This information report covers two distinct projects to formulate Jet Refrence Fluids (JRF) for testing of material compatibility. The first effort began in 1978 and focused on producing a formulation (JRF-2) that simulated JP-4 and included composition with metallic ions that reproduced chalking of fuel tank sealants. This effort resulted in the preparation of AMS2629 that defined the formulation of JRF-2 (Type 1) and the same formulation with metallic ions (Type 2). The second effort began in 2002 and focused on preparing a JRF that simulated Jet A, JP-5 and JP-8. This effort went through multiple iterations, but eventually resulted in a JRF-3 formulation composed of Jet A plus military additives spiked to 25% aromatic content and high levels of sulfur experienced in the global fuel supply. Since the metallic ions added to JRF-2 demonstrated their ability to simulate a chalking reaction, chalking was not tested with the ions added to JRF-3. AMS2629 was changed multiple times to

AMS G9 Aerospace Sealing Committee

Jet Reference Fluid Study for Fuel Tank Sealants

AIR4275B-TEST-REC (Historical)02/03/2021

AMS G9 Aerospace Sealing Committee

Fuels in Ground Support Equipment (Other Than Gasoline or Diesel)

AIR5373A (Current)

09/23/2020

This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) is intended as a source of comparative information and is subject to change to keep pace with experience and technical advances. This document describes currently used fuels and fuels which may be used in the future. Conventional gasoline and diesel fuels are intentionally omitted from this document.

AGE-3 Aircraft Ground Support Equipment Committee

Onboard Ethanol-Gasoline Separation System for Octane-on-Demand Vehicle

2020-01-035004/14/2020

Bioethanol is being used as an alternative fuel throughout the world based on considerations of reduction of CO2 emissions and sustainability. It is widely known that ethanol has an advantage of high anti-knock quality. In order to use the ethanol in ethanol-blended gasoline to control knocking, the research discussed in this paper sought to develop a fuel separation system that would separate ethanol-blended gasoline into a high-octane-number fuel (high-ethanol-concentration fuel) and a low-octane-number fuel (low-ethanol-concentration fuel) in the vehicle. The research developed a small fuel separation system, and employed a layout in which the system was fitted in the fuel tank based on considerations of reducing the effect on cabin space and maintaining safety in the event of a collision. The total volume of the components fitted in the fuel tank is 6.6 liters. It was demonstrated that the onboard fuel separation system possessed sufficient control performance in practical use in

Chishima, Hiroshi, Tsutsumi, Daiko, Kitamura, Toru

Neat Oxymethylene Ethers: Combustion Performance and Emissions of OME2, OME3, OME4 and OME5 in a Single-Cylinder Diesel Engine

2020-01-080504/14/2020

Diesel engines are arguably the superior device in the ground transportation sector in terms of efficiency and reliability, but suffer from inferior emission performance due to the diffusive nature of diesel combustion. Great research efforts gradually reduced nitrogen oxide (NOX) and particulate matter (PM) emissions, but the PM-NOX trade-off remained to be a problem of major concern and was believed to be inevitable for a long time. In the process of engine development, the modification of fuel properties has lately gained great attention. In particular, the oxygenate fuel oxymethylene ether (OME) has proven potential to not only drastically reduce emissions, but possibly resolve the formerly inevitable trade-off completely. Although intensified investigations with OME were conducted within the past decade, little is known about the specific influence of fuel properties inherent to unimolecular, high chain length OME on combustion characteristics, emission performance and particle

Dworschak, Patrick, Berger, Vinicius, Härtl, Martin, Wachtmeister, Georg

Green Jet Fuel Additive Made from Acetone Plus Light

TBMG-3617303/01/2020

A domestically generated additive was made by taking biomass-derived acetone — common nail polish remover — and using light to upgrade it to higher-mass hydrocarbons. It can be blended with conventional jet fuel to fly while providing environmental benefits.

The Combustion Characteristic of Fuel Additives with Diesel–Ethanol Fuel blends on Engine Performance

2019-32-0611

01/24/2020

Reducing carbon dioxide (greenhouse gas) is one of the most important drivers to promote biofuels. Fuel from biomass has the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and can gradually reduce the dependence on fossil fuels. However, fuel properties can differ significantly from standard diesel fuel and this will affect exhaust emissions and environmental pollution. Diesel – ethanol fuel blends development and specification are currently driven by the engine technology, existing fossil fuel specification and availability of feedstock. Thus, the aims of this study to investigate the effects of fuel additives with diesel–ethanol fuel blend under steady-state conditions. In the present study, the additives were palm diesel, n-butanol, ethyl acetate and di-tert-butyl peroxide (DTBP). The ratio of conventional diesel fuel to ethanol fuel to fuel additive are 80:15:5 by volume of fuel blends. The comparative studies on the effects of fuel additives in the engine performance and phase

Theinnoi, Kampanart, Sawatmongkhon, Boonlue, Wongchang, Thawatchai, Sukjit, Ekarong, Chuepeng, Sathaporn

Influence of ethanol blending on knocking in a lean burn SI engine

2019-01-215212/19/2019

Lean burn is one method for improving thermal efficiency in spark ignition (SI) engines. Suppression of knocking provides higher thermal efficiency, and ethanol blending is considered an effective way to suppress knocking due to its high octane and high latent heat of evaporation. We investigate the effect of ethanol blending on knocking in an SI engine under lean operating conditions. The Livengood-Wu (LW) integral was performed based on ignition delay duration estimated from a zero-dimensional detailed chemical reaction calculation with pressure and temperature histories. Knocking was suppressed and thermal efficiency increased with ethanol-gasoline blending fuel, even at 0.5 equivalence ratio. Decrease in unburned gas temperature by latent heat of evaporation had a comparable influence on knocking suppression, which was supported by LW integral analysis.

Kaneko, Kazuki, Yasutake, Yuki, Yokomori, Takeshi, Iida, Norimasa

Using RON Synergistic Effects to Formulate Fuels for Better Fuel Economy and Lower CO2 Emissions

2019-01-2155-TEST-REC12/19/2019

The knock resistance of gasoline is a key factor to decrease the specific fuel consumption and CO2 emissions of modern turbocharged spark ignition engines. For this purpose, high RON and octane sensitivity (S) are needed. This study shows a relevant synergistic effect on RON and S when formulating a fuel with isooctane, cyclopentane and aromatics, the mixtures reaching RON levels well beyond the ones of individual components. The same is observed when measuring their knock resistance on a boosted single cylinder engine. The mixtures were also characterized on a rapid compression machine at 700 K and 850 K, a shock tube at 1000 K, an instrumented and an adapted CFR engine. The components responsible for the synergistic effects are thus identified. Furthermore, the correlations plotted between these experiments results disclose our current understanding on the origin of these synergistic effects. This study concludes that this synergistic effect encourages formulating highly paraffinic

Dauphin, Roland, Obiols, Jerome, Serrano, David, Fenard, Yann, Comandini, Andrea, Starck, Laurie, Vanhove, Guillaume, Chaumeix, Nabiha

An Efficient, High-Precision Vehicle Testing Procedure to Evaluate the Efficacy of Fuel-Borne Friction Modifier Additives

2019-01-235312/19/2019

Improved fuel economy is increasingly a key measure of performance in the automotive industry driven by market demands and tighter emissions regulations. Within this environment, one way to improve fuel economy is via fuel additives that deliver friction- reducing components to the piston-cylinder wall interface. Whilst the use of friction modifiers (FMs) in fuel or lubricant additives to achieve fuel economy improvements is not new, demonstrating the efficacy of these FMs in vehicles is challenging and requires statistical design together with carefully controlled test conditions. This paper describes a bespoke, efficient, high-precision vehicle testing procedure designed to evaluate the fuel economy credentials of fuel-borne FMs. By their nature, FMs persist on engine surfaces and so their effects are not immediately reversible upon changing to a non FM-containing fuel (“carryover” effect), therefore requiring careful design of the test programme. The solution presented here

Yow, Shuhui, Ziman, Pauline, Smith, Sue J., Walter, Dr. Marc, Bacchi, Robert J.

Using RON Synergistic Effects to Formulate Fuels for Better Fuel Economy and Lower CO2 Emissions

2019-01-2155

12/19/2019

Dauphin, Roland, Obiols, Jerome, Serrano, David, Fenard, Yann, Comandini, Andrea, Starck, Laurie, Vanhove, Guillaume, Chaumeix, Nabiha

Emission Reduction of a Diesel Engine Fueled with Blends of Biofuel under the Influence of 1,4-Dioxane and Rice Husk Nano Particle

2019-28-238711/21/2019

In this modern era increase in pollution became a huge impact on the lives of all living creatures, in this automobile tends to be one of the major contributors in terms of air pollution thanks to their exhaust emissions. The objective of the present study is to reduce the amount of harmful pollutants emitted from the automobiles by the utilization of a biofuel further influenced by two additives (liquid and a Nano additive). In this study, first the bio oil is extracted, then the biofuel is mixed with diesel fuel at different proportions of 20%, 40% by volume. Experiments are carried out in a common rail direct injection, diesel engine, which is a stationary test engine manufactured by Kirloskar, connected to a computer setup with an open control unit. The emission values in the exhaust gases are obtained using AVL exhaust gas analyzer. Then 0.1% of rice husk Nano additive addition with the fuel blend followed by 3%, 6% of 1, 4-Dioxane blended with the previous blend and its

P, Mebin Samuel, G, Devaradjane, Venkadesan, Gnanamoorthi, Josan, Santiago

Development of a Predictive Model for Knock Intensity in a Spark-Ignition Engine with Gasoline-Ethanol-nButanol Blend Fuel by Using Rapid Compression Machine

2019-24-012509/09/2019

In this study, we developed a predictive model for knock intensity in spark-ignition (SI) engine with gasoline-ethanol-nbutanol (GEnB) blend fuel, which is being considered as an alternative fuel for conventional gasoline in South Korea, to understand the potential improvement of engine performance with the introduction of GEnB blend fuel. First, the ignition delay of the stoichiometric mixture of GEnB blend fuel and air was measured on a pressure of 10-30 bar and a temperature of 721-831 K by using rapid compression machine (RCM). Then, we derived the empirical correlation of the ignition delay with which the Livengood-Wu integration along pressure-temperature profile in RCM gives the best prediction for the start of combustion. The ignition delay correlation was applied to 0-D two-zone SI engine model, and we predicted the knocking intensity of GEnB blend fuels by using Livengood-Wu integration and Bougrine’s knocking intensity model. The model was validated by comparing the research

Cho, Jaeyoung, Song, Han Ho

Knock and Pre-Ignition in Spark-Ignition Engine Fuelled by Different Blends of Jojoba Bio-Gasoline with Kerosene

2019-01-504605/17/2019

In the present article, the knock tendency and pre-ignition resistance (PIR) were determined experimentally for different blends of kerosene and jojoba bio-gasoline. The effects of varying equivalence ratios, rotational speed, inlet air temperature and pressure, and ignition timing on knock tendency and PIR were investigated. The influence of compression ratio on PIR was also studied. Jojoba bio-gasoline was synthesized using transesterification method through performing a chemical reaction between well-stirred jojoba raw oil and alcohol. Experiments were carried out on a Ricardo E6/MS variable compression ratio spark-ignition (SI) engine fuelled by jojoba bio-gasoline/kerosene blends of volumetric percentages of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% jojoba bio-gasoline. The onset of pre-ignition and knock were detected by observing the pressure oscillations using a piezoelectric pressure transducer, a synchronizing magnetic sensor, and a degree-marking probe. The results showed that increasing

Radwan, M.S., Attai, Youssef A., Hassan, Y.I.

Experimental Investigations of Metal Oxide Nano-Additives on Working Characteristics of CI Engine

2019-01-079404/02/2019

Biodiesel is a potential substitute for diesel and extensive research is carried in India on production and utilization of biodiesel from a variety of edible/non-edible, animal fat and waste oils. However, issues like stability, clogging, increased NOx, and high consumption rate etc. are some of the critical issues which are associated with long-term use of these alternative fuels in a diesel engine. The recent developments in science and technology may have concreted a method to create nano measure vigorous resources that have incredible benefits to micron sized constituents. Nano liquids may be a fresh period of compact-fluid complex constituents comprising of nano sized concrete elements disseminated into a base liquid. The present study investigates the effect of doping metal oxides nanoparticles with waste fish oil-based biodiesel. For the present study, the blends of fuel are prepared by using 30ppm each of titanium dioxide and alumina nanoparticles respectively. The addition of

Mukhopadhyay, Subham, Malhotra, Aahan, Tomar, Mukul, Choudhary, Naman, Kumar, Naveen

The Effect of Cerium Oxide Nano Particles Fuel Additive on Performance, Combustion, NOx Reduction and Nano Particle Emission of Karanja and Jatropha Biodiesel in a Military 585 kW CIDI Engine

2019-01-026204/02/2019

Rapid depletion of petroleum reserves, stringent emission legislations and global warming has given us an opportunity to find biodiesel as an alternative to diesel fuel. Biodiesel is a biogradable, renewable, sulphur free, non-toxic, and oxygenated green fuel. Recent emission legislations have also restricted the nano particles emission in addition to particulate matter, due to their adverse impact on health. Karanja and Jatropha oils are non-edible vegetable oils. Karanja and Jatropha oil methyl ester biodiesel are prepared by the process of transesterification. Biodiesel emits lesser gaseous emission as compared to diesel fuel. However, the only major concern in the use of biodiesel is that it increases NOx emission. Nano particle fuel additive is one of the essential techniques to overcome the NOx emission drawback of biodiesel. In the present study, the engine performance and emission of CO, UHC, NOx and PM including nano particle emission, were compared for diesel, Karanja and

Pandey, Anand Kumar, Nandgaonkar, Milankumar, Suresh, S, Varghese, Anil

Evaluation of Gasoline Additive Packages to Assess Their Ability to Clean Up Intake Valve Deposits in Automotive Engines

2019-01-026104/02/2019

The majority of passenger car and light-duty trucks, especially in North America, operate using port-fuel injection (PFI) engines. In PFI engines, the fuel is injected onto the intake valves and then pulled into the combustion chamber during the intake stroke. Components of the fuel are unstable in this environment and form deposits on the upstream face of the intake valve. These deposits have been found to affect a vehicle’s drivability, emissions and engine performance. Therefore, it is critical for the gasoline to be blended with additives containing detergents capable of removing the harmful intake valve deposits (IVDs). Established standards are available to measure the propensity of IVD formation, for example the ASTM D6201 engine test and ASTM D5500 vehicle test. However, rigorous testing conducted in a modern fleet of vehicles in a statistically robust design can provide greater insight into the actual performance of modern PFI engines with available gasoline additive packages

Raj Mohan, Vivek Raja, Nelson, Edward, Reitz, Jannik, Kensler, Jennifer, Gauba, Varun, Hinojosa, Matthew, Shoffner, Brent

Regulation vs. Field Data: Managing Fuel Quality

2019-26-015701/09/2019

Unlike in the aviation and marine sector, fuel specification in the on-road transportation sector are varied depending on the countries. Globally, the countries are going towards ultra-low sulfur fuels. In developed countries including in EU and the U.S., ultra-low sulfur fuels have been used since 2005-2006. In Asia, Japan lead the region with less than 10 ppm sulfur fuels introduced into the market in January 2005. More than a decade later, fuels with high sulfur content are still sold in most countries in Asia, Africa, the Middle East and Pacific. Facing pressure from environmentalists, these countries are focusing on sulfur reduction in their conventional fuels, along with improvement in their conventional fuels, along with improvement in their vehicle emission standards. On the other hand, in more advanced countries where they already have the cleanest possible conventional fuels, alternative fuels vehicles including electric vehicles are getting more attentions. Governments of

Nurafiatin, Lucky

Diesel Fuel Improvers and Their Effect on Microbial Stability of Diesel/Biodiesel Blends

2018-01-175109/10/2018

Additives that enhance properties, such as cetane number or cold flow, are introduced in diesel-biodiesel blends in order to upgrade its performance as well as to aid its handling and distribution. Furthermore, in order to protect the engine and fuel operating system equipment, diesel fuel may be treated with corrosion inhibitors and detergents. However, additives could also have an impact on other parameters beyond those that they are intended to boost. In the present study the effect of diesel fuel improvers on fuel’s microbial stability is examined. An additive-free ultra low sulfur diesel (ULSD) was blended with Soybean Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) and the resulting blend was treated separately with a series of commercially available diesel fuel additives. Specific products belonging to the groups of cold-flow improvers, cetane improvers, metal deactivators and corrosion inhibitors were employed and were added both at the recommended treating rate as well as in a range of

Tsesmeli, Chrysovalanti, Dodos, George S., Zannikos, Fanourios

Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Karanja Oil Biodiesel with Cerium Oxide Nano Particle Fuel Additive on Lubricating Oil Tribology and Engine Wear in a Heavy Duty 38.8L,780 HP Military CIDI Diesel Engine

2018-01-175309/10/2018

Biodiesel fuels are an alternative to diesel fuel. Biodiesel is an oxygenated, sulphur free, non-toxic, biogradable and renewable fuel. It is derived from vegetable oils. Since straight vegetable oils have quite high viscosity compared to mineral diesel, they have to be modified to bring their combustion-related properties and viscosity closer to mineral diesel. This is done by modifying their molecular structure through a transesterification process. In the present study, a military heavy duty 38.8 liter, 585 kW supercharged, compression ignition diesel injection (CIDI) engine was fuelled with diesel, Karanja oil methyl ester (KOME) biodiesel, and KOME biodiesel with cerium oxide fuel additive, respectively. These were subjected to 100 hours long term endurance tests. Lubricating oil samples, drawn from the engine fuelled with these fuels after a fixed interval of 20 hours, were subjected to elemental analysis. Atomic absorption spectroscopy was done for quantification of various

Pandey, Anand Kumar, Nandgaonkar, Milankumar, Pandey, Umang, Suresh, S

Methodical Selection of Sustainable Fuels for High Performance Racing Engines

2018-01-174909/10/2018

As the importance of sustainability increases and dominates the powertrain development within the automotive sector, this issue has to be addressed in motorsports as well. The development of sustainable high-performance fuels defined for the use in motorsports offers technical and environmental potential with the possibility to increase the sustainability of motorsports at the same or even a better performance level. At the moment race cars are predominantly powered by fossil fuels. However due to the emerging shift regarding the focus of the regulations towards high efficient powertrains during the last years the further development of the used fuels gained in importance. Moreover during the last decades a huge variety of sustainable fuels emerged that offer a range of different characteristics and that are produced based on waste materials or carbon dioxide. This study investigates the question of which sustainable fuels offer the characteristics suitable for high-performance race

Schwarz, Lea, Bargende, Michael, Dreyer, Stefan, Baretzky, Ulrich, Kotauschek, Wolfgang, Wohlgemuth, Sebastian, Bach, Florian

Methods for Determining Physical Properties of Polymeric Materials Exposed to Hydrocarbon Fuels or Their Surrogates and Their Blends with Oxygenated Additives

J1748_201808 (Current)08/13/2018

Fuel Systems Standards Committee

Measured and Predicted Vapor Liquid Equilibrium of Ethanol-Gasoline Fuels with Insight on the Influence of Azeotrope Interactions on Aromatic Species Enrichment and Particulate Matter Formation in Spark Ignition Engines

2018-01-036104/03/2018

A relationship has been observed between increasing ethanol content in gasoline and increased particulate matter (PM) emissions from direct injection spark ignition (DISI) vehicles. The fundamental cause of this observation is not well understood. One potential explanation is that increased evaporative cooling as a result of ethanol’s high HOV may slow evaporation and prevent sufficient reactant mixing resulting in the combustion of localized fuel rich regions within the cylinder. In addition, it is well known that ethanol when blended in gasoline forms positive azeotropes which can alter the liquid/vapor composition during the vaporization process. In fact, it was shown recently through a numerical study that these interactions can retain the aromatic species within the liquid phase impeding the in-cylinder mixing of these compounds, which would accentuate PM formation upon combustion. To better understand the role of the azeotrope interactions on the vapor/liquid composition

Burke, Stephen, Rhoads, Robert, Ratcliff, Matthew, McCormick, Robert, Windom, Bret

Investigations on Spark and Corona Ignition of Oxymethylene Ether-1 and Dimethyl Carbonate Blends with Gasoline by High-Speed Evaluation of OH* Chemiluminescence

04-11-01-0001-TEST-REC03/01/2018

Bio-fuels of the 2nd generation constitute a key approach to tackle both Greenhouse Gas (GHG) and air quality challenges associated with combustion emissions of the transport sector. Since these fuels are obtained of residual materials of the agricultural industry, well-to-tank CO2 emissions can be significantly lowered by a closed-cycle of formation and absorption of CO2. Furthermore, studies of bio-fuels have shown reduced formation of particulate matter on account of the fuels’ high oxygen content therefore addressing air quality issues. However, due to the high oxygen content and other physical parameters these fuels are expected to exhibit different ignition behaviour. Moreover, the question is whether there is a positive superimposition of the fuels ignition behaviour with the benefits of an alternative ignition system, such as a corona ignition. To shed light on these questions two oxygenic compounds, oxymethylene ether-1 (OME1) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC) have been studied

Langhorst, Thorsten, Toedter, Olaf, Koch, Thomas, Niethammer, Benjamin, Arnold, Ulrich, Sauer, Jörg

Investigations on Spark and Corona Ignition of Oxymethylene Ether-1 and Dimethyl Carbonate Blends with Gasoline by High-Speed Evaluation of OH* Chemiluminescence

04-11-01-0001

03/01/2018

Langhorst, Thorsten, Toedter, Olaf, Koch, Thomas, Niethammer, Benjamin, Arnold, Ulrich, Sauer, Jörg

Guidance on the Impact of Fuel Properties on Fuel System Design and Operation

AIR7484 (Current)02/24/2018

This document describes a number of jet fuel properties and where applicable gives the specification limits for Jet A and Jet A-1, though the properties are generally applicable to all turbine fuels. Later versions of this document will give more details on specification limits for other similar fuels, such as TS-1, where they differ from Jet A and Jet-A1. It gives details about the possible impact on airframe fuel system design.

AE-5A Aerospace Fuel, Inerting and Lubrication Sys Committee

Performance and Emissions Analysis of a Diesel Engine Fueled with Pre-Heated Soybean Oil

2017-36-021511/07/2017

Vegetable oils have been seen as promising surrogates to petroleum diesel in compression ignition internal combustion engines, showing similar performance and combustion characteristics of the fossil fuel. Nevertheless, the use of straight (crude) vegetable oil (SVO) is unfavorable due to its high viscosity, which affects the Sauter Mean Diameter of fuel spray and, consequently, fuel-air mixing process, resulting in incomplete combustion. The SVO heating, as well as transesterification and blending with diesel or additives, are some of the techniques to reduce its viscosity and enable its use. Of these the most simple and direct is the heating and was used in this paper to evaluate the performance and emissions of a diesel engine fueled with preheated soybean oil (PSO) by electrical resistances. The experiments were carried out in a single cylinder four-stroke compression ignition engine with mechanical fuel injection. Different engine speed, load and fuel temperatures were

Lewiski, Felipe V., Bazzo, Edson, Martins, Mario E. S., Machado, Paulo R. M., Antolini, Jácson, Prante, Geovane A. F., Cogo, Vitor V.

Alternative Automotive Fuels

J1297_201710 (Current)10/04/2017

This SAE Information Report provides information on certain fuels that are being used or have been suggested as alternatives to motor gasoline (SAE J312) or automotive diesel fuel (SAE J313) for use in spark-ignition or compression-ignition engines. Some of these fuels are derived from petroleum while others are from non petroleum sources.

Fuels and Lubricants TC 7 Fuels Committee

Lubricity of Light-End Fuels with Commercial Diesel Lubricity Additives

2017-01-087103/28/2017

Lubricity is an empirically-determined tribological property, which is a function of the fluid properties and system, and which is known to influence fuel system wear durability. In this work, the lubricity of various fuels was tested using a modified version of ASTM D6079, which uses a high frequency reciprocating rig (HFRR). The fuels were tested as received and with various amounts of commercial diesel lubricity additives. Lubricity of all light-end fuels test as received (without lubricity additives) was found to be substantially worse than additized diesel certification fuel, and lowest for unadditized straight-run gasoline. All diesel lubricity additives tested were able to substantially improve the lubricity of the light-end fuel formulations. The best additives reduced the wear scar diameter in the HFRR test to around 200 μm at a concentration of 200 mg/kg, putting them well within the maximum allowable limit for market No. 2 diesel fuel. This work suggests that various

Voice, Alexander K., Tzanetakis, Tom, Traver, Michael

Auto-Ignition of Iso-Stoichiometric Blends of Gasoline-Ethanol-Methanol (GEM) in SI, HCCI and CI Combustion Modes

2017-01-072603/28/2017

Gasoline-ethanol-methanol (GEM) blends, with constant stoichiometric air-to-fuel ratio (iso-stoichiometric blending rule) and equivalent to binary gasoline-ethanol blends (E2, E5, E10 and E15 in % vol.), were defined to investigate the effect of methanol and combined mixtures of ethanol and methanol when blended with three FACE (Fuels for Advanced Combustion Engines) Gasolines, I, J and A corresponding to RON 70.2, 73.8 and 83.9, respectively, and their corresponding Primary Reference Fuels (PRFs). A Cooperative Fuel Research (CFR) engine was used under Spark Ignition and Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignited modes. An ignition quality tester was utilized in the Compression Ignition mode. One of the promising properties of GEM blends, which are derived using the iso-stoichiometric blending rule, is that they maintain a constant octane number, which has led to the introduction of methanol as a drop-in fuel to supplement bio-derived ethanol. A constant RON/HCCI fuel number/derived

Waqas, Muhammad, Naser, Nimal, Sarathy, Mani, Feijs, Jeroen, Morganti, Kai, Nyrenstedt, Gustav, Johansson, Bengt

Two-Stroke Engine Cleanliness via a Fuel Additive

2016-32-004811/08/2016

Two-stroke engine keep-clean data is presented to demonstrate the deposit removal capabilities of a premium fuel additive. In this testing, the fuel additive was added as a top-treatment to a 50:1 blended fuel-oil mixture. Engine testing was conducted on an EchoTM SRM-265 (25.4 cc) string trimmer run under a standardized test cycle. Test measurements included piston deposits, ring deposits, and exhaust port blockage. In addition, a more complete data set was analyzed and several variables were investigated including: different base gasoline fuels, ethanol level (E0 and E10), additive dose (none, low, and high), and fuel stabilizer dose (none and high). Post-test inspection of engine parts using fuel additives showed a high level of clean surfaces, which maintained the engine at its original performance.

Parker, Garrett, Bartley, Stuart, Nicholls, Michael

Derived Cetane Number, Distillation and Ignition Delay Properties of Diesel and Jet Fuels Containing Blended Synthetic Paraffinic Mixtures

2016-01-907610/24/2016

Aviation turbine fuel and diesel fuel were blended with synthetic paraffins produced via two pathways and the combustion properties measured. Both aviation and diesel fuel containing synthetics produced from the fermentation of sugars, had a linear response to blending with decreasing ignition delay times from 5.05 - 3.52 ms for F-34 and 3.84 - 3.52 ms for F-76. For the same fuels blended with synthetics produced from the fermentation of alcohols, ignition delay times were increased out to 18.66 ms. The derived cetane number of the blends followed an inversely similar trend. Additionally, simulated distillation using ASTM D2887 at high synthetic paraffinic kerosene blend ratios resulted in the recovery temperatures being incorrectly reported. In this case, higher recovery volumes were at lower temperatures than earlier recovery points i.e. T90< T50, for SIP-SPK.

Abanteriba, Sylvester, Yildirim, Ulas, Webster, Renee, Evans, David, Rawson, Paul

A Semi-Detailed Chemical Kinetic Mechanism of Acetone-Butanol-Ethanol (ABE) and Diesel Blends for Combustion Simulations

2016-01-058304/05/2016

With the development of advanced ABE fermentation technology, the volumetric percentage of acetone, butanol and ethanol in the bio-solvents can be precisely controlled. To seek for an optimized volumetric ratio for ABE-diesel blends, the previous work in our team has experimentally investigated and analyzed the combustion features of ABE-diesel blends with different volumetric ratio (A: B: E: 6:3:1; 3:6:1; 0:10:0, vol. %) in a constant volume chamber. It was found that an increased amount of acetone would lead to a significant advancement of combustion phasing whereas butanol would compensate the advancing effect. Both spray dynamic and chemistry reaction dynamic are of great importance in explaining the unique combustion characteristic of ABE-diesel blend. In this study, a semi-detailed chemical mechanism is constructed and used to model ABE-diesel spray combustion in a constant volume chamber. This mechanism comprises Acetone, Butanol, Ethanol and n-heptane as surrogate fuel species

Zhang, Saifei, Xu, Zhengxin, Lee, Timothy, Lin, Yilu, Wu, Wei, Lee, Chia-Fon

Comparative Study of Emissions and Performance of Hythane Boosted SI Engine Powered by Gasoline-Methanol Blend and Gasoline-Ethanol Blend

2016-01-128104/05/2016

The continued reliance on fossil fuel energy resources is not sufficient to cater to the current energy demands. The excessive and continuous use of crude oil is now recognized as unviable due to its depleting supplies and elevating environmental degradation by increased emissions from automobile exhaust. There is an urgent need for a renewable and cleaner source of energy to meet the stringent emission norms. Hythane is a mixture of 20% hydrogen and 80% methane. It has benefits of low capital and operating costs and is a cleaner alternative than crude oil. It significantly reduces tailpipe emissions and is the cheapest way to meet new emission standards that is BS-IV. Hythane produces low carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrocarbons (HC) on combustion than crude oil and helps in reduction of greenhouse gases. This paper investigates hythane enrichment performed on an SI engine fuelled with gasoline-methanol and gasoline-ethanol blends to deduce its benefits over pure

Agarwal, Jatin, Alam, Monis, Jaiswal, Ashish, Yadav, Ketan, Kumar, Naveen

Study of Ethanol-Gasoline Onboard Separation System for Knocking Suppression

2015-01-195409/01/2015

Bio-ethanol is used worldwide in fuel mixtures such as E10 gasoline. In this study, an onboard fuel system employing a pervaporation membrane was investigated to separate E10 into high-octane-number fuel (high-concentration ethanol fuel) and low-octane-number fuel (low-concentration ethanol fuel). The optimal operation conditions and size of the membrane unit for the separation system were determined in consideration of the separation rate and vehicle installation. This system can supply separated ethanol with sufficient speed and quantity to improve engine performance under practical driving conditions. In addition, the study was conducted to confirm that separated fuels have properties sufficient for use in automobiles. This separation rate enabled 5-cycle-mode driving without temporary shortage of permeated fuel.

Chishima, Hiroshi, Kuzuoka, Kohei, Kurotani, Tadashi, Kudo, Hirotsugu

Experimental Investigation of a DISI Production Engine Fuelled with Methanol, Ethanol, Butanol and ISO-Stoichiometric Alcohol Blends

2015-01-076804/14/2015

Stricter CO2 and emissions regulations are pushing spark ignition engines more and more towards downsizing, enabled through direct injection and turbocharging. The advantages which come with direct injection, such as increased charge density and an elevated knock resistance, are even more pronounced when using low carbon number alcohols instead of gasoline. This is mainly due to the higher heat of vaporization and the lower air-to-fuel ratio of light alcohols such as methanol, ethanol and butanol. These alcohols are also attractive alternatives to gasoline because they can be produced from renewable resources. Because they are liquid, they can be easily stored in a vehicle. In this respect, the performance and engine-out emissions (NOx, CO, HC and PM) of methanol, ethanol and butanol were examined on a 4 cylinder 2.4 DI production engine and are compared with those on neat gasoline. Additionally, measurements were done for E85 and a methanol-gasoline blend with the same air-to-fuel

Sileghem, Louis, Ickes, Andrew, Wallner, Thomas, Verhelst, Sebastian

The Impact of Isobutanol and Ethanol on Gasoline Fuel Properties and Black Carbon Emissions from Two Light-Duty Gasoline Vehicles

2015-01-107604/14/2015

This study reported black carbon (BC) mass and solid particle number emissions from a gasoline direct injection (GDI) vehicle and a port fuel injection (PFI) vehicle on splash blended E10 and iB16 fuels over the FTP-75 and US06 drive cycles at standard and cold ambient temperatures. For the FTP-75 drive cycle, the GDI vehicle had lower solid particle number and BC mass emissions from E10 (5.1×1012 particles/mile; 4.2 mg/mile) and iB16 (5.2×1012 particles/mile; 3.9 mg/mile) compared to E0 (7.2×1012 particles/mile; 7.0 mg/mi). Most of the reductions were attributed to the statistically significant reductions during the phases 1 and 2 of the FTP-75 drive cycle. iB16 was also observed to have statistically significant reduction on BC emissions when compared to E0 at cold ambient temperature but E10 did not show such BC reduction. For the PFI vehicle, most of the solid particle number and BC mass emissions were emitted primarily during phase 1 of the FTP-75 drive cycle. In general, solid

Chan, Tak W.

Investigation of Ethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether Soyate as a Biofuel

2015-01-095504/14/2015

In the present paper, a new biofuel ethylene glycol monomethyl ether soyate has been developed. The biofuel was synthesized with a refined soybean oil and ethylene glycol monomethyl ether as reactants and sodium as catalyst under 90°C. The synthesized crude product was purified and structurally identified through Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrum (FT-IR), 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (1H NMR) and Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) analyses. The physicochemical properties of the biofuel and its addition effects on properties of diesel fuel were measured according to China national standard test methods. A single cylinder diesel engine was employed to evaluate the influences of the biofuel on engine fuel economy and engine-out emissions of CO, HC, NOx and smoke. Test results reveal that when the diesel engine is fueled with this biofuel, engine-out smoke emissions can be decreased by 54.7% to 85.7%, CO emissions reduced by up to 79.1% and unburned HC emissions lessened

Guo, Hejun, Xun, Qining, Liu, Shenghua, Wang, Xuanjun

Gaseous and Particulate Emissions Using Isobutanol-Extended Fuel in Recreational Marine Two-Stroke and Four-Stroke Engines

2014-32-008711/11/2014

Biologically derived isobutanol, a four carbon alcohol, has an energy density closer to that of gasoline and has potential to increase biofuel quantities beyond the current ethanol blend wall. When blended at 16 vol% (iB16), it has identical energy and oxygen content of 10 vol% ethanol (E10). Engine dynamometer emissions tests were conducted on two open-loop electronic fuel-injected marine outboard engines of both two-stroke and four-stroke designs using indolene certification fuel (non-oxygenated), iB16 and E10 fuels. Total particulate emissions were quantified using Sohxlet extraction to determine the amount of elemental and organic carbon. Data indicates a reduction in overall total particulate matter relative to indolene certification fuel with similar trends between iB16 and E10. Gaseous and PM emissions suggest that iB16, relative to E10, could be promising for increasing the use of renewable fuels in recreational marine engines and fuel systems.

Wasil, Jeff R., Wallner, Thomas

Ammonia Gasoline Fuel Blends: Feasibility Study of Commercially Available Emulsifiers and Effects on Stability and Engine Performance

2014-01-275910/13/2014

Ammonia and hydrocarbon fuel blends, similar to ethanol and gasoline fuel blends can be used to commercialize ammonia as an alternative fuel. Feasibility of developing ammonia gasoline liquid fuel blends and the use of ethanol and methanol as emulsifiers to enhance the solubility of ammonia in gasoline were studied using thermostated vapor liquid equilibrium (VLE) high pressure cells, in this research. Solubility test results prove that emulsifier free pure gasoline is capable of dissolving 23 g/l of ammonia on mass basis (4.5% of ammonia on volume basis) at 345 kPa pressure and 286.65 K temperature in liquid phase. Solubility level is increased with the use of ethanol and methanol. Gasoline with 10% ethanol can retain 51.4 g/l (11.0% on volume basis) of ammonia in the liquid phase at the same pressure and temperature. Methanol has better emulsifying capabilities. Solubility level of gasoline with 10% methanol is 61.8 g/l (11.0% on volume basis). Better performances are observed when

Haputhanthri, Shehan O.

Diesel Fuel Filter Designs for Cold Weather

2014-01-271110/13/2014

Cold weather is a challenge for compression ignition engines. As Diesel fuel creates wax crystals when temperature goes down enough, it comes to plug the fuel filter and the fuel injection system, leading to undesirable effects like loss of power, engine stall after start or even the engine not starting at all. Moreover, it has been shown that FAME Biodiesel has additional negative impacts on vehicle cold flow operability. Despite fuel additives which can support cold conditions, the whole fuel injection system has to be designed to support engine operability in variable environments, meaning also in very cold conditions, with variable fuel qualities. The Diesel Fuel Filter is a key element of the fuel injection system, as it could become to get plugged by wax and deposit formed at cold temperatures. This can generate fuel shortage on the common rail and high pressure fuel injectors. Addressing this filter plugging effect, can be crucial for vehicle operability. In order to understand

Arnault, Nicolas, Monsallier, Guy

Effects of a Blend of Eethanol and Ethylene Glycol Dimethyl Ether on Fuel Properties and Engine Performances When Used as Clean Diesel Fuel Additive

2014-01-277110/13/2014

In the present study, ethanol and EGDE were mixed in 1:1 proportion by volume to make a new oxygenate blend as a clean diesel fuel additive. Results showed that the oxygenate blend is miscible with diesel fuel within a wide proportion range above 0°C. With the increase in the content level of the oxygenate blend in diesel fuel, viscosity decreases near linearly, smoke point increases, closed flash point decreases rapidly below 5% of the oxygenate blend by volume in diesel fuel and then maintains unchanged with the oxygenate blend content increasing, and solidifying point of 0# diesel fuel decreases. When a engine was fueled with a diesel fuel added with 20% (v) of the oxygenate blend operating under partial load at 1800rpm and 2300rpm respectively, smoke emissions can be lessened by about 50% to 80%, and CO can be reduced by up to about 70%. NOx emissions generally increase slightly. Power output drops by 0.5%-1.5%, fuel consumption increases, while energy economy is enhanced by 1.8

Guo, Hejun, Zheng, Li

Nitrous Oxide Ethane-Ethylene Engine

TBMG-20712

10/01/2014

The Nitrous Oxide Ethylene-Ethane (NEE) engine uses nitrous oxide as an autogenously pressurizing oxidizer, and a mixture of ethane and ethylene is used in the same manner as fuel. Initially, the ethane and ethylene mixture has the same vapor pressure as the nitrous oxide. By using the autogenous pressurization capabilities of these propellants, instead of an additional pressurization system, greater system simplicity and reliability can be attained. The NEE can obtain a specific impulse of 320 s, making it the highest-performing, non-toxic, storable bipropellant rocket propulsion system in existence at the time of this reporting.

The Compatibility Study of Aircraft Fuel Tank Elastomers with Synthesized Paraffinic Kerosine and its Blends

2014-01-900109/01/2014

The synthetic paraffinic kerosine (SPK) produced via HEFAs is of great interest for civil aviation industry as it exhibits an excellent thermal oxidative stability with significantly lower particulate matter emission. However, due to its aromatic free characteristics, the widespread use of SPK is limited by its compatibility with non-metal materials such as fuel tank elastomers. In this research the compatibility of SPK and its blends with widely used aircraft fuel tank elastomers were systematically studied. Experimental results demonstrated the volume swellability of all selected materials showed a linear relationship with volume percentage of No.3 jet fuel in SPK blend. The increase of volume percentage of No.3 jet fuel in the SPK blend increased volume swellability for all materials except fluorosilicone gasket. The alkyl benzenes and naphthalenes in the blend acted as the hydrogen donors, which facilitated the formation of polymer matrix and led to the increase of the distance

Chen, Kai

Determination of Carbon Footprint using LCA Method for Straight Used Cooking Oil as a Fuel in HGVs

2014-01-194804/01/2014

In order to improve energy supply diversity and reduce carbon dioxide emissions, sustainable bio-fuels are strongly supported by EU and other governments in the world. While the feedstock of biofuels has caused a debate on the issue of sustainability, the used cooking oil (UCO) has become a preferred feedstock for biodiesel manufacturers. However, intensive energy consumption in the trans-esterification process during the UCO biodiesel production has significantly compromised the carbon reduction potentials and increased the cost of the UCO biodiesel. Moreover, the yield of biodiesel is only ∼90% and the remaining ∼10% feedstock is wasted as by-product glycerol. Direct use of UCO in diesel engines is a way to maximize its carbon saving potentials. This paper, as part of the EPID (Environmental and Performance Impact of Direct use of used cooking oil in 44 tonne trucks under real world driving conditions) project, presents the life cycle analysis of Straight UCO (SUCO) in terms of CO2

Li, Hu, Ebner, Jim, Ren, Peipei, Campbell, Laura, Dizayi, Buland, Hadavi, Seyed

Compatibility Assessment of Elastomer Materials to Test Fuels Representing Gasoline Blends Containing Ethanol and Isobutanol

2014-01-146204/01/2014

The compatibility of elastomeric materials used in fuel storage and dispensing applications was determined for test fuels representing neat gasoline and gasoline blends containing 10 and 17 vol.% ethanol, and 16 and 24 vol.% isobutanol. The actual test fuel chemistries were based on the aggressive formulations described in SAE J1681 for oxygenated gasoline. Elastomer specimens of fluorocarbon, fluorosilicone, acrylonitrile rubber (NBR), polyurethane, neoprene, styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) and silicone were exposed to the test fuels for 4 weeks at 60°C. After measuring the wetted volume and hardness, the specimens were dried for 20 hours at 60°C and then remeasured for volume and hardness. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) was also performed to determine the glass transition temperature (Tg). Comparison to the original values showed that all elastomer materials experienced volume expansion and softening when wetted by the test fuels. The fluorocarbons underwent the least amount of

Kass, Michael D., Theiss, Timothy, Pawel, Steve, Baustian, James, Wolf, Les, Koch, Wolf, Janke, Chris

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