Browse Topic: Diesel fuels

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System Validation & Verification Plan Template - ARP4754A

ARP4754A_PL_009 (Current)To be published on 08/13/2201

SintzADMIn, Jeneane, Mcgovern, Mike, null, null, SintzUSER, Jeneane, RickardTestUser, ChrisTest, Mutz, Jennifer2, Mutz, Jennifer

Improving the Carbon Footprint of Long-Haul Trucks Running on First-Generation Biodiesel

2025-01-500701/27/2025

Lowering carbon emissions from road-based transport is required to achieve climate targets. In addition to passenger cars, long-haul trucks contribute more than one-third of on-road generated carbon emissions. Therefore, this sector has great potential to reduce such emissions. Numerous options including electrified drivetrains are possible. Nevertheless, the existing fleet of trucks powered by conventional diesel engines also needs to be addressed. Additionally, a ramp-up of green electricity and charging infrastructure is required to ensure carbon-neutral and reliable transport. Heavy-duty diesel engines are typically suitable for use with first-generation biofuels. However, operational restrictions, such as shorter oil drain intervals are mandatory for users. In the case at hand, the oil change was mandatory after only 30,000 km when pure biodiesel (B100) was used instead of 120,000 km when operating on conventional, mineral oil-based diesel. These boundaries counter efforts to

Rohbogner, Christoph J., Heine, Carsten

Design Implementation through Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis to reduce Fuel filling time in NGVs

2024-26-030901/16/2024

In the past few decades CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) fuel growing as an alternate fuel due to its more economically as compared to Gasoline & Diesel fuels by vehicle running cost in both passenger as well as commercial vehicles, additionally it is more environment friendly & safer fuel with respect to gasoline & diesel. At standard temperature & pressure fuel density of Natural Gas (0.7-0.9 kg/m3) is lower than Gasoline (715-780 kg/m3), Diesel (849~959 kg/m3), therefore CNG fuel require higher storage space as compared to Gasoline & Diesel & also it stores at very high pressure (200-250 bar) to further increase the fuel density 180 kg/m³ (at 200 bar) and for 215 kg/m³ (at 250 bar) in CNG cylinders so that max fuel contains in the cylinders and increase the vehicle running capacity per fuel filling & reduces its fuel filling frequency at filling stations. Therefore to gain max vehicle running mileage in a single fuel filling, NGVs (Natural Gas powered vehicles) require more numbers CNG

Singh, Gaurav Kumar, Kumar, Satish, Patil, Praveen, Sharma, Mukesh

Effect of Diesel-Ethanol Blends on the Performance and Emissions of a CI Diesel Engine Suitable for Stationary Application Rahul Garg1, Nalini Kanta Mukherjee2, Chithra V.1, Vasu Choudhary2, Bharat Newalkar1, Devendra Nene2, Manoj Kusumba2 1 Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd., Greater Noida, UP, 201306 2 TAFE Motors and Tractors Ltd., Alwar, Rajasthan, 301001

2024-26-007801/16/2024

Diesel engines are primarily used in the power generation sector owing to their characteristics of high efficiency and power, but account for higher emissions, mainly NOX and PM. Ethanol being a bio-based alternate fuel, holds the potential to be one of the most promising fuels for blending with diesel for emissions reduction, primarily due to its oxygenated nature, which results in a lower carbon content than diesel. In this study, four different ethanol-diesel blends have been developed for investigation (a) 5% (v/v) ethanol/diesel blend (E5D95), (b) 10% (v/v) ethanol/diesel blend (E10D90), (c) 15% (v/v) ethanol/diesel blend (E15D85) and (d) 20% (v/v) ethanol/diesel blend (E20D80). Additives and couplers were developed, as well, to address the problem of corrosion, cetane number reduction and blend stability. A detailed physico-chemical characterization was performed to measure various critical properties (density, cetane number, calorific value, flash point, etc.) of various diesel

Garg, Rahul, Mukherjee, Nalini, Viswanath, Chithra, Newalkar, Bharat

Viability of alternative fuels to decarbonize the world’s largest agricultural tractor market

2024-26-006501/16/2024

India is the market with the highest sales of agricultural tractors and the market with the highest number of agricultural tractor park, as well. Even though taking into account the lower average power of Indian agricultural tractors, their cumulated diesel fuel consumption reaches a comparable size to the one for busses (ICCT, ~7% of the entire diesel fuel consumption). The possible use of alternative powertrains like battery-electric, especially considering the lower power of the Indian tractor market, is feasible, but struggling with challenges in terms of charging infrastructure and the possibly resulting lower productivity due to longer charging times. Therefore AVL proposes to investigate the use of alternative fuels for internal combustion engines, a topic which is also being discussed by other global tractor OEMs, in the world-wide context the focus is here on higher tractor powers due to storage limitations of battery-electric systems and other alternatives. In the paper AVL

Hofer, Franz Josef, Arnberger, Anton, Kruth, Ronald

Experimental Investigation of Direct Injection Compression Ignition Engine Fueled with Diesel-Biobutanol-Castor Oil Blends on the Performance

2022-28-043311/09/2022

Castor Oil is one of the oils that are available from the waste seeds at and low cost. Biobutanol can be manufactured from waste fruits by bioprocessing. This study uses the blends of castor oil-biobutanol along with diesel to replace 85-90% of diesel fuel for fueling direct injection compression ignition engines without any major modifications in engine operating parameters. The experimentation sequence includes the preparation of blends with a base blend of diesel-biobutanol in 50:50 with the additive of castor oil from 0- 10% in increments of 1%. The solubility and properties test (as per the American Society of Testing Methods) is being performed to arrive at an optimal blend that possesses closer properties compared to diesel. This optimal blend is tested for thermal efficiency, heat release rate, and emissions for various brake power conditions. Results of the properties test depict that the blend containing castor oil up to 5% is found suitable by comparing the kinematic

Effects of Emission and Performance Characteristics Study of Rubber Seed Biodiesel Fueled DI Diesel Engine Fumigated with Methanol

2022-28-042611/09/2022

Researchers are looking for renewable and alternative fuels with efficient combustion that may be generated locally in response to rising prices and increasing usage of fossil fuels, as well as worries about tailpipe emissions. As a result, it is detailed here how the performance and emissions of a compression ignition engine may be assessed utilizing Methanol fumigation and Rubber seed oil. Rubber seed oil has a lower viscosity. The transesterification procedure was used to make Rubber seed biodiesel, and the attributes of plain and blended Rubber seed biodiesel were investigated. However, during transesterification, the viscosity of crude Rubber seed oil decreases. After that, the physiochemical characteristics of Rubber seed oil are compared to the qualities of diesel fuel. Rubber seed biodiesel has also been blended in volumetric ratios with plain diesel, and the qualities of the mixed biodiesel have been assessed against applicable criteria. The B20 rubber seed biodiesel and its

Saminathan, Sathiskumar, K, Nivethitha, R, Vishnu Ramesh Kumar, PC, Murugan, R, Aswathaman

ISO Paraffinic Diesel Fuel Lubricity Study

2022-01-507310/03/2022

An ad hoc working group (WG) “AG1” was formed by ISO/TC22/SC34 [1] to conduct the necessary research to mitigate concerns with the prediction of lubricity in paraffinic diesel fuel (e.g., renewable diesel [RD] and gas-to-liquids [GTL] fuel), using ISO 12156-1 [2] high-frequency reciprocating rig (HFRR). Several field complaints had been raised regarding anomalies with HFRR readings of RDs not accurately predicting the lubricity of the fuel. Specific reports include readings below the 460 μm wear scar diameter (WSD) limit may still allow excessive scuffing and wear. Generally, for all fuels, there is a deterioration in precision (measurement error) in the 350 μm-500 μm range. The Paraffinic Diesel Fuel Lubricity AG1 was given the mandate to execute its work tasks comprising the below-listed deliverables while embracing the concept of continuous improvement. Conduct a situation analysis to identify concerns, assess their impact, and codify the next steps as related to predicting the

Henderson, Paul Templin, Christison, Krege, Evers-McGregor, Deirdra, Martinez, Josephine, Kuronen, Markku, Gray, Chris

Evaluating Class 6 Delivery Truck Fuel Economy and Emissions Using Vehicle System Simulations for Conventional and Hybrid Powertrains and Co Optima Fuel Blends

2022-01-115609/20/2022

The US Department of Energy’s Co-Optimization of Engine and Fuels Initiative (Co-Optima) investigated how unique properties of bio-blendstocks considered within Co-Optima help address emissions challenges with mixing controlled compression ignition (i.e., conventional diesel combustion) and enable advanced compression ignition modes suitable for implementation in a diesel engine. Additionally, the potential synergies of these Co-Optima technologies in hybrid vehicle applications in the medium- and heavy-duty sector was also investigated. In this work, vehicles system were simulated using the Autonomie software tool for quantifying the benefits of Co-Optima engine technologies for medium-duty trucks. A Class 6 delivery truck with a 6.7 L diesel engine was used for simulations over representative real-world and certification drive cycles with four different powertrains to investigate fuel economy, emissions, and well-to-wheel greenhouse gas performance. Comparisons were made between

Vijayagopal, Ram, Curran, Scott, Deter, Dean, Longman, DOUGLAS

Orange peel oil effect on performance and emission of diesel engine fuelled with diesel-waste plastic oil blends

2022-26-115705/26/2022

Abundant and economical energy is the life blood of modern civilizations. Adequate availability of inexpensive energy is the most important demand of today. Economic growth and industrialization both are dependent on the availability of energy. Many of the developed Western-European countries as well as developing countries depends a great extent on imports of energy resources to meet the bulk of their requirements. But today the world is facing twin crises of fast depleting world energy sources on one hand and environmental degradation on the other. The recent increase in petroleum prices and the growing awareness related to the environmental consequences of the fuel over-dependency have stimulated the recent interest in alternative energy sources. Alternative fuel source are considered very promising to play an important role in meeting the world’s energy requirements. Orange peel and used plastics are waste materials and can be use as an alternative fuels in diesel engine. In

Combustion Characterization of DME-Fueled Dual Fuel Combustion with Premixed Ethanol

2022-01-056203/29/2022

The heterogeneous nature of direct injection (DI) combustion yields high combustion efficiencies but harmful emissions through the formation of high nitrogen oxide (NOx) and/or smoke emissions. In response, extensive empirical and computational research has focused on balancing the NOx-smoke trade-off to limit diesel DI combustion emissions. The use of dimethyl ether (DME) fuel in DI compression ignition engines is capable of releasing near-smoke-free emissions. Moreover, the addition of a premixed fuel can minimize DI fuel energy requirements and limit extended injection durations and thus improve overall homogeneity. For this technique, a low reactivity fuel such as Ethanol is essential to avoid the early onset of autoignition. In this work, empirical experiments of dual fuel operation have been conducted using premixed ethanol with direct injected DME. The engine performance was characterized with DI diesel fuel as a baseline, and the matching operation of DME was compared

Leblanc, Simon, Yu, Xiao, Sandhu, Navjot S., Zheng, Ming

Two dimensional measurements of soot size and concentration in diesel ames by laser based optical methods

2022-01-049703/29/2022

Soot particle size, particle concentration and volume fraction were measured by laser based methods in optically dense, highly turbulent combusting diesel sprays under engine conditions. Experiments were done in the Chalmers high pressure, high temperature spray rig under isobaric conditions and combusting commercial diesel fuel. Laser Induced Incandescence (LII), Elastic Scattering and Light Extinction were combined quasi-simultaneously to quantify particle characteristics spatially resolved in the middle plane of a combusting spray at two instants after the start of combustion. The inuence that fuel injection pressure, gas temperature and gas pressure exert on particle size, particle concentration and volume fraction were studied. Probability density functions of particle size and two-dimensional images of particle diameter, particle concentration and volume fraction concerning instantaneous single-shot cases and average measurements are presented. High injection pressure led to a

Otxoterena, Paul, Andersson, Mats, Andersson, Sven

Comparing the influence of different hydrogen flow rates by induction and injection techniques in emission and combustion outcomes of a CRDI diesel engine operated in dual fuel mode.

2022-01-056503/29/2022

The objective of the study is to compare the performance, emission, and combustion characteristics of a CRDI engine for various flow rates of hydrogen used by induction and injection methods. The investigation was conducted at constant speed on the water-cooled CRDI diesel engine having 5.2 kW power. During the suction stroke, hydrogen gas is passed as the secondary fuel along with the intake of fresh air at 3 different proportions (3, 9 and 15 liters per min) by both induction and injection methods. The primary diesel fuel is injected at a crank angle of 23⁰ bTDC, and this acts as an ignition source for the premixed mixture of hydrogen and air. The results showed a negative effect with 15 LPM (litres per minute) of hydrogen induction. However, for the injection method, all the flow rates showed positive results and the improvement was observed until the maximum flow rate. Among these proportions, 15 LPM of hydrogen injection showed the highest performance values by improving brake

V T, Vimalananth, Panithasan, Mebin Samuel, Venkadesan, Gnanamoorthi

Impact of LPG Composition on Performance, Emissions and Combustion Characteristics of a Spark-ignited CFR Engine

2022-01-056403/29/2022

Research on alternative fuels has made significant progress as demands for cleaner and efficient engine operation intensifies. Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) can offer a potential alternative fuel route in the Diesel fuel dominated heavy-duty transportation sector due to its low cost, high anti-knock limit relative to gasoline, and reduced emission levels. In this work, experimental investigations are performed to study the effects of LPG compositions on performance, emissions, and combustion behavior of a cooperative fuel research (CFR) engine under stoichiometric conditions. Four LPG blends (chemically pure propane, a representative US blend, HD5, and a representative European blend) representing the present LPG market are chosen. The impact of fuel composition is studied under different compression ratios (CR) ranging from 7:1 to 10:1 with one-unit increments. The results show that fuel composition has minimal effect on engine efficiency over the CR range. Engine-out emissions are

Fosudo, Toluwalase, Kar, Tanmay, Marchese, Anthony, Windom, Bret, Olsen, Daniel

Effect of Fuel Cetane Number on the Performance of Catalyst-Heating Operation in a Medium-duty Diesel Engine

2022-01-058003/29/2022

To comply with increasingly stringent pollutant emissions regulations, catalyst-heating operation in diesel engines is critical to achieve rapid light-off of exhaust aftertreatment catalysts during the first minutes of cold starting. Current approaches to catalyst-heating operation typically involve one or more late post injections to retard combustion phasing and increase exhaust temperatures. The ability to retard post injection timing while maintaining acceptable pollutant emissions levels is pivotal for improved catalyst-heating calibrations. Fuel cetane rating has been reported to enable later post injections with increased exhaust heat and decreased pollutant emissions, but the mechanism by which this occurs is not well understood. The purpose of this experimental study is to provide further insight into the ways in which fuel cetane rating affects combustion and pollutant formation in a medium-duty diesel engine. Three full boiling-range diesel fuels with cetane ratings of

Cho, Seokwon, Busch, Stephen

Ducted Fuel Injection: An Experimental Study on Optimal Duct Size

2022-01-054303/29/2022

Ducted fuel injection (DFI) was implemented in a constant flow High Temperature Pressure Vessel (HTPV) at 60bar ambient pressure, 800-1000K ambient temperature, 21% oxygen. The ducts were 14mm long and placed approximately 3mm away from the orifice exit. The duct diameters ranged from 1.6-3.2mm and had a rounded inlet and a tapered outlet. Diesel fuel was used in a single-orifice fuel injector operating at a rail pressure of 250MPa, where the orifice diameters ranged from 150-219µm. The objective of this work was to study soot reduction for various combinations of orifice diameter in relation to duct diameter. Several combinations of orifice and duct diameters were tested. A complete data set was taken using the 150µm orifice. The results clearly show that soot reduction peaks at an optimal duct size of 2-2.25mm and is reduced as the duct diameter is increased or decreased. A smaller number of test points were also taken using the 169 and 219µm orifices, showing similar trends

Svensson, Kenth, Fitzgerald, Russell, Martin, Glen

Pilot injection ignition delay sensitivity analysis for energy-assisted compression-ignition operation on jet fuels with varying cetane number

2022-01-053303/29/2022

Local deposition of thermal energy can be used to assist the combustion process of low cetane number fuels in compression ignition engines, here termed energy-assisted compression ignition (EACI). In the current work, a commercial ceramic glow plug, operated beyond its conventional operation range, was used as the ignition assistant (IA) and sensitivity of pilot injection ignition to operation parameters was studied for two fuels using EACI in an optical engine. A design of experiments (DoE) study was devised to determine which engine parameters influenced the energy-assisted pilot injection ignition process the most. The DoE was constructed with four parameters: injection pressure, injected mass, injection timing, and IA temperature. The fuels used were F24 (Jet-A with military additives) with a cetane number (CN) of 48 and a CN 35 fuel mixture consisting of 60% F24 and 40% of an alcohol to jet fuel (ATJ), blended on a volumetric basis. Simultaneous OH chemiluminescence and schlieren

Amezcua, Eri R., Kim, Kenneth, Rothamer, David, Kweon, Chol-Bum

Investigations of Ignition Delay Behavior in a CFR F5 Cetane Rating Engine and a Modern Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine

2022-01-053403/29/2022

The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D613 standardized test method is used to determine the cetane number of diesel fuel oils for use in compression ignition engines. The test method involves use of a variable compression ratio compression ignition CFR F5 test engine. The CFR F5 remains relatively unchanged since its conception, utilizing a swirl prechamber, mechanical jerk fuel pump, and a 10.3 MPa cracking pressure pintle nozzle mechanical injector. Recent efforts to improve the repeatability and reproducibility of the F5 engine involved the development of prototype engines equipped with electronic fuel injection (EFI) systems and upgraded ignition delay measurement instrumentation. These modifications have demonstrated the capability to improve the ASTM D613 precision limits by at least a factor of two. Parameterization of injection strategy has further optimized the test method, producing cycle to cycle variations of ignition delay analogous to modern day

Zeman, Jared, Nielson, Kevin, Dempsey, Adam

A Study of Combustion Inefficiencies in SI Engines Powered by Alcohol and Ether Fuels Using Detailed Emission Speciation

2022-01-061703/29/2022

Advanced combustion engines, as power sources, dominate all aspects of the transportation sector. Stringent emission and fuel efficiency standards have promoted the research interest in advanced combustion strategies and alternative fuels. Owing to the comparable energy density to the existing fossil fuels and renewable production, alcohol and ether fuels may be a suitable replacement, or an additive to the gasoline/diesel fuels to meet the future emission standards with minimal modification to current engine geometry. Furthermore, lean and diluted combustion are well-researched pathways for efficiency improvement and reduction of engine-out emissions of modern engines. However, lean-burn or EGR dilution can introduce combustion inefficiencies in the form of excessive hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen emissions. In this study, the total energy loss to the exhaust in the form of emission species due to incomplete/inefficient combustion of alcohol (butanol and ethanol) and ether

Sandhu, Navjot Singh, Yu, Xiao, Leblanc, Simon

Combustion Modeling in a Heavy-Duty Engine operating with DME using Detailed Kinetics and Turbulence-Chemistry Interaction

2022-01-047503/29/2022

Dimethyl ether (DME) represents a promising fuel for heavy-duty engines thanks to its high cetane number, volatility, absence of aromatics, reduced tank-to-wheel CO2 emissions compared to Diesel fuel and the possibility to be produced from renewable energy sources. However, optimization of compression-ignition engines fueled with DME requires suitable computational tools to design dedicated injection and combustion systems: reduced injection pressures and increased nozzle diameters are expected compared to conventional Diesel engines, which influences both the air-fuel mixing and the combustion process. This work intends to evaluate the validity of two different combustion models for the prediction of performance and pollutant emissions in compression-ignition engines operating with DME. The first one is the Representative Interactive Flamelet while the second is the Approximated Diffusive Flamelet. Both incorporate detailed kinetics and turbulence chemistry interaction but they are

Schirru, Andrea, D'Errico, Gianluca, Lucchini, Tommaso, Zhou, Qiyan, Hardy, Gilles, Soltic, Patrik, Hilfiker, Thomas

Numerical simulation of multicomponent diesel fuel spray surrogates using real-fluid thermodynamic modelling

2022-01-059103/29/2022

Computational models widely employed for predicting the dispersion of fuel sprays in combustion engines suffer from well-known drawbacks associated with the utilization of case-dependent empirical phase-change models, describing the conversion of liquid into vapour during fuel injection. The present work couples the compressible Navier-Stokes and energy conservation equations with a thermodynamic closure approximation covering pressures from 0 to 2000bar and temperatures that expand from compressed liquid, vapor-liquid equilibrium to trans/supercritical mixing, and thus, cover the whole range of P-T values that diesel fuel undergoes during its injection into combustion engines. The model assumes mechanical and thermal equilibrium between the liquid, vapour and surrounding air phases and thus, it avoids utilization of case-dependent empirical phase-change models for predicting in-nozzle cavitation and vaporization of fuels. Model development is based on the recent works reported for one

Justino Vaz, Marilia Gabriela, Geber, Evangelos, Koukouvinis, Foivos, Karathanassis, Ioannis K., Mouokue, Gerard, Gavaises, Manolis

Thermal properties of diesel fuel and surrogate mixtures using differential scanning calorimetry/thermogravimetric analysis (DSC/TGA) and DSC

2022-01-062003/29/2022

Biomass-derived biofuels can aid in rapidly decarbonizing the transportation industry by replacing diesel fuel in heavy-duty vehicles. While the electric vehicle (EV) share of the light-duty fleet has grown rapidly, medium- and heavy-duty vehicles present an electrification challenge because of their high energy-density requirements. Biomass-derived biofuels have high energy densities, combust with fewer tailpipe green-house gas (GHG) emissions compared to petroleum-derived diesel, and can replace heavy-duty fuels without major changes to vehicle design and fueling infrastructure. To achieve both high fuel efficiency and low tailpipe GHG emissions with biofuels, their properties must be well understood. One such property, the heat of vaporization (HOV), represents the energy required to vaporize a liquid on a per-mole basis and is important for the fuel injection event of the compression ignition cycle. In this research, the HOVs of various novel diesel-like biofuels were determined

Meyer, Lydia, Fioroni, Gina, Chacon, Amy, McCormick, Robert L.

An investigation of bio/synthetic fuel blends on a multi-cylinder compression ignition engine

2022-01-053103/29/2022

Oxygenated, low energy-density fuels have the potential to reduce engine-out NOx and soot emissions. Additionally, synthetic fuels can provide a pathway to reach carbon neutral utilization of hydrocarbon-based fuels in IC engines. Oxymethylene dimethyl ether (OME) is one such synthetic, low energy density fuel, derived from sustainable sources that in combination with conventional fossil fuels with higher energy content, has the potential to reduce NOx emissions below the US and EU VI legislative limits while maintaining ultra-low soot and CO2 emissions. The objective of this work is to investigate and compare the performance, emissions and efficiency of a modern multi-cylinder diesel engine under conventional high temperature combustion (HTC) with 3 different fuels; 1) 10% OME fuel, blended with conventional ultra-low sulphur diesel (OME10), 2) EU bio-diesel, made from vegetable oils with 10% renewable energy source (RES) content (EU B10), and conventional diesel in North America (B0

Asad, Usman, Ramos, Manuel, Tjong, Jimi

Development and validation of an EHN mechanism for fundamental and applied chemistry studies

2022-01-054603/29/2022

Autoignition enhancing additives have been used for years to enhance the ignition quality of diesel fuel, with 2-ethylexyl nitrate (EHN) being the most common additive. EHN also enhances the autoignition reactivity of gasoline, which has advantages for some low-temperature combustion techniques, such as Sandia’s Low-Temperature Gasoline Combustion (LTGC) with Additive-Mixing Fuel Injection (AMFI). LTGC-AMFI is a new high-efficiency and low-emissions engine combustion process based on supplying a small, variable amount of EHN into the fuel for better engine operation and control. However, the mechanism by which EHN interacts with the fuel remains unclear. In this work, a chemical-kinetic mechanism for EHN was developed and implemented in a detailed mechanism for gasoline fuels. The combined mechanism was validated against shock-tube experiments with EHN-doped n-heptane and HCCI engine data for EHN-doped regular E10 gasoline. Simulations showed a very good match with experiments. EHN

Lopez Pintor, Dario, Dec, John

Butanol a good replacer for diesel to fuel Compression Ignition Engines

2022-01-058803/29/2022

Butanol is a promising fuel to replace or reduce the dependency of diesel for fueling compression ignition engines. This work includes: Manufacturing methods of butanol with their yield, advantages and limitations along with the availability of resources; Utilization of butanol, blends of diesel-butanol, treated waste engine oil-butanol and recycled plastic pyrolysis oil-butanol as fuel for compression ignition engines. The study has three stages: Testing the various proportions of butanol with other fuels for solubility and properties to obtain a suitable fuel blends for fueling compression ignition engines; Testing the suitable blends in a fully instrumented compression ignition engine for performance, combustion and emissions for various load conditions and suggestions for further scope to address the limitations. Results of the solubility and properties test show that the blends containing 20% of butanol along with diesel, 35% of butanol with treated waste engine oil and 25% of

Simulation Studies on Glow plug Assisted Neat Methanol Combustion in a Diesel Engine

2022-01-061603/29/2022

Methanol due to its high latent heat of vaporization and the oxygen content can lower the NOx and soot levels in a compression ignition (CI) engine. Though methanol has a very low cetane number, hot surface ignition (HSI) using a glow plug can be used for combustion in a CI engine. In this work, a CFD simulation model of a glow plug assisted methanol HSI engine was developed and validated using experimental data on cylinder pressure and heat release reported in literature on a glow plug assisted engine with optical access. The SAGE combustion model, simplified GRI- MECH 3.0 reaction mechanism and adaptive grid refinement were employed. Parametric studies on glow plug surface temperature, injection strategies that use split injection at different split ratios and timings, location of the glow plug and the effect of shielding the glow plug were investigated by applying the model to a three cylinder neat methanol HSI engine. It was observed that combustion of methanol was first initiated

Krishnan, R Anoop, Panda, Kasinath, Ramesh, A

“Freedom from the soot/NOx tradeoff: Opportunities for MCCI of small-molecule fuels”

2022-01-064703/29/2022

Air quality considerations continue to require increasingly strict limits on tailpipe emissions from heavy-duty vehicles across all sectors. In addition to more effective aftertreatment systems, lowering levels of engine-out NOx, soot, and other pollutants remains a priority. For diesel fuel, the traditional soot-NOx tradeoff is well known, as are the the soot- and NOx-forming regions on a plot of local temperature vs local equivalence ratio. These regions make managing simultaneous reduction of soot and NOx during mixing-controlled combustion of diesel fuel challenging However, the soot- and NOx-producing regions in a local temperature vs. local equivalence ratio plot are fuel-dependent. The soot-producing region is especially fuel-dependent, with fuels like methanol, ethanol, DME, and E85 producing very low amounts of soot even under the range of equivalence ratios present during mixing-controlled combustion. This change in contours of the soot-NOx tradeoff regions creates additional

Blumreiter, Julie

Improvements of Combustion and Emissions in a Natural Gas Fueled Engine with Hydrogen Enrichment and Optimized Injection Timings of the Diesel Fuel

2022-32-009501/09/2022

In a natural gas fueled engine ignited by diesel fuel, the addition of hydrogen to the engine could be a possible way to improve thermal efficiency and reduce unburned methane which has a warming potential many times that of carbon dioxide as it promotes a more rapid and complete combustion. This study carried out engine experiments using a single cylinder engine with natural gas and hydrogen delivered separately into the intake pipe, and with pilot-injection of diesel fuel. The percentages of hydrogen in the natural gas-hydrogen mixtures were varied from 0% to 50% of the heat value. The results showed that the hydrogen addition has an insignificant effect on the ignition delay of the diesel fuel and that it shortens the combustion duration. The increase in the hydrogen ratio decreased the unburned hydrocarbon emissions more than the reduction of the amount of natural gas that was replaced by the hydrogen. Further, the direct injection timing of the diesel fuel was varied from early in

Kobashi, Yoshimitsu, Inagaki, Ryuya, Shibata, Gen, Ogawa, Hideyuki

Effect of CaO Nano particles from sea shell on diesel engine characteristics fuelled with ternary biodiesel blends

2021-28-023610/01/2021

Biodiesel was found to be a promising alternative source to diesel fuel for which the engine characteristics can be improved by means of Nano additives. The present work deals with the effect of calcium oxide Nano fluid on the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of diesel engine fuelled with ternary blends comprising of Calophyllum, Neem biodiesel and diesel fuel. Calcium oxide was synthesised by means of calcination process from Mactra Corallina sea shell. The calcium oxide was converted into Nano particles by means of ball milling and dispersed in distilled water using ultra-sonication to form Nano fluids. The stability of Nano fluid was found to be effective at 100 ppm. Blend selected for the study has the proportion of 95 % biodiesel (B20), 3 % Nano fluid and 2 % surfactant labelled as B20 + NF. Results show that addition of Nano fluid to biodiesel increased Brake Thermal Efficiency and reduced Brake Specific Fuel Consumption. Also, HC, CO, NOx and smoke emissions

J, Nagarajan, Balasubramanian, Dhinesh

Study of Fuel in Oil Dilution Due to Aftertreatment Regeneration in Automotive Diesel Engine

2021-26-018409/22/2021

The Bharat Stage VI emission norms in India is driving the use of more complex after treatment systems for diesel engines. The after-treatment system typically includes DOC, DPF and SCR to reduce the engine out hydrocarbon, particulates & NOx respectively. For a durable functioning of the after-treatment system, cleaning of these components at regular intervals is required. One such method is to burn the diesel fuel inside DOC, to clean the DPF and SCR, a process called regeneration. Regeneration involves using extra diesel fuel injected into the exhaust stream, which gets oxidized in the DOC thereby regenerating the DPF or SCR. Present technology uses the existing injectors in the diesel engine for regeneration which is cost effective and simpler compared to the external hydrocarbon dosing system. In-cylinder hydrocarbon dosing is associated with the risk of fuel getting mixed with engine oil. This happens because the regeneration fuel is injected in the exhaust stroke where the

Vinay P, Ashwyn, Verma, Utkarsh, Goswami, Imon, Suresh, Swathy

Development of Dual Fuel (Diesel + CNG) Engine for Off-Road Application

2021-26-011909/22/2021

The evolution of engine technology has so far seen the most beneficial side of progress in the fields of transportation, agriculture and mobility. With the advent of innovation, there is also an impact on our environment that needs to be balanced. This is where fuels like CNG, LPG, LNG, etc. outperform the conventional fossil fuels in terms of pollution & operational cost. This paper enlightens on the use of innovative dual fuel technology where diesel & CNG fuels are used for combustion simultaneously inside the combustion chamber. Dual fuel system adaptation for farm application ensures self-reliance of the farmer where he can generate bio-CNG to use the renewable fuel for farming making him less dependent on conventional fossil fuel thus promoting a green economy. The dual fuel system is adapted on the existing in-use diesel engine with minimum modifications. This makes it feasible to retro-fit a CNG fuel system on existing diesel engine so as to operate it on dual fuel mode. Major

Singh, Gagandeep, Dogra, DaljitSingh, Ramana, Ramandeep, Chawla, Jatinder, Sutar, Prasanna S, Sagare, Vinayak Shivalink, Sonawane, Shailesh Balkrishna, Kavathekar, Kishorkumar, Rairikar, Sandeep, Thipse, Sukrut S

Studying the effect of engine parameters and cetane number on NOx and Particulate matter emissions

2021-26-011809/22/2021

Emissions characteristics (NOx and particulate matter) of a CI engine are influenced by fuel properties, engine operating conditions and the type of engine technology used. The current study is focused on analyzing the effect of fuels (blend of 50% hexadecane with 50% petro-diesel (HD50), hydro-processed renewal diesel (HRD) and petro-diesel) possessing different cetane number and operating parameters of the engine on NOx and particulate matter. The design of experiment (DOE) technique was employed to identify the most dominant parameter among CN, speed and torque that affect NOx emissions significantly. An empirical correlation between NOx emissions and CN, engine speed, torque and in-cylinder peak pressure was developed using Rayleigh’s method. Combustion analysis (in-cylinder pressure, heat release, combustion temperature and mass fraction burn) of the engine fueled these fuels was also undertaken to corroborate the emission results. PM emissions were reduced by around 44% and 30

Singh, Devendra, Subramanian, K A

Chemical Reactivity Control of DME/Ethanol Dual Fuel Combustion

2021-01-117609/21/2021

The use of renewable fuels in place of conventional hydrocarbon fuels can minimize the carbon footprint of internal combustion engines. DME has been treated as a suitable surrogate to diesel fuel because of its high reactivity and soot-less combustion characteristics. The lower energy density of DME fuel demands a higher fuel supply rate to match the engine loads compared to diesel, which was achieved through prolonged injection duration and larger nozzle holes. When used as a pilot fuel to control the combustion behavior in a dual-fuel application, the fuel energy delivery rate becomes less critical allowing the use of a standard diesel common-rail injector for DME direct injection. In this work, the combustion of DME-Ethanol dual-fuel reactivity-controlled compression ignition was experimentally investigated. Compare with diesel, the high volatility of neat DME fuel can enhance its mixing with port injected fuel even under very early fuel injection timing, which is critical for

Leblanc, Simon, Sandhu, Navjot Singh, Yu, Xiao, Zheng, Ming, Tjong, Jimi

Improvement in combustion characteristics of biodiesel by reforming with cross-metathesis reaction

2021-01-120509/21/2021

The boiling point curve of FAME, so called biodiesel fuel can be adapted to that of diesel fuel by breaking it down to low-molecular structure using cross-metathesis reaction with short chain olefin. Metathesis biodiesel mainly consists of medium-chain olefins and fatty acid methyl esters. In this study, the engine performance and exhaust emissions from metathesis biodiesel was investigated through engine bench tests. Surrogate fuels made from typical chemical components of metathesis biodiesel were used to clarify the effect of respective component on combustion. Surrogate fuels were made by mixing 1-decene, 1-tetradecene, methyl laurate, methyl palmitate and methyl oleate to simulate the boiling point, oxygen mass concentration, calorific value of reformed biodiesel of waste cooking oil (WME). A single cylinder diesel engine equipped with common-rail type injection system was used. In-cylinder pressure, fuel consumption, and exhaust emissions were measured. Obtained results show that

Kawasaki, Kiyoshi, Inagaki, Toru, Yamane, Koji, Dejima, Kazuhito

Comparison and Evaluation of engine Performance, Combustion, NOx Reduction and Nano Particle Emission of Diesel, Elgae, Jatropha and Karanja Oil Methyl Ester Biodiesel by using cerium oxide Nano particle Fuel Additive in a Military heavy duty 582 kW CIDI Diesel Engine

2021-01-120909/21/2021

Global warming due to engine exhaust pollution, rapid depletion of petroleum oil reserves, and stringent regulation on emission has compelled researchers to find bio fuels as alternative to diesel fuel. Biodiesel is an oxygenated, sulphur free, non-toxic, biogradable, and renewable fuel. Biodiesel can be produced from non-edible vegetable oil using Elgae, Jatropha and Karanja oil. Biodiesel is a green fuel except it emit 15-25% more NOx in compared to diesel fuel. Nano particle emission is more harmful to human being. Nano particle emission of biodiesel to be measured now as per new stringent regulation. Elgae, Jatropha and Karanja oil methyl ester biodiesel have comparable engine performance and low exhaust emission characteristics, except for NOx emission, in comparison to diesel fuel. In this study, engine performance, combustion and engine emissions of CO, CO2 UBHC, NOx and PM including nano particle emission characteristics, were compared for Elgae, Jatropha, and Karanja oil

Pandey, Anand, Nandgaonkar, Milankumar, Laad, Meena, Kotecha, Ketan, sambasivan, Suresh, sonawane, C, Kumbhar, Vishal

Evolution and Future Development of Vehicle Fuel Specification in China

2021-01-120109/21/2021

Fuel quality has a significant influence on the combustion engine operation. In recent years the increasing concerns about environmental protection, energy saving, energy security and the requirements of protecting fuel injection and aftertreatment systems have been major driving forces for the Chinese fuel specification evolution. The major property changes in the evolution of Chinese national gasoline and diesel standards are introduced and the reasons behind these changes are analyzed in this paper. The gasoline fuel development from State I to State VI-B involved a decrease of sulfur, manganese, olefins, aromatics and benzene content. The diesel fuel quality improvement from State I to State VI included achieving low sulfur fuels and a cetane number (CN) increase. Provincial fuel standards, stricter than corresponding national standards, were implemented in economically developed areas in the past. Currently only Beijing is still implementing regional standards with national

Guo, Zexian, Liu, Zemin, Shuai, Shijin

Effects of Crude Tall Oil Based Renewable Diesel on the Performance and Emissions of a Non-Road Diesel Engine

2021-01-119709/21/2021

Environmental concerns and government policies aiming to increase biofuel shares have led to the search for alternative fuels from a variety of renewable raw materials. The development of hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) type fuels has been strong in the Nordic countries, partly due to the early use of tall oil from the forest industry as feedstock. An innovative production process to convert crude tall oil (CTO) - a residue of pulp production - into high-quality renewable diesel fuel was developed by a Finnish forestry company UPM. Paraffinic, high cetane and low aromatic CTO renewable diesel allows efficient and clean combustion, resulting in reductions of local air pollution in addition to not releasing any new CO2 into the atmosphere during their combustion. This research investigated the influence of CTO renewable diesel on the performance and exhaust emissions of a non-road diesel engine. The examined fuels were neat CTO renewable diesel (BVN) and a blend of BVN and fossil diesel

Spoof-Tuomi, Kirsi, Vauhkonen, Ville, Niemi, Seppo, Ovaska, Teemu, Lehtonen, Vilja, Heikkilä, Sonja, Nilsson, Olav

Evaluation and Comparison of Performance, Combustion characteristic, NOx and Particle Emission of JP-8, Gasoline and Diesel fuels in a Military Heavy duty 38.8 liters Compression Ignition Diesel Injection Engine Applying with EGR

2021-01-118309/21/2021

Global emissions and stringent emission legislations have compelled us to search for alternative fuels for heavy-duty diesel engines. Evaluating the effect of JP-8 and gasoline on heavy-duty diesel engine performance and emissions is important for military combat vehicles under the "multi-fuel strategy program". Performance and fuel economy penalties are well established with the operation of a heavy-duty diesel engine with JP-8 and gasoline. Experimental studies have also suggested that JP-8 and gasoline have great potential for lowering NOx emissions. In the presented experimental study, the impact of using JP-8 and gasoline was evaluated on a military heavy-duty diesel engine. Engine combustion characteristics, performance, and emissions, especially NOx and nanoparticle emissions, were evaluated. All these parameters were compared for diesel, JP-8 and gasoline fuels by applying 7% EGR with supercharging at different load conditions for a heavy-duty, 12-cylinder, 580 kW, and 38.8

Pandey, Anand, Nandgaonkar, Milankumar, Varghese, Anil, sambasivan, Suresh, sonawane, C

Engine Operation Strategies for the Alternative Diesel Fuel Oxymethylene Ether (OME): Evaluation based on Injection Rate Analyzer and 0D-/1D-Simulation

2021-01-119009/21/2021

Polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers (OME) are promising alternative diesel fuels with a biogenic or electricity-based production, which offer carbon neutral mobility with internal combustion engines. Among other e-fuels, they stand out because of soot-free combustion, which resolves the trade-off between nitrogen oxide (NOx) and soot emissions. Additionally, long-chain OME have a high ignitability, indicated by a cetane number (CN) greater than 70. This opens up degrees of freedom in the injection strategy and enables simplifications compared to the operation with fossil diesel. This study investigates the hydraulic behavior of two solenoid injectors with different injector geometry for heavy-duty applications on an Injection Rate Analyzer (IRA) in diesel and OME operation. For OME, both injectors show longer injection delays in all injection pressure ranges investigated, increasing with rail pressure. However, these delays are less than two degrees of crank angle in the speed range of

Gelner, Alexander D., Höß, Rudolf, Zepf, Andreas, Härtl, Martin, Wachtmeister, Georg

Crude Tall Oil based renewable diesel: performance, emission characteristics and storage stability

2021-01-120809/21/2021

International policies aiming at replacing fossil fuels with bio-components are getting stronger. Hydrotreating of bio-oils is a modern way to produce premium quality diesel fuels from completely renewable feedstocks. The Finnish forestry company UPM has developed an innovative production process based on hydrotreatment to convert crude tall oil (CTO) into a high-quality renewable diesel fuel that can be used as a blending component or as 100% fuel in all diesel engines without modifications. Paraffinic, high cetane CTO renewable diesel allows efficient and clean combustion, reducing harmful air emissions in addition to not releasing any new CO2 into the atmosphere. Fuels are expected to be of high quality and to remain stable even after long term storage. Oxidation stability is one of the most important properties that affect the stability of fuel during extended storage. Oxidation processes are initiated or accelerated by various factors, such as temperature and light, and lead to

Spoof-Tuomi, Kirsi, Vauhkonen, Ville, Niemi, Seppo, Ovaska, Teemu, Lehtonen, Vilja, Heikkilä, Sonja, Nilsson, Olav

Catalyst-Heating Operation in a Medium-Duty Diesel Engine: Operating Strategy Calibration, Fuel Reactivity, and Fuel Oxygen Effects

2021-01-118209/21/2021

Compliance with future ultra-low nitrogen oxide regulations with diesel engines requires the fastest possible heating of the exhaust aftertreatment system to its proper operating temperature upon cold starting. Late post injections are commonly integrated into catalyst-heating operating strategies. This experimental study provides insight into the complex interactions between the injection-strategy calibration and the tradeoffs between exhaust heat and pollutant emissions. Experiments are performed with certification diesel fuel and blends of diesel fuel with butylal and hexyl hexanoate. Further analyses of experimental data provide insight into fuel reactivity and oxygen content as potential enablers for improved catalyst-heating operation. A statistical design-of-experiments approach is developed to investigate a wide range of injection strategy calibrations at three different intake dilution levels. Thermodynamic and exhaust emissions measurements are taken using a new medium-duty

Busch, Stephen, Wu, Angela, Cho, Seokwon

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON THE EFFECT OF NATURAL BASED ADDITIVES ON SINGLE-CYLINDER DI DIESEL ENGINE

2021-28-013009/15/2021

In this experimental study, an attempt is made to enhance the performance characteristics of diesel fuel with two different natural additives (NA). Borassus Flabelifer (NB1) and Oryza Sativa straws (NB2) were chosen as natural additives. The selected natural additives were milled for 150 hours using a planetary ball mill and obtained particle size was 120-140nm. The milled natural additives were stirred using a magnetic stirrer followed by ultrasonication their stability was ascertained. The presence of high carbon and oxygen content was noted on EDS results of milled powder The properties of fuel were analyzed as per ASTM standards and it was observed that there was a marginal decrease in calorific value, flash point, and fire point of the fuel. Performance analysis of fuel was carried out in a diesel engine at different load conditions and it was observed that brake thermal efficiency was reduced by 1.73 % and 1.24 % for NB1 and NB2 doped diesel respectively. Reduced CO and HC

Velusamy, Raja, Annamalai, Suresh Babu, Swaminathan, Mangudi Rangawamy, Periyana Pillai, Hariharan, Ganapathy, Sakthinathan, Radhakrishnan PhD, Vignesh, Kumar, Premkumar

Modeling of Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition Combustion using a Stochastic Reactor Model coupled with Tabulated Chemistry

2021-24-001409/05/2021

Advanced combustion concepts such as reactivity controlled compression ignition have been proven to be capable of fundamentally improve conventional Diesel combustion by mitigating or avoiding the soot NOx trade-off while delivering comparable or better thermal efficiency. To further facilitate the development of the RCCI technology, a robust and possibly computationally efficient simulation framework is needed. While many successful studies have been published using 3D-CFD coupled with detailed combustion chemistry solvers, the level of maturity of 0D/1D based software solution offerings is relatively limited. The close interaction between physical and chemical processes challenges the development of predictive numerical tools, particularly when spatial information are not available. The present work discusses a novel stochastic reactor model based modeling framework capable of predicting combustion and emission formation in heavy-duty engines running in RCCI combustion mode. The

Franken, Tim, Matrisciano, Andrea, Sari, Rafael, Fogué Robles, Álvaro, Monsalve-Serrano, Javier, Lopez Pintor, Dario, Pasternak, Michal, Garcia, Antonio, Mauss, Fabian

DME as an Alternative Fuel for Compression Ignition Engines in Long-Haul Heavy-Duty Transport

2021-24-006509/05/2021

For long-haul heavy-duty transport, ICE (Internal Combustion Engine) propulsion will continue to play a dominant role. Fossil Diesel fuel with its high energy density, even made of biogenic or synthetic source, will not remain the prime and cost-efficient solution under always more stringent emission limits for greenhouse gas and pollutants. Our assessment of all relevant alternative fuels from renewable source resulted in DME (Dimethyl-ether) being the most promising fuel for long-haul applications. DME shows one of the best compromises regarding energy density, emission reduction potential and production cost. In particular, DME fuel in a compression ignition engine achieves similar thermal efficiency as a diesel fuel but with significantly lower CO2 emissions (TtW) due to the favourable H/C ratio and potentially down to zero (WtW) if produced from bio- or renewable sources. DME is nowadays already industrially produced in large quantities from Methanol as an intermediate in a very

Hardy, Gilles, Klein, Daniel, Soltic, Patrik, Hilfiker, Thomas, Lucchini, Tommaso, Schirru, Andrea

Evaluation of 48V and High Voltage Parallel Hybrid Diesel Powertrain Architectures for Class 6-7 Medium Heavy-Duty Vehicles

2021-01-072004/06/2021

Electrification of heavy-duty trucks has received significant attention in the past year as a result of future regulations in some states. For example, California will require a certain percentage of tractor trailers, delivery trucks and vans sold to be zero emission by 2035. However, the relatively low energy density of batteries in comparison to diesel fuel, as well as the operating profiles of heavy-duty trucks, make the application of electrified powertrain in these applications more challenging. Heavy-duty vehicles can be broadly classified into two main categories; long-haul tractors and vocational vehicles. Long-haul tractors offer limited benefit from electrification due to the majority of operation occurring at constant cruise speeds, long range requirements and the high efficiency provided by the diesel engine. However, vocational applications can realize a significant benefit from electrified powertrains due to their lower vehicle speeds, frequent start-stop driving and

Dahodwala, Mufaddel, Joshi, Satyum, Dhanraj, FNU, Ahuja, Nitisha, Koehler, Erik, Franke, Michael, Tomazic, Dean

21TOFHP02_1102/01/2021

Commercial vehicles run under a wide range of operating conditions and duty cycles - not all are well-suited for battery-electric propulsion, particularly in the near term. For those hard-to-electrify vehicles, renewable diesel is a viable option to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions “practically overnight,” according to Matt Leuck, technical manager for Renewable Road Transportation in North America for Neste, which claims to be the world's largest producer of renewable diesel and jet fuel. Preparing to participate in the “Low/Zero Carbon Fuels” technical session during the SAE Government/Industry Digital Summit on February 2-3, Leuck said that Neste sees strong, sustained growth for renewable diesel in medium- and heavy-duty road vehicles, as well as in other segments such as mobile machines used at mines and construction sites. “In fact, demand growth has the potential to increase fivefold in the decades ahead,” he shared. “This growth is driven by two key things: end-users are setting

Factors Influencing the Formation of Soft Particles in Biodiesel

2020-24-000609/27/2020

In order to mitigate the effect of fossil fuels on global warming, biodiesel is used as drop in fuel. However, in the mixture of biodiesel and diesel, soft particles may form. These soft particles are organic compounds, which can originate from the production and degradation of biodiesel. Further when fuel is mixed with unwanted contaminants such as engine oil the amount soft particles can increase. The presence of these particles can cause malfunction in the fuel system of the engine, such as nozzle fouling, internal diesel injector deposits (IDID) or fuel filter plugging. Soft particles and the mechanism of their formation is curtail to understand in order to study and prevent their effects on the fuel system. This paper focuses on one type of soft particles, which are metal soaps. More precisely on the role of the short chain fatty acids (SCFA) during their formation. In order to do so, aged and unaged B10 was studied. The fuel matrixes were mixed with a calcium source such as

Csontos, Botond, Fiorenza, Roberta Maria, Pach, Mayte, Hittig, Henrik, Bernemyr, Hanna, Erlandsson, Anders

Effect of Cobalt Chromite on the Investigation of Traditional CI Engine Powered with Raw Citronella Fuel for the Future Sustainable Renewable Source

2020-28-044509/25/2020

The rapid deficiency of fossil fuel resources encourages the research community to discover the sustainable alternate fuel, in order to overcome the fuel cost and also meet the stringent emission norms. In this connection, the current investigation explores the influence of cobalt chromate with significant potential of citronella biofuel for CI engine applications. In present investigation, the synthesized cobalt chromate nano additive blended with citronella biofuel with the help of magnetic stirrer for a period of 15 to 20 minutes on a volume basis. In this experimentation, various blend contractions are prepared as follows as 50ppm, 100ppm, and 150ppm to run the engine. The outcome results explore that the 100ppm cobalt chromate dispersion in biofuel has a significant increase in brake thermal efficiency as 2.9% than raw citronella biofuel. The engine run at full load condition, when compared to citronella biofuel the establishment of output emission is decreased marginally as 26

Krishnamoorthy, R., K, Asaithambi, Balasubramanian, Dhinesh, Murugesan, Parthasarathy, Rajarajan, Amudhan

Fuels in Ground Support Equipment (Other Than Gasoline or Diesel)

AIR5373A (Current)

09/23/2020

This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) is intended as a source of comparative information and is subject to change to keep pace with experience and technical advances. This document describes currently used fuels and fuels which may be used in the future. Conventional gasoline and diesel fuels are intentionally omitted from this document.

AGE-3 Aircraft Ground Support Equipment Committee

Experimental Study of Particulate Emissions for Direct Hydrogen Injection in a Dual Fuel Diesel Engine

2020-01-219709/15/2020

High particulate emissions from diesel vehicles showing high strength and reliability have led to the evolution of many new technologies as well as the formulation of legal restrictions. One of the ways to reduce emissions from combustion of diesel fuel is to use the dual fuel system. Methane and hydrogen are most often considered as an additional fuel for use in a diesel engine. The combustion process and thus the emission are determined i.e. by fuel atomization and injection methods. The motivation to undertake the research is the need to define how the applied hydrogen injection will influence particulate emissions during the combustion process in a dual fuel diesel engine. Research has been conducted to compare the particulate emissions during engine operation with early and late direct injection of hydrogen. The research object is a four-cylinder, four-stroke ADCR engine produced by Andoria-Mot with a displacement of 2,636 cm3. Glow plugs were replaced by compressed hydrogen

Siadkowska, Ksenia

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