Browse Topic: Coal gasification

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Chemical Kinetics and Computational Fluid-Dynamics Analysis of H 2 /CO/CO 2 /CH 4 Syngas Combustion and NOx Formation in a Micro-Pilot-Ignited Supercharged Dual Fuel Engine2017-24-002709/04/2017
A chemical kinetics and computational fluid-dynamics (CFD) analysis was performed to evaluate the combustion of syngas derived from biomass and coke-oven solid feedstock in a micro-pilot ignited supercharged dual-fuel engine under lean conditions. For this analysis, a reduced syngas chemical kinetics mechanism was constructed and validated by comparing the ignition delay and laminar flame speed data with those obtained from experiments and other detail chemical kinetics mechanisms available in the literature. The reaction sensitivity analysis was conducted for ignition delay at elevated pressures in order to identify important chemical reactions that govern the combustion process. We have confirmed the statements of other authors that HO2+OH=H2O+O2, H2O2+M=OH+OH+M and H2O2+H=H2+HO2 reactions showed very high sensitivity during high-pressure ignition delay times and had considerable uncertainty. The chemical kinetics of NOx formation was analyzed for H2/CO/CO2/CH4 syngas mixtures by
Stylianidis, Nearchos, Azimov, Ulugbek, Kawahara, Nobuyuki, Tomita, Eiji
Technical Paper
Development of a Surrogate for SASOL IPK and Its Validation in Ignition Quality Tester2017-01-026303/28/2017
SASOL IPK is a low cetane number synthetic fuel formed from coal by the Fischer-Tropsch process which can be used as an extender to JP8, currently used in military ground vehicles. This paper presents two surrogates developed considering the following criteria: (a) availability of kinetic combustion models for each component, (b) smallest number of components to reduce computation time and cost, (c) matching the following properties of target fuel DCN, distillation curve, density, LHV, MW and H/C ratio. The autoignition and combustion characteristics of the surrogates were validated in IQT according to ASTM D6890-10a. Surrogate formulation strategy involves an equation to calculate DCN of the surrogate mixture from the DCN of each component. The linear equation commonly used for such calculations was modified to include a multiplier, based on regression analysis, for each component to produces DCN values that agree well with the measured DCN in the IQT.
Udayachalam, Krishnaraj, Trivedi, Manan, Zheng, Ziliang, Shrestha, Amit, Henein, Naeim
Technical Paper
Production Technology in Japan During Ten Years of War (1938 - 45)88160810/01/1988
During the Ten-Year War 1935-1945, the Japanese Navy played a leading role in the R&D and production of domestic aviation fuels and high-grade lubricants, by means of technological imports from abroad (mainly from the U.S.A.) at the beginning and of self-development in the latter part of the period. One of the features is a hydrogenation process, which was started with catalyst development and successfully achieved production in large-scale plants. The efforts also achieved certain self-sufficiency in high-grade lubricants that had been dependent on imports.
Katoh, Fusanosuke
Technical Paper
A Review and Comparison of Reciprocating Engine Operation Using Solid Fuels83136209/12/1983
Future fuels for internal-combustion engines will be derived increasingly from solids such as coal. An alternative to processing coal into liquid fuels is the direct use of solid coal by reciprocating, internal -combustion engines. Specific applications which would be especially suitable for solid fueled engines consist of stationary power plants, marine propulsion systems, and railroad locomotives. Agricultural, construction and mining equipment are examples of other possible applications. The objectives of this study were to review past research on the development of solid coal fueled engines and, from this review, to identify major technical problems and current research needs. The objectives also included comparing the energy usage of several fuels. This comparison indicated a possible 25% energy advantage by directly using solid coal fuels as opposed to using synfuels. The literature review indicated that operation of solid reciprocating engine has been attempted for nearly a
Caton, J. A., Rosegay, K. H.
Technical Paper
The Production of Alternative Fuels82157202/01/1982
Since man first began to use energy intensively, he has been aware of the need for alternative fuels to the ones he depended on. Today, that search is to find an alternative to crude oil based fuels. This paper outlines the available resources of energy other than crude oil, describes the methods of producing these energy resources and discusses how and when some may find increased useage. The paper concludes that for some years to come, we shall continue to depend on crude oil, but that by the beginning of the next century we shall begin to make use of some of the alternatives, particularly coal and uranium.
Jackson, Robert G.
Technical Paper
Industrial Fixed-Bed Coal Gasification: An Economic Alternative to Deregulated Natural Gas81099509/01/1981
The role of coal in the United States energy future will definitely increase due to the higher cost of oil and natural gas. This paper reviews the projected role which coal will play in this country within the next twenty years. Specifically, the generation of coal derived industrial fuel gas using fixed bed gasifiers is reviewed. The fixed bed gasifier technology presented includes the single-stage “galusha” gasifier and the two-stage gasifier design offered by Black, Sivalls & Bryson, Incorporated. The paper reviews the use of various U.S. coals in these industrial gasifiers and presents operational data from a variety of coals. The use of coal derived industrial fuel gas by companies within the U.S. is reviewed including the economic criteria which lead to these industries investing in coal gasification systems. Projected fuel costs are presented. These data suggest a cross-over between coal derived IFG and natural gas costs in the 1985 time frame.
Maurer, Rolf E.
Technical Paper
Worldwide Energy Situation-Impact on Commercial Vehicles79048102/01/1979
The world consumption rate of oil is increasing so fast that the supply will not keep pace. During 1977, the world energy consumption exceeded 265 quadrillion BTU s--the equivalent of over 130 million barrels of oil per day. By the year 2000, world energy consumption is expected to more than double. Some time between 1980 and the turn of the century, world oil production will stop growing and slowly begin to shrink. The inescapable conclusion is that petroleum will not be able to maintain its share of the rapidly growing demand for energy. Recognizing that there is a close relationship between energy consumption and the performance of national economies, especially in industrialized nations, other fuels will be needed to meet growth demands. The world must shift from a predominantly petroleum-based economy to one which will phase in other energy sources, with increased emphasis on coal and nuclear power. This transition will require some complex decisions. Nations will have to choose
McReynolds, L. A.
Technical Paper
Another Look at Alternative Fuel Options77075902/01/1977
Alternatives to petroleum-derived transportation fuels can be produced from oil shale, coal, and from a variety of carbonaceous materials including both cultivated biomass and waste materials. In the long-term, hydrogen, often mentioned as an alternative fuel, may be used as an energy carrier or transfer agent; it should not, however, be considered as an energy resource. Among the alternatives, coal-derived or shale-derived fuels could become significant in the national supply within the century. The other alternatives are long-term (post-2000), or, at least without extensive resource development, they are resource-limited. Any identifiable shale-derived fuel probably will appear as conventional finished fuel--either gasoline or distillate. More likely, however, the shale-derived component of fuels will not be identifiable because any shale oil available for the manufacture of transportation fuels within the foreseeable future will be blended with natural crude and used as refinery
Hurn, R. W.
Technical Paper
The Manufacture of Hydrogen From Coal75109502/01/1975
As part of a study for the conversion of coal to fluid fuels, we have developed three process designs for the conversion of Montana subbituminous coal to hydrogen based on three different gasifier technologies. 1. Koppers-Totzek suspension gasification 2. U-GAS™ fluidized-bed gasification 3. Fluidized Steam-Iron Process For comparison with methane from coal, a fourth design, based on the HYGAS® Process has been prepared. Nominal plant capacities are 250 billion Btu/day of product gas. Overall plant efficiencies for conversion of coal to major gaseous products plus by-products are: Product liquefaction requirements are presented. Capital and operating costs (mid-1974) are presented for U-GAS and HYGAS. With coal at $0.30/million Btu, prices for hydrogen and methane are $2.17 and $1.77/million Btu. Methane is more attractive in both efficiency and cost.
Tsaros, C. L., Arora, J. L., Burnham, K. B.
Technical Paper
Total Energy Situation in the United States73051402/01/1973
In the past 20 years in the United States, the demand for energy has doubled, and it is expected to increase by 3.6% annually until the end of the twentieth century. This paper discusses the implications of the increased demand, and the resources needed to meet it. Nuclear power is seen as a partial answer, as is low-sulfur coal. Some untapped oil reserves are available in the United States, but oil will undoubtedly have to be imported to meet the demand. A concerted effort to conserve energy is needed to help hold imports to acceptable levels.
Oliver, David R.
Technical Paper
The COGAS Project-One Method of Coal to Gas Conversion73071002/01/1973
Coal gasification processes are characterized by a series of general process steps consisting of coal preparation, reaction with steam (or steam and hydrogen), gas purification, shift, and methane synthesis. The chemical reactions involved are simple, but the equilibrium relationships are reasonably complex. A number of these processes have reached the pilot plant stage with two pilot plants in operation. The relative economics can be estimated from heat and carbon utilization efficiencies. The COGAS process development is a privately financed program directed toward production of oil as well as gas from coal using low pressure in the coal conversion steps. This process, which can be applied to a wide variety of coals, consists of pyrolysis of the coal to extract the volatile matter and yield a low volatile char, reaction of the char with steam in a unique gasification step, followed by processing of the oil and gas to product quality. The efficiency of the COGAS process appears to
Dierdorff, L. H., Bloom, R.
Technical Paper
New Technologies and the Energy Crisis73044702/01/1973
This paper concerns the energy crisis and the earthmoving industry's relationships to it. The crisis is not one problem but a series of immediate issues involving economics and institutional change coupled with longer term issues of environmental degradation and resource depletion. New technologies for energy supply coupled with better utilization of existing supplies provide the long term answer.
Weinhold, J. Frederick
Technical Paper
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