMG-346206/1/2019
Researchers have developed a fundamentally new type of rotary electrical contact that addresses the two limitations of conventional brush/slip ring technology: 1) short operating lifetime due to sliding-contact wear, and 2) electrical arcing associated with contact bounce.
The Review of Present and Future Energy Structure in China2019-01-06124/2/2019
Both the economy and energy demand increase rapidly in China. The government is facing severe problems from energy security, carbon emissions and environmental issues. The past trends and future plans of energy will have great influence on the transportation, construction and industry development. This paper summarizes the present and future energy structure in China. Conventional fossil energy, nuclear energy and renewable energy are all included. Electricity will account for more proportion in total energy consumption in the future, and the structure of electricity will be cleaner. That will promote the development of electric vehicles and the transformation of China’s automotive industry. The optimization of energy structure will accelerate the low-carbon development in China. China’s energy development will enter a new stage from the expansion of total quantity to the upgrading of quality and efficiency. In order to realize the Paris Climate Agreement, China must steadily control the total energy consumption. The energy consumption in China will be in a period of slow growth. Constantly optimizing the energy structure and promoting renewable energy will both ease the energy crisis and ensure that China’s goal of reducing CO2 emissions can be achieved. China will further strengthen international cooperation in energy projects in the future. Through the cooperation, the energy structure in China will be further optimized. The efficient technology research & development and infrastructure construction of energy storage and remote power transfer will be vital to energy development. It will have influence on the future promotion of various renewable energy resources. The government will propel the reform of the oil and gas industry, and gradually open the market to the social capital. This measure will emphasize the role of the market in the energy development.
Liu, Feiqi, Zhao, Fuquan, Hao, Han, Liu, Zongwei
Effects of Lambda on Knocking Characteristics and RON Rating2019-01-06274/2/2019
The knock resistance of fuels has been historically measured using the ASTM RON and MON methods. However, significant discrepancies between the fuel octane number and knock-limited performance in modern spark-ignited (SI) engines have been well-documented. Differences between the operating conditions of the Cooperative Fuels Research (CFR) engine during RON rating and those attained in modern SI engines have been highlighted in the literature. While octane ratings are performed for each fuel on the CFR engine at the lambda that provides the highest knockmeter reading, modern SI engines are generally operated at stoichiometry and knock intensity is based on the high frequency cylinder pressure oscillations associated with knocking combustion. In the present work, an instrumented CFR engine was used to analyze lambda effects on both the conventional knockmeter RON rating method and cylinder pressure transducer based knock intensity. It was found that both knock intensity metrics reduced significantly at stoichiometry for highly iso-paraffinic fuels (such as primary reference fuels), compared to test fuels composed of higher ethanol or aromatic content. This behavior had a significant impact on how the octane ratings of the fuels were perceived at stoichiometric conditions.
Hoth, Alexander, Pulpeiro Gonzalez, Jorge, Kolodziej, Christopher P., Rockstroh, Toby
Estimation of the Fuel Efficiency Potential of Six Gasoline Blendstocks Identified by the U.S. Department of Energy’s Co-Optimization of Fuels and Engines Program2019-01-00171/15/2019
Six blendstocks identified by the Co-Optimization of Fuels & Engines Program were used to prepare fuel blends using a fixed blendstock for oxygenate blending and a target RON of 97. The blendstocks included ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, isobutanol, diisobutylene, and a bioreformate surrogate. The blends were analyzed and used to establish interaction factors for a non-linear molar blending model that was used to predict RON and MON of volumetric blends of the blendstocks up to 35 vol%. Projections of efficiency increase, volumetric fuel economy increase, and tailpipe CO2 emissions decrease were produced using two different estimation techniques to evaluate the potential benefits of the blendstocks. Ethanol was projected to provide the greatest benefits in efficiency and tailpipe CO2 emissions, but at intermediate levels of volumetric fuel economy increase over a smaller range of blends than other blendstocks. A bioreformate surrogate blendstock was projected to provide the greatest increase in volumetric fuel economy and the lowest increase in efficiency. Tailpipe CO2 emissions for blends of the bioreformate surrogate were higher at all blend levels compared to the baseline E10 fuel.
Sluder, C. Scott
Regulation vs. Field Data: Managing Fuel Quality2019-26-01571/9/2019
Unlike in the aviation and marine sector, fuel specification in the on-road transportation sector are varied depending on the countries. Globally, the countries are going towards ultra-low sulfur fuels. In developed countries including in EU and the U.S., ultra-low sulfur fuels have been used since 2005-2006. In Asia, Japan lead the region with less than 10 ppm sulfur fuels introduced into the market in January 2005. More than a decade later, fuels with high sulfur content are still sold in most countries in Asia, Africa, the Middle East and Pacific. Facing pressure from environmentalists, these countries are focusing on sulfur reduction in their conventional fuels, along with improvement in their conventional fuels, along with improvement in their vehicle emission standards. On the other hand, in more advanced countries where they already have the cleanest possible conventional fuels, alternative fuels vehicles including electric vehicles are getting more attentions. Governments of developing countries are setting higher fuel quality standards to enable the implementation of more stringent vehicle emission standards. However, lack of fuel quality monitoring system in those countries results in the use of off-spec fuels. SGS worldwide market data delivers many examples. In the Philippines, 83% of premium plus gasoline samples have RON of 93 - 96.5 against the minimum requirement of 97 in the period of 2011-2017. Another example: 11.28 vol.% of methanol was found in a gasoline sample in 2016-2017 in the Philippines despite the specifications do not allow methanol to be present. One more example from Pakistan: the Manganese presence in all gasoline samples with concentration from 0.1 to 104 mg/kg in 2003-2017. Prolonged use of off-spec fuels will deteriorate exhaust emissions, damage the vehicles and worsen air quality. Therefore, a good understanding of fuel specifications and implementation of a good fuel quality monitoring system are needed to avoid severe productivity loss due to stalled vehicles on the road
Nurafiatin, Lucky
Thermochromic Windows Convert Sunlight into ElectricityTBMG-3341512/1/2018
Relying on advanced materials such as perovskites and single-walled carbon nano-tubes, a window technology was developed that responds to heat by transforming from transparent to tinted. As the window darkens, it generates electricity. The color change is driven by molecules (methylamine) that are reversibly absorbed into the device. When solar energy heats up the device, the molecules are driven out, and the device is darkened. When the Sun is not shining, the device is cooled back down, and the molecules re-absorb into the window device, which then appears transparent.
Idaho National LaboratoryTBMG-3310510/1/2018
In 1951, the first nuclear reactor in Idaho was built, starting a legacy at what is now Idaho National Laboratory (INL). INL is the site where 52 pioneering nuclear reactors were designed and constructed, including the first reactor to generate usable amounts of electricity. It was here that nuclear-generated electricity first powered an American community.
Q&A: Dr. André D. Taylor, Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering Dept., New York University Tandon School of Engineering, New York, NYTBMG-328569/1/2018
An international team of university researchers, led by Dr. Taylor, reports solving a major fabrication challenge for perovskite cells — the intriguing potential challengers to silicon-based solar cells. These crystalline structures show great promise because they can absorb almost all wavelengths of light. Perovskite solar cells are already commercialized on a small scale, but recent vast improvements in their power conversion efficiency are driving interest in using them as low-cost alternatives for solar panels.
Solar PV and Lithium-Ion Battery Hybrids for the IIoT — A User's GuideTBMG-328659/1/2018
Hybrid solutions that combine small photovoltaic (PV) panels with industrial grade rechargeable Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries provide long-term power for remote wireless devices connected to the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). In this article we outline key factors to consider for implementing them.
Reliability and Cost Trade-Off Analysis of a Microgrid2018-01-06194/3/2018
Optimizing the trade-off between reliability and cost of operating a microgrid, including vehicles as both loads and sources, can be a challenge. Optimal energy management is crucial to develop strategies to improve the efficiency and reliability of microgrids, as well as new communication networks to support optimal and reliable operation. Prior approaches modeled the grid using MATLAB, but did not include the detailed physics of loads and sources, and therefore missed the transient effects that are present in real-time operation of a microgrid. This article discusses the implementation of a physics-based detailed microgrid model including a diesel generator, wind turbine, photovoltaic array, and utility. All elements are modeled as sources in Simulink. Various loads are also implemented including an asynchronous motor. We show how a central control algorithm optimizes the microgrid by trying to maximize reliability while reducing operational cost. The performance of the proposed central control algorithm will be validated through simulation results for different scenarios and the results will be compared.
Skowronska, Annette G., Mourelatos, Zissimos, Gorsich, David
Influence of Considering Non-Ideal Thermodynamics on Droplet Evaporation and Spray Formation (for Gasoline Direct Injection Engine Conditions) Using VSB2 Spray Model2018-01-01814/3/2018
This work utilizes previously developed VSB2 (VSB2 Stochastic Blob and Bubble) multicomponent fuel spray model to study significance of using non-ideal thermodynamics for droplet evaporation under direct injection engine like operating conditions. Non-ideal thermodynamics is used to account for vapor-liquid equilibrium arising from evaporation of multicomponent fuel droplets. In specific, the evaporation of ethanol/iso-octane blend is studied in this work. Two compositions of the blend are tested, E-10 and E-85 respectively (the number denotes percentage of ethanol in blend). The VSB2 spray model is implemented into OpenFoam CFD code which is used to study evaporation of the blend in constant volume combustion vessel. Liquid and vapor penetration lengths for the E-10 case are calculated and compared with the experiment. The simulation results show reasonable agreement with the experiment. Simulation is performed with two methods- ideal and non-ideal thermodynamics respectively. For liquid penetration, the two methods show a small but evident difference. For vapor penetration, there is no significant difference. Radial fuel vapor mass fraction distribution (for both components) is obtained from simulation and compared for E-10 and E-85 cases. It is seen that for E-85 case, the difference in predictions between ideal and non-ideal thermodynamics case is significantly higher than that of E10 case. It is therefore inferred that ideal thermodynamics is not sufficient to predict vapor liquid equilibrium, especially for higher ethanol content in the blend.
Pandian Muthuramalingam, Vignesh, Karlsson, Anders
Guidance on the Impact of Fuel Properties on Fuel System Design and OperationAIR7484 (Current)2/24/2018
This document describes a number of jet fuel properties and where applicable gives the specification limits for Jet A and Jet A-1, though the properties are generally applicable to all turbine fuels. Later versions of this document will give more details on specification limits for other similar fuels, such as TS-1, where they differ from Jet A and Jet-A1. It gives details about the possible impact on airframe fuel system design.
AE-5A Aerospace Fuel, Inerting and Lubrication Sys Committee
Harmonic Air Motor Offers Very High EfficiencyTBMG-2773910/1/2017
Currently available air motors have many advantages over electric motors. They are more compact, lighter-weight, instantly reversible without sparking, create no heat buildup, are undamaged by stalling or overloading, and supply extremely broad torque and speed range. Generally available commercial air motors, however, have only 5% to 20% of ideal efficiency. The Harmonic Air Motor developed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory has all these advantages of air motors, but also offers a proven efficiency more than 60% of ideal, higher low-end torque than available commercial air motors, and can be manufactured at lower cost.
Occupancy Sensing Using Wi-Fi RoutersTBMG-275059/1/2017
In 2015, commercial and residential buildings accounted for 40% of the energy consumption in the United States according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration. As the owners of these buildings seek to decrease costs and reduce energy consumption they have begun to adopt building energy management systems (BEMS). BEMS have developed alongside intelligent building technologies such as sensors and wireless networks to manage energy usage, and according to expert services firm Navigant, the global BEMS market is expected to grow at an estimated CAGR of 18.2% to $12.8 Billion in 2025.
Optimal Power Management of Vehicle Sourced Military Outposts2017-01-02713/28/2017
This paper considers optimal power management during the establishment of an expeditionary outpost using battery and vehicle assets for electrical generation. The first step in creating a new outpost is implementing the physical protection and barrier system. Afterwards, facilities that provide communications, fires, meals, and moral boosts are implemented that steadily increase the electrical load while dynamic events, such as patrols, can cause abrupt changes in the electrical load profile. Being able to create a fully functioning outpost within 72 hours is a typical objective where the electrical power generation starts with batteries, transitions to gasoline generators and is eventually replaced by diesel generators as the outpost matures. Vehicles with power export capability are an attractive supplement to this electrical power evolution since they are usually on site, would reduce the amount of material for outpost creation, and provide a modular approach to outpost build-up. Military vehicles have the attributes of a microgrid and when connected produce a scalable power generation capability [1]. For example, each vehicle could power a subset of the outpost’s build-up and when connected form a networked microgrid topology. However, vehicles must be available to disconnect dynamically for mobility-centric mission requirements. When this happens, there will likely be a shortage of electrical power requiring prioritized load shedding. Alternatively, excess generation will occur at times motivating an optimal solution to efficiently utilize the generation assets and minimize fuel consumption. An optimal, power management and control scheme is described using a notional 72-hour outpost evolution scenario to illustrate the approach. Particular attention is given to competing objectives such as minimizing fuel consumption while maintaining portable battery state-of-charge for equipment used during patrols. Using an optimal power flow and power coordination controller, vehicle centric microgrid architectures were constructed and simulated. For the uninterrupted outpost construction, the scheduled generation and storage were sufficient to supply all prioritized loads. Conversely, for the interrupted outpost construction, vehicle availability dictated which prioritized loads could be satisfied when unexpected power deficits arise.
Rizzo, Denise, Jane, Robert, Parker, Gordon G., Weaver, Wayne, Matthews, Ronald, Cook, Michael
Influence of Compression Ratio on High Load Performance and Knock Behavior for Gasoline Port-Fuel Injection, Natural Gas Direct Injection and Blended Operation in a Spark Ignition Engine2017-01-06613/28/2017
Natural Gas (NG) is an alternative fuel which has attracted a lot of attention recently, in particular in the US due to shale gas availability. The higher hydrogen-to-carbon (H/C) ratio, compared to gasoline, allows for decreasing carbon dioxide emissions throughout the entire engine map. Furthermore, the high knock resistance of NG allows increasing the efficiency at high engine loads compared to fuels with lower knock resistance. NG direct injection (DI) allows for fuel to be added after intake valve closing (IVC) resulting in an increase in power density compared to an injection before IVC. Steady-state engine tests were performed on a single-cylinder research engine equipped with gasoline (E10) port-fuel injection (PFI) and NG DI to allow for in-cylinder blending of both fuels. Knock investigations were performed at two discrete compression ratios (CR), 10.5 and 12.5. Operating conditions span mid-load, wide-open-throttle and boosted conditions, depending on the knock response of the fuel blend. Blended operation was performed using E10 gasoline and NG. An additional gasoline type fuel (E85) with higher knock resistance than E10 was used as a high-octane reference fuel, since the octane rating of E10-NG fuel blends is unknown. Spark timing was varied at different loads under stoichiometric conditions in order to study the knock response as well as the effects on performance and efficiency. As anticipated, results suggest that the knock resistance can be increased significantly by increasing the NG amount. Comparing the engine operation with the least knock resistant fuel, E10 PFI, and the fuel blend with the highest knock resistance, 75% NG DI, shows an increase in indicated mean effective pressure of about 9 bar at CR 12.5. The usage of reference fuels with known knock characteristics allowed an assessment of knock characteristic of intermediate E10-NG blend levels. Mathematical correlations were developed allowing characterizing the occurrence of knocking combustion by using the Livengood-Wu knock integral. For most of the fueling strategies and operating conditions, the mathematical correlations show good agreement when compared to experimental data.
Pamminger, Michael, Sevik, James, Scarcelli, Riccardo, Wallner, Thomas, Hall, Carrie
Vapour Space Flammability Measurements of High Ethanol (“E85”) and Low Ethanol (“E10”) Winter Automotive Fuels: Effects of Fuel Composition and Vapour Pressure2017-01-13523/28/2017
This paper presents an experimental study of the vapour space flammability of Fuel Ethanol (a high-ethanol fuel for Flexible Fuel Vehicles, commonly known as “E85”) and gasoline containing up to 10% ethanol (commonly known as “E10”). The seasonal minimum vapour pressure limits in specifications for automotive spark ignition fuels are intended, in part, to minimize the formation of flammable mixtures in the headspace of vehicle fuel tanks. This is particularly important at subzero temperatures, where the headspace mixture may not be rich enough to prevent combustion in the presence of an ignition source such as a faulty electrical fuel pump. In the current study, the upper temperature limits of flammability were measured for field samples of “E85” and “E10”, and a series of laboratory-prepared blends of denatured ethanol, Before Oxygenate Blending (BOB) gasoline, and n-butane. The paper compares the measured flammability limits with the ambient temperatures of the field sampling locations, documents the relationship between vapour space flammability and vapour pressure, and discusses the requirements for achieving gasoline-like flammability performance at high ethanol levels.
Gardiner, David
Development Solar Charging System of Vehicle2017-01-15983/28/2017
Fuel consumption and CO2 emission regulations for vehicles, such as the Zero Emission Vehicle (ZEV) Regulation, motivate renewable energy technologies in the automotive industry. Therefore, the automotive industry is focused on adopting solar charging systems. Some vehicles have adopted solar energy to power the ventilation system, but these vehicles do not use solar energy to power the drivetrain. One important issue facing the design of solar charging systems is the low power generated by solar panels. Compared to solar panels for residential use, solar panels for vehicles can’t generate as much power because of size and weight limitations. Also, the power generated by solar panels can be extremely affected depending on differences in solar radiation among the cells. Therefore, Toyota has developed a solar charging system that can use solar energy for driving the Prius PHV. This system can efficiently charge the hybrid battery with the low power generated by the solar panel. The power generated can charge the hybrid battery while the vehicle is parked. Power can also be supplied from the hybrid battery to the auxiliary battery system during driving. The solar power contributes to the improvement of the electric driving range and the fuel consumption. This paper shows a solar charging system applied to a plug-in hybrid vehicle, a system configuration, operating modes, improving the standby power consumption of the system, and structure of solar panel.
Go, Koichi, Hirano, Takahiro, Miyoshi, Tatsuya, Sato, Daisuke
Supercomputer Cooling System Uses Refrigerant to Replace WaterTBMG-265113/1/2017
Sandia National Laboratories researchers designed a cooling system for supercomputer centers that is expected to save four to five million gallons of water annually in New Mexico if installed at Sandia's computing center, and hundreds of millions of gallons nationally if the method is widely adopted. It is being tested at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), which expects to save a million gallons annually. The system, built by Johnson Controls and called the Thermosyphon Cooler Hybrid System, cools like a refrigerator without the expense and energy needs of a compressor.
A Study on Microbial Contamination of Alcohol-Blended Unleaded Gasoline2016-01-225910/17/2016
The fuel supply chain faces challenges associated with microbial contamination symptoms. Microbial growth is an issue usually known to be associated with middle distillate fuels and biodiesel, however, incidents where microbial populations have been isolated from unleaded gasoline storage tanks have also been recently reported. Alcohols are employed as gasoline components and the use of these oxygenates is rising, especially ethanol, which can be a renewable alternative to gasoline, as well. Despite their alleged disinfectant properties, a number of field observations suggests that biodeterioration could be a potential issue in fuel systems handling ethanol-blended gasoline. For this reason, in this study, the effect of alcohols on microbial proliferation in unleaded gasoline fuel was assessed. Ethanol (EtOH), iso-propyl alcohol (IPA) and tert-butyl-alcohol (TBA) were evaluated as examples of alcohols utilized in gasoline as oxygenates. Two different commercial grades of unleaded gasoline were employed in the study, namely a standard (U) and a high octane grade (SU) according to European market nomenclature. The gasoline samples were blended with EtOH, IPA and TBA at various mixing ratios, the resulting blends were contaminated with uncharacterized "bottoms-water" of known microbial activity and the resulting microcosms were stored for a certain period of time. During storage the microbial growth was monitored by utilizing a quantitative microbiological method and alterations in some quality parameters of the stored fuel blends were also examined.
Dodos, George S., Tsesmeli, Chrysovalanti E., Zannikos, Fanourios
Evaluation of Knock Behavior for Natural Gas - Gasoline Blends in a Light Duty Spark Ignited Engine2016-01-229310/17/2016
The compression ratio is a strong lever to increase the efficiency of an internal combustion engine. However, among others, it is limited by the knock resistance of the fuel used. Natural gas shows a higher knock resistance compared to gasoline, which makes it very attractive for use in internal combustion engines. The current paper describes the knock behavior of two gasoline fuels, and specific incylinder blend ratios with one of the gasoline fuels and natural gas. The engine used for these investigations is a single cylinder research engine for light duty application which is equipped with two separate fuel systems. Both fuels can be used simultaneously which allows for gasoline to be injected into the intake port and natural gas to be injected directly into the cylinder to overcome the power density loss usually connected with port fuel injection of natural gas. Adding natural gas at wide open throttle helps to reduce knock mitigating measures and increases the efficiency and power density compared to the other gasoline type fuels with lower knock resistance. The used methods, knock intensity and number of pressure waves, do not show significant differences in knock behavior for the natural gas - gasoline blends compared to the gasoline type fuels. A knock integral was used to describe the knock onset location of the fuels tested. Two different approaches were used to determine the experimental knock onset and were compared to the knock onset delivered by the knock integral (chemical knock onset). The gasoline type fuels show good agreement between chemical and experimental knock onset. However, the natural gas -gasoline blends show higher discrepancies comparing chemical and experimental knock onset.
Pamminger, Michael, Sevik, James, Scarcelli, Riccardo, Wallner, Thomas, Wooldridge, Steven, Boyer, Brad, Hall, Carrie M.
Hydrocarbon Speciation in Blended Gasoline-Natural Gas Operation on a Spark-Ignition Engine2016-01-216910/17/2016
The high octane rating and more plentiful domestic supply of natural gas make it an excellent alternative to gasoline. Recent studies have shown that using natural gas in dual fuel engines provides one possible strategy for leveraging the advantages of both natural gas and gasoline. In particular, such engines been able to improve overall engine efficiencies and load capacity when they leverage direct injection of the natural gas fuel. While the benefits of these engine concepts are still being explored, differences in fuel composition, combustion process and in-cylinder mixing could lead to dramatically different emissions which can substantially impact the effectiveness of the engine’s exhaust aftertreatment system. In order to explore this topic, this study examined the variations in speciated hydrocarbon emissions which occur for different fuel blends of E10 and compressed natural gas and for different fuel injection strategies on a spark-ignition engine. Results indicate that hydrocarbon emissions are clearly impacted by the base fuel structure and that differences in the underlying fuel chemistry can produce significant variations (over 300%) in the emissions of various hydrocarbon species. Injection strategy plays a role in the amount of mixing achieved and as such impacts emissions, but fuel structure is a much more significant factor. By using 50-75% percent compressed natural gas (CNG) at the lower load points, total methane and non-methane emissions could be reduced by up to 37% without any significant drop in engine efficiency. At the higher load points, usage of 100% CNG is more advantageous due to the knock constraints.
Hall, Carrie M., Sevik, James, Pamminger, Michael, Wallner, Thomas
A Comparison of the Properties and Cold Flow Performance of ‘Summer’ and ‘Winter’ GTL Diesel2016-01-90745/18/2016
Gas to Liquids (GTL) diesel has been produced commercially for several years. GTL diesel is known for its excellent properties, including zero aromatics, near zero sulphur and a high cetane number. Most of the GTL diesel produced by commercial plants is utilised as a blend component, especially in blends up to 20%. In these applications, the cold flow properties are potentially less critical, as the cold flow properties of the blend will mostly be determined by the petroleum-derived component. In certain markets, however, it is possible that GTL diesel can be used as a neat diesel, therefore requiring good cold flow properties. An advantage of GTL technology is that the cold flow properties of GTL diesel can be tailored to meet the climatic requirements of a specific geographical area. In the current study, GTL diesel samples with cold flow properties ranging from ‘summer type’ to ‘winter type’ and varying intermediate cold flow qualities were evaluated. In line with expectations, it was shown that increasing the degree of isomerisation will improve the cold flow properties of the GTL diesel, whilst the other bulk properties such as density, cetane and viscosity of the fuels are not significantly altered. It is also shown that the excellent cold flow properties of these ‘winter type’ GTL fuels translate into excellent operability performance.
Wilken, Celeste, de Goede, Stefan, Viljoen, Carl
An Overset Adaptive High-Order Approach for Blade-Resolved Wind Energy ApplicationsF-0072-2016-115865/17/2016
An overset dual-mesh, dual-solver for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is presented for wind energy applications. The dual-mesh paradigm is implemented in a near-body/off-body mesh system utilizing an unstructured mesh for the near-body and a Cartesian mesh for the off-body. The dual-solver paradigm uses variable-order, mixed-discretization solvers optimized for the respective near-body/off-body grids. Preliminary results of a computational study of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) Phase VI wind turbine are presented. Results for uniform axial inflow velocities (7, 10, and 15 m/s) compare computed and measured results, including total power and thrust, sectional pressure coefficient, and a down-stream wake deficit profile for a uniform axial inflow velocity of 10 m/s. Qualitative results are presented for a dynamically mesh adaptive off-body solver in the dual-mesh, dual-solver paradigm. Preliminary results using a statically refined mesh indicate the power and thrust curves are over predicted and the pressure coefficient results indicate good agreement for the pressure side of the rotor blade but over prediction the suction side.
Kirby, Andrew, Sitaraman, Jay, Mavriplis, Dimitri, Brazell, Michael
Impact of E100 Fuel on Bearing Materials Selection and Lubricating Oil Properties2016-01-10254/5/2016
As emission regulations tighten across various regions of the world there is a growing trend in the use of alternative fuels such as Ethanol being blended with gasoline. A notable case of Ethanol usage is found in South America with the widespread use of E100, which has no gasoline content and can often contain up to 10% water. Engine oil contamination by fuel is of major concern and under certain conditions can have negative effects on the durability of turbocharger components which come into contact with contaminated oil, particularly sliding bearings, but also compressor stage through crankcase ventilation system fed gas. The manner in which this effect takes hold can cause a decrease in the lubrication properties and increase in corrosiveness of the engine oil. This paper demonstrates the results of laboratory tests carried out where critical Turbocharger components were subjected to engine oils of various conditions in order to observe the effect of contaminated and aged oil that would potentially be fed to Turbochargers during operation on engines running E100 fuel. The measured effects can then be used as a basis for further component design improvements.
Cempirkova, Daniela, Hadas, Rostislav, Matějovský, Lukáš, Sauerstein, Rolf, Ruh, Matthias
Impact of a Diesel High Pressure Common Rail Fuel System and Onboard Vehicle Storage on B20 Biodiesel Blend Stability2016-01-08854/5/2016
Adoption of high-pressure common-rail (HPCR) fuel systems, which subject diesel fuels to higher temperatures and pressures, has brought into question the veracity of ASTM International specifications for biodiesel and biodiesel blend oxidation stability, as well as the lack of any stability parameter for diesel fuel. A controlled experiment was developed to investigate the impact of a light-duty diesel HPCR fuel system on the stability of 20% biodiesel (B20) blends under conditions of intermittent use and long-term storage in a relatively hot and dry climate. B20 samples with Rancimat induction periods (IPs) near the current 6.0-hour minimum specification (6.5 hr) and roughly double the ASTM specification (13.5 hr) were prepared from a conventional diesel and a highly unsaturated biodiesel. Four 2011 model year Volkswagen Passats equipped with HPCR fuel injection systems were utilized: one on B0, two on B20-6.5 hr, and one on B20-13.5 hr. Each vehicle was operated over a one-hour drive cycle in a hot running loss test cell to initially stress the fuel. The cars were then kept at Volkswagen’s Arizona Proving Ground for two (35°C average daily maximum) to six months (26°C average daily maximum). The fuel was then stressed again by running a portion of the one-hour dynamometer drive cycle (limited by the amount of fuel in the tank). Fuel rail and fuel tank samples were analyzed for IP, acid number, peroxide content, polymer content, and ester profile. The HPCR fuel pumps were removed, dismantled, and inspected for deposits or abnormal wear. Analysis of fuels collected during initial dynamometer tests showed no impact of exposure to HPCR conditions. Long-term storage with intermittent use showed that IP remained above 3 hours, acid number below 0.3 mg KOH/g, peroxides low, no change in ester profile, and no production of polymers. Final dynamometer tests produced only small changes in fuel properties. Inspection of the HPCR fuel pumps revealed no deposits or abnormal wear for any fuel. The results provide some confidence that the ASTM D7467 stability requirement of 6 hr. minimum IP for B6 to B20 blends provides adequate protection for modern engine fuel systems.
Christensen, Earl, McCormick, Robert L., Sigelko, Jenny, Johnson, Stuart, Zickmann, Stefan, Lopes, Shailesh, Gault, Roger, Slade, David
50,000km On-Road Durability Test of Common-Rail Vehicle with 20% Blend of High Quality Palm Biodiesel (H-FAME)2016-01-17363/27/2016
The effects of high quality biodiesel, namely, partially Hydrogenated Fatty Acid Methyl Ester or H-FAME, on 50,000km on-road durability test of unmodified common-rail vehicle have been investigated. Thailand brand new common-rail light duty vehicle, Isuzu D-Max Extended cab, equipped with 4JK1-TCX engine (DOHC 4-cylinder 2.5L, M/T 4×2, Euro IV emission) was chosen to undergo on-road test composed of well-mixed types of mountain, suburb and urban road conditions over the entire 50,000km. Palm-derived high quality biodiesel, H-FAME, conforming to WWFC (worldwide fuel charter) specification, was blended with normal diesel (Euro IV) at 20% (v/v) as tested fuel. Engine performance (torque and power), emission (CO, NOx, HC+NOx and PM), fuel consumption and dynamic response (0-100km acceleration time and maximum velocity) were analyzed at initial, middle and final distance; whereas, used lube oil analysis was conducted every 10,000km. Overall assessment on the use of B20 from Palm HFAME in unmodified common-rail vehicle over 50,000km revealed no significant difference from the normal diesel criteria. Maximum torque and power were within 1.9% and 0.6% variation from rated values throughout 50,000km, respectively. Euro IV emission regulation was clear for all NOx, HC+NOx, CO and PM.
Tongroon, Manida, Suebwong, Amornpoth, Kananont, Mongkon, Panassorn, Siamnat, Bhandhubanyong, Paritud
Review: Fuel Volatility Standards and Spark-Ignition Vehicle Driveability2016-01-90723/14/2016
Spark-ignition engine fuel standards have been put in place to ensure acceptable hot and cold weather driveability (HWD and CWD). Vehicle manufacturers and fuel suppliers have developed systems that meet our driveability requirements so effectively that drivers overwhelmingly find that their vehicles reliably start up and operate smoothly and consistently throughout the year. For HWD, fuels that are too volatile perform more poorly than those that are less volatile. Vapor lock is the apparent cause of poor HWD, but there is conflicting evidence in the literature as to where in the fuel system it occurs. Most studies have found a correlation between degraded driveability and higher dry vapor pressure equivalent or lower TV/L = 20, and less consistently with a minimum T50. For CWD, fuels with inadequate volatility can cause difficulty in starting and rough operation during engine warmup. The Driveability Index (DI)-a function of T10, T50, and T90-is well correlated with CWD in hydrocarbon fuels. For ethanol-containing fuels, a correction factor to the DI equation improves the correlation with CWD, although the best value for that factor has still not been determined. Ethanol increases the heat of vaporization. However, this is likely insignificant for E15 and lower concentration fuels. The impact of ethanol on driveability is likely due to its direct effect on vapor pressure at cold temperatures. For E51-E83 or flex-fuel blends, ASTM sets a minimum vapor pressure; however, published data suggest that a correction for the amount of ethanol in the fuel is needed to accurately predict CWD, possibly because ethanol has a higher lower-flammability limit.
Yanowitz, Janet, McCormick, Robert L.
Argonne centers to focus on expediting commercialization of technology16OFHP02_072/1/2016
When it comes to enablers for a variety of future technologies that will move the industry forward in terms of efficiencies and cleanliness of power and energy, it is most often advances in energy storage that rise to the top in terms of necessities, and close behind is the pinpoint exploitation of nanotechnology. As experts at Argonne National Laboratory see it, grid-level storage can help reduce carbon emissions through the increased adoption of renewable energy and use of electric vehicles while helping bring electricity to developing parts of the world. At the same time, nanotechnology is transforming the electronics industry and bringing a new set of powerful tools and materials to engineers who are developing new ways to generate, store, and transport energy through new catalytic nanomaterials.
Broge, Jean L.
Solar-Powered Carbon Dioxide Conversions with Thin-Film DevicesTBMG-225548/1/2015
A nanomaterial thin-film device provides a low-cost, facile fabrication pathway to commercialize the technology to the sustainable energy market. Metal oxide thin films have been fabricated to a photoelectrochemical cell by solar energy. The prototype device uses both low energy cost for manufacturing and low materials cost for devices. The self-modulated device platform can also find other applications in sensors and detectors. The resultant prototype device can be deployed to the automobile industry or power plants with very low initial costs. The device can also be made extremely compact and efficient. It uses solar energy as the only power source.
Estimation of Algae Growth Stage, Growth Rate, and Lipid ContentTBMG-225648/1/2015
This invention provides a method using light of different wavelengths to estimate freshwater and marine algae growth stage and algae growth rates as well as lipid content in standard media. Light absorption by the algae is measured for a specified light intensity in each of two or more narrow wavelength ranges, correcting for absorption in the medium without algae. The net light absorption is compared with a reference set of absorption values for the algae at different growth stages.
2014 Create the Future Design: Sustainable Technologies Category WinnerTBMG-2098711/1/2014
Dipul Patel, Yoel Kelman, Nick Lancaster, Shawn Rose, and Brian Bowen ecovent Systems Boston, MA
Influence of Different Biogenic Fuels on Base Oil Aging2014-01-278810/13/2014
Increasing the proportion of renewable energy in the transport sector and therefore the reduction of the dependence on fossil oil is a prime political and economic goal in Europe and also in many other parts of the world. In the diesel sector, especially vegetable oil methyl ester is introduced. The blending of commercial diesel fuel with up to 7 % of biodiesel leads to a lot of problems in the range of engine oil in cars. Because of the regeneration of diesel particle filter, there is an increase entry of unburnt fuel into the engine oil. The first effect of this fuel entry is the engine oil dilution which can be observed for all diesel fuels. Unlike biodiesel, commercial diesel fuel can mostly evaporate out of the engine oil because of its boiling range between 165 °C and 360 °C (73 % of the fuel has a boiling point under 320 °C). The boiling range of fossil diesel fuel was measured in preparation of this study. Biodiesel has a boiling point of about 360 °C which is the reason for its accumulation in the engine oil. High temperatures and atmospheric oxygen have a big influence on the oil and thus also on the fuel in engines. The underlying effect is an autoxidation reaction which is known as oil aging. Additionally to the engine oil dilution, the autoxidation of the oil and the biodiesel leads to an aging process which forms oligomer structures. Additives like antioxidants can affect this aging process in the engine. This work describes aging oil studies in the laboratory on neat base oil with different biogenic fuel. Neat base oil was used to prevent the influence of the additives. Besides the regional biodiesel, which consists of rapeseed oil, other vegetable oil methyl esters, which are used as biodiesel in other parts of the world as well as hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO), were also used in a mixture with neat base oil. In the aging studies, neat base oil was blended with 20 % biogenic fuel to simulate the worst case of oil sludge formation. It could be observed that on the basis of the different biogenic fuels the aging of the neat base oil mixture was influenced. The reason for this impact is the variety in the chemical structure of the used biogenic fuels. For example the influence of biodiesel to the aging process is inferior to HVO because of the ester group and the double bond of biodiesel. In this study, the influence of rapseed oil methyl ester (RME), coconut oil methyl ester (CME) and linseed oil methyl ester (LME) as well as a new biogenic fuel called Diesel regenerativ on oligomer and oil sludge formation in neat base oil was examined.
Singer, Anja, Ruck, Wolfgang, Krahl, Juergen
Application of rFlow3D code to performance prediction and the wake structure investigation of wind turbinesF-0070-2014-96885/20/2014
Numerical simulations based on NREL (National Renewable Energy Laboratory) Phase VI and MEXICO (Model Experiment in Controlled Conditions) experiments using rFlow3D CFD code are conducted. The rFlow3D code is a multi-disciplinary analysis tool of flow-structure coupling, trim analysis, and noise prediction for rotorcraft developed at Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. In this study, the numerical computation based on NREL Phase VI experiment with SA turbulence model is conducted to validate the accuracy of performance prediction of the horizontal axis wind turbines. Additionally, numerical computation for MEXICO experiment with a Navier-Stokes (NS) flow solver is conducted to confirm the ability of rFlow3D to predict the wake structure. The NREL Phase VI computational results indicate that the utilization of turbulence model improves the performance prediction in fully separated flow conditions. Meanwhile, MEXICO computation results show the solver can accurately predict the vortex structure and the axial velocity deficit in the wake.
Tanabe, Yasutada, Sugiura, Masahiko, Aoyama, Takashi, Matsuo, Yuichi, Oe, Harutaka, Yamamoto, Makoto, Sugawara, Hideaki
Items per page:
1 – 50 of 174