In the emerging market of Advanced Air Mobility (AAM), aerospace companies have been designing and prototyping electric and hybrid vehicles to revolutionize travel. These vehicles must have low noise and particulate emissions while also having enough propulsive efficiency to complete the mission. This paper presents the relationship between noise and propulsive efficiency as related to any aircraft equipped with an electric motor and a variable pitch rotor/propeller. The combination of the electric motor with the variable pitch propeller/rotor allows for a decoupled rotational speed and torque generation, meaning that the electric motor can generate the same amount of torque while operating at different rotational speeds. This feature allows the rotor/propeller to hold constant thrust at different combinations of rotational speeds and torque, by adjusting the collective pitch of the blades. Therefore, for a rotor at constant thrust, the minimum noise (from loading and thickness

Roiati, Riccardo, Santacruz, Xavier, Anderson, Richard

A Predictive Approach to Estimate Tyre Wear Characteristics

2024-26-03131/16/2024

Tyre wear is a significant concern for the automotive industry due to multiple reasons that include vehicle performance, safety, economy, environmental (particulate matter emission) aspects, etc. Therefore, ensuring higher tyre tread wear resistance is one of the most important criteria while developing a new tyre. Tyre wear phenomenon is influenced by various factors, such as, road conditions, driving habits, maintenance practices and tyre design parameters (construction, geometry and material). The wear assessment through classical field-testing approach consumes significant time and resources. Therefore, digital predictive tools are very useful in predicting wear characteristics at the early stage of tyre development process. In this study, an attempt has been made to capture the impact of tread geometry, tread material, vehicle geometry, vehicle speed, test track geometry, etc. on tyre wear. A commercial finite element code, Abaqus was utilized for tyre structural simulation and

Bedi, Vinay Kumar, Rana, Kashif, Mahata, Pundarik, Ghosh, Prasenjit, Mukhopadhyay, Rabindra

Gasoline Particulate Filter Calibration approach for BS6 market

2024-26-01561/16/2024

With the implementation of BS6 standards, there is an increased focus on reducing particulate matter and particulate number emissions from gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) engines. The direct injection process can lead to increased soot formation, which poses environmental concerns. GPFs are effective in capturing particulate matter (PM) and Particulate number (PN) but their calibration is critical to ensure optimal performance and emissions compliance. This paper presents a study on the calibration of Gasoline Particulate Filters (GPF) to comply with Bharat Stage-6 (BS6) emissions norms. The main focus is on thermal management, soot loading, ash loading and the unique challenges faced in the Indian market. Thermal management strategies include active and passive methods to optimize GPF regeneration and prevent thermal degradation. Active RGN mechanism involves advanced control on engine to achieve target temperature and sufficient oxygen to react with soot. Passive RGN occurs during

Arale, Shrikant, B G, Sharath, Chaudhari, Kuldeepak, Madhukar, Prahlad, MY, Raghu

Experimental Investigation on Emission Characteristics of a GDI Engine with ethanol-blended gasoline Fuels

2024-26-01551/16/2024

Ethanol-gasoline blended fuels have been widely implemented in Indian markets followed by the GOIs road map as ethanol reduces life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions and improves anti-knock performance. However, its effects on engine out emissions including particulate matter (PM) from gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines still need further investigation. In this study, the effect of ethanol blended gasoline fuels with various blended rates (0%, 10%, 20%) on emissions and catalyst conversion efficiencies on a 1.2-liter 3-cylinder turbo GDI miller cycle engine is investigated. The addition of ethanol to gasoline fuel enhances the RON of the blended fuels, and oxygen content and changes the distillation temperature. Advancing Ignition timing, lambda biasing, Mode based SOI has been tested. Test bench results indicated that with the E10 blend all pollutant conversion is at 98% in all operating points. With E20 blend the NOx emission conversion efficiency is dropped to ~60%. However, this

R, Navaneetha kannan, S, Easwar Ram, S, Satish Kumar, Karthi, Ramanathan, Ramakrishnan, Muthu

Cost Effective Pathways Toward Highly Efficient and Ultra-Clean CI Engines, Part I: Combustion System Optimization

2024-26-00371/16/2024

Following global trends of increasingly stringent greenhouse gas (GHG) and criteria pollutant regulations, India will likely introduce within the next decade equivalent Bharat Stage (BS) regulations for Diesel engines requiring simultaneous reduction in CO2 emissions and up to 90% reduction in NOx emission from current BS-VI levels. Consequently, automakers are likely to face tremendous challenges in meeting such emission reduction requirements while maintaining performance and vehicle total cost of ownership (TCO), especially in the Indian market which has experienced significant tightening of emission regulation during the past decade. Therefore, it is conceivable that cost effective approaches for improving existing diesel engines platforms for future regulations would be of high strategic importance for automakers. In this first of a two-part article, cost effective means of improving the combustion process in a Diesel engine to reduce engine-out emissions, specifically of NOx and

Shah, Ashish, Kumar, Praveen, Sari, Rafael, Cleary, David, Gothekar, Sanjeev, Thipse, Sukrut S

GPF : An effective technology to minimize 2Wh particulate emission

2024-26-01401/16/2024

India is the world's largest two-wheeler (2Wh) market. With the proportion of its middle class rapidly rising, 2Wh sales and the resulting emissions, are expected to grow exponentially. The decision to leap-frog from BSIV to BSVI emission norms shows India's commitment to clean up its atmosphere. As of now, the regulation mandates Gaseous Pollutant (CO, HC, NOx) emission limits for all 2Whs. However, only 2Whs powered by Direct Injection (DI) engines have a particulate limit (PM & PN). Also, most of the 2Whs manufactured in India are powered by gasoline engines using the Port Fuel Injection (PFI) technology, and hence by definition particulate emission limits do not apply. Particulates when inhaled - especially of the ultrafine sizes capable of entering the blood stream - pose a serious health risk. Therefore, it became imperative to investigate the particulate emission levels of the 2Whs. We conducted a study selecting a motorcycle each from two different vehicle categories - Class 1

Bhimavarapu, Aditya, Singh, Sunil Kumar, Kataria, Rohit, Rose, Dominik, Boger, Thorsten

Computational flow dynamic analysis of particulate matter sensor for heavy duty commercial application

2024-26-03121/16/2024

The Particulate Matter (PM) sensor is an exhaust sensor which measures cumulative particulate mass used for on-board diagnostics (OBD). It is used to monitor the filtration efficiency of diesel particulate filter (DPF) and helps detect leakage in DPF in exhaust system of diesel-engine vehicle. PM sensor is used in BS-6 phase-2 application as per the legislative requirement of monitoring the DPF for on-board diagnostic (OBD) purpose. As probe is in continuance of exhaust gases from exhaust pipe. Therefore an installation of PM sensor in exhaust system requires an evaluation in CFD to determine the tip velocity on the sensors and thermal mapping on the probe to evaluate its functioning exquisitely. With accurate result of exhaust gas flow, thermal mapping and sensor probe tip velocity, optimum position of sensor can be determined. It also avoids the physical iterations for mounting and thermal analysis of the sensor.

Fursule, Aishwarya Ravindra

Soot sensor elimination with DPF substrate failure monitoring.

2024-26-01531/16/2024

The automobile industry is going through one of the most challenging times, with increased competition in the market which is enforcing competitive prices of the products along with meeting the stringent emission norms. One such requirement for BS6 phase 2 emission norms is the inclusion of PM (Soot) sensor in diesel passenger cars. PM sensor detects soot leakage in case of DPF substrate failure. There is a cost factor along with extensive calibration efforts which are needed to ensure sensor works flawlessly. This paper deals with the development of an algorithm with which robust detection of DPF substrate failure is achieved. In order to achieve this, a thermodynamic model of DPF substrate was created using empirical relations between parameters like exhaust flow rate, exhaust gas temperature and soot mass content. The modeling was done in both empty (no soot) and filled (threshold soot content) substrate conditions. There were two methodologies, namely integration method and

Jain, Praveer Kirtimohan, Yadav, Omkar, Chendil, Chellapandi

SDPF Application DOE For BS6 RDE/OBD2 using MATLAB/SGB/ETB/CDT

2024-26-01611/16/2024

To meet future emission levels, the industry is trying to reduce tailpipe emissions by both, engine measures and the development of novel catalytic emission control concepts. The present study will focus on the close coupled SCR on Filter commonly known as SDPF which is a main pathway to reduce NOx along with Particulate mass and number for light duty passenger cars and sport utility vehicles for BS 6 RDE/OBD 2 and future legislation like BS-7. SDPF is a challenging technology as it is critical component in exhaust after treatment system involving in NOx and PM/PN reductions hence careful optimization of this technology is necessary in terms of Space velocity requirements, Temperature profile wrt to NOx conversion, Raw NOx concentration, Particulate mass and Ash holding capacities, NH3 storage requirements, back pressure and so on. With BS6 RDE having extremely challenging CF for NOx equals to 1,43, the SDPF design & optimization is high on importance and to demonstrate the success of

Singh, Shephali, Patil, Sandip, Maynal, Rajesh A., Maske, Vidyasagar, Seyler, Michael, Subramanian, Senthilnathan, Deshpande, P V, Luquman, Shahid

Optimized Soot Monitoring by Ammonia injection in a sDPF system for BS 6.2

2024-26-01411/16/2024

The BS6 norms (phase 1) were implemented in India from April 1, 2020 and replaced the previous BS4 norms. Phase 2 of the BS6 norms, which came into effect on April 1, 2023. In accordance with the regulation requirement, effective performance of after treatment systems like DPF and SCR demands critical hardware implementation and robust monitoring strategies in the extended operating zone. Effective OBD monitoring of DPF, which is common to all BSVI certified vehicles, such that the defined strategy detects the presence or absence of the component is imperative. A robust monitoring strategy is developed to detect the presence of the DPF in the real world incorporating the worst possible driving conditions including idling, and irrespective of other environmental factors subject to a location or terrain. The differential pressure sensor across the DPF is used to study the actual pressure drop across the DPF. Additional for BS 6 (phase 2) PM sensor becomes an important part to keep the

Sharma, Prashant, Hareesh, Sangaraju, V, Suryanarayanan, Palanisamy, Krishnaraj, P, Jagdesan, Rathiya, Akash

A Mid-Infrared Laser Absorption Sensor for Gas Temperature and Carbon Monoxide Mole Fraction Measurements at 15 kHz in Engine-Out Gasoline Vehicle Exhaust

03-17-01-00021/16/2024

Quantifying exhaust gas composition and temperature in vehicles with internal combustion engines (ICEs) is crucial to understanding and reducing emissions during transient engine operation. This is particularly important before the catalytic converter system lights off (i.e., during cold start). Most commercially available gas analyzers and temperature sensors are far too slow to measure these quantities on the timescale of individual cylinder-firing events, thus faster sensors are needed. A two-color mid-infrared (MIR) laser absorption spectroscopy (LAS) sensor for gas temperature and carbon monoxide (CO) mole fraction was developed and applied to address this technology gap. Two quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) were fiber coupled into one single-mode fiber to facilitate optical access in the test vehicle exhaust. The QCLs were time-multiplexed in order to scan across two CO absorption transitions near 2013 and 2060 cm–1 at 15 kHz. This enabled in situ measurements of temperature and CO

Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee

A Novel Approach for Assessing Vehicle Interior Air Quality (VIAQ) in Future Mobility Solutions

2022-28-045511/9/2022

The COVID-19 pandemic has driven consumers to be extremely vigilant towards personal as well as shared hygiene necessitating use of facemask, maintaining social distancing, frequent hand wash and vehicle sanitization. Humans are exposed to pollutants such as Particulate Matter (PM), SOx, NOx, CO, O3, Total Volatile Organic Compound (TVOC) and Pathogens (FBV- fungi, bacteria, viruses) either through air or by direct contact with contaminated surfaces. In a vehicle cabin, occupants are exposed to both, recirculating air through air-conditioning system and contact with touch points such as seats, steering wheel and armrest which may be contaminated. In order to safeguard the occupants, VIAQ enhancers like high efficiency cabin air filters (N95/ HEPA) with activated carbon/ anti-allergen/ anti-microbial layers, ionizers and anti-bacterial trims are being deployed by OEMs. In many cases, validation of these VIAQ enhancers is done on a bench setup. Once VIAQ enhancer is integrated into the

Jaybhay, Sambhaji, Nimsatkar, Shubham Vijay, Kulkarni, Shridhar, Kapoor, Sangeet

Design of a Laboratory Sampling System for Brake Wear Particle Measurements

2022-01-11799/19/2022

Brake wear is one of the dominant sources of traffic-related particulate matter emissions and is associated with various adverse environmental and health hazards. To address this issue, the UNECE mandated the Particle Measurement Program to develop a harmonized methodology for sampling and measuring brake wear particles with a full-flow dilution tunnel on a brake dynamometer. Here we present the design of a novel, fully PMP compliant sampling tunnel. The dimensions and general layout of the tunnel are based on minimization of super-micron particle losses and consideration of space limitations in brake-dynamometer setups as well as the need for efficient utilization of the test facilities (reduced testing times). Numerical calculations suggested that the critical section of the system is the sampling train from the sample probes to the instrumentation inlet/filter holder. An optimal sampling train flow of ~10 l/min was identified and formed the basis for the design of a dedicated PM

Mamakos, Athanasios, Huber, Michael Peter, Arndt, Michael, Reingruber, Herbert, Steiner, Gerald, Weidinger, Christoph

Particulates in GDI and their relation to wall-film and mixing quality

2022-01-05173/29/2022

Particulates from GDI engines are inevitable, but can be kept low by means of various approaches such as high injection pressures, optimization of the spray formation, injection timing etc. It is known that liquid wall film on the piston and mixing are key factors influencing directly or indirectly the formation of particulates. It is almost impossible to completely avoid that the fuel spray impinges on the piston regardless of fuel injection timing which means that non-evaporated fuel can remain on the piston until late in the compression stroke or even further leading to increases in PN caused by pool-fires or rich zones. For a given fuel pressure, the timing of the fuel injection, SOI, is the most influencing factor. In this paper particulates data in numbers and sizes from experiments in single cylinder research engine are presented and used together with data of wall film and mixing quality from CFD simulations for sweeps in SOI timing. How the SOI sweeps were carried out in the

Dahlander, Petter, Babayev, Rafig, Ravi Kumar, Subhash, Etikyala, Sreelekha, Koopmans, Lucien

Pressure drop model development in Gasoline Particulate Filters for model based calibration

2022-01-06743/29/2022

Gasoline Particulate Filters (GPF) are widely employed in exhaust aftertreatment systems of gasoline engines to meet the stringent particulate emissions requirements of Euro6 and China6 standard. While providing an effective filtration of particles, the GPF increases the engine backpressure as a penalty. The pressure drop across GPF is an important performance characteristic which drives design decisions and lot of effort is spent on calibrating the same on dyno and vehicle level. A physics based back pressure predictive tool can help in reducing the hardware testing. In the present work, the development of a pressure drop model across the GPF using GT-Power for various conditions like clean, soot loaded and ash filled is described. Firstly, clean filter brick parameters like wall permeability and Forchheimer constant are fitted using bench data and then validated with dyno conditions. To fit soot parameters like soot permeability and soot density, pressure drop data under dyno

Kannan, Rajesh, Ramappan, Vijay, Mehta, Zubin, Govindula, Sunil S, Zielinski, Ashley, Thornton, Megan, Gillim, Austin, Paramadhayalan, Thiyagarajan

Modeling of gasoline particulate filter regeneration: sensitivity of numerical solutions

2022-01-06793/29/2022

Gasoline Direct-Injection (GDI) engine technology improves vehicle fuel economy toward future targets and simultaneously decreases CO2 emissions. The main drawback of this technology is the increased emission of particulates (when compared to their indirect injection-based technology counterpart). Thus, aftertreatment devices such as Gasoline Particulate Filters (GPFs) are today considered the most promising and practically adoptable solution to limit PM/PN out of GDI exhaust. The particulate filter traps soot particles resulting from fuel combustion and prevents their release into the atmosphere. Soot oxidation (also known as regeneration) is required at regular intervals to clean the filter, maintain a consistent soot trapping efficiency, and avoid the formation of soot plugs in the GPF channel. In this paper, starting from a multiphysics GPF model accounting for mass, momentum, and energy transport developed in our laboratory, a sensitivity analysis is carried out to choose the best

Levine, Kelsey, Pozzato, Gabriele, Onori, Simona

Ducted Fuel Injection: An Experimental Study on Optimal Duct Size

2022-01-05433/29/2022

Ducted fuel injection (DFI) was implemented in a constant flow High Temperature Pressure Vessel (HTPV) at 60bar ambient pressure, 800-1000K ambient temperature, 21% oxygen. The ducts were 14mm long and placed approximately 3mm away from the orifice exit. The duct diameters ranged from 1.6-3.2mm and had a rounded inlet and a tapered outlet. Diesel fuel was used in a single-orifice fuel injector operating at a rail pressure of 250MPa, where the orifice diameters ranged from 150-219µm. The objective of this work was to study soot reduction for various combinations of orifice diameter in relation to duct diameter. Several combinations of orifice and duct diameters were tested. A complete data set was taken using the 150µm orifice. The results clearly show that soot reduction peaks at an optimal duct size of 2-2.25mm and is reduced as the duct diameter is increased or decreased. A smaller number of test points were also taken using the 169 and 219µm orifices, showing similar trends

Svensson, Kenth, Fitzgerald, Russell, Martin, Glen

Experimental investigations of an improved naphthenic bio-blendstock surrogate fuel formulation SF1.01 in a compression ignition engine.

2022-01-06263/29/2022

Many efforts have been made in recent years to find renewable replacements for fossil fuels that can reduce the carbon footprint in the atmosphere without compromising combustion performance. Bio-blendstock oil developed from woody biomass using a reliable thermochemical conversion method known as catalytic fast pyrolysis (CFP), along with hydrotreating upgrading has the potential to deliver on this renewable promise. To further our understanding of naphthenic-rich bio-blendstock oils, an improved formulation surrogate fuel (SF), SF1.01, was devised to mimic the high-quality naphthenic bio-blendstock oil and blended with research-grade No.2 diesel (DF2) at various volume percentages. The blends were evaluated through experimental investigations performed in a single-cylinder Ricardo Hydra compression ignition engine. Engine output performance, combustion characteristics, and emissions including nitric oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), total hydrocarbon (THC), and particulate matter

Ristow Hadlich, Rodrigo, Ran, Zhongnan, Yang, Ruinan, Assanis, Dimitris, Mante, Ofei, Dayton, David

Investigations of Process and Component Parameters for the Number of Particles and Size Distribution of a Supercharged DI-SI Engine

2022-01-07003/29/2022

Due to the short mixture formation times in the direct injection of modern gasoline engines, there is an increase in the emission of undesirable particle emissions in gasoline engines. As a result of previous studies with a portable emission measurement system (PEMS) of raw emissions and cleaned emissions, the particle number (PN) of the sampling point after the catalyst was higher than before the catalyst at the same process parameters and engine operating points. Based on this reproducible phenomenon, several theories were proposed. The theories set up dealt on the one hand with the question of process control with regard to the formation of particles, but also fundamentally with the question of whether conventional exhaust gas aftertreatment systems (3-way catalytic converters) are suitable for influencing the number of particles. In addition, studies of the oil consumption via the blow-by system and its influence on particle emissions also played a role. To verify these theories

Dost, Tobias, Schambach, Ricardo, Getzlaff, Joern

Engine-Out Measurements and In-Cylinder Imaging of Cold-Start Particulate and Gaseous Emissions in a Single-Cylinder DISI Engine

2022-01-05223/29/2022

Strategies to mitigate cold-start emissions are critical to meet stringent standards for particulate and regulated gaseous emissions from direct injection spark ignition (DISI) engines. The objective of the current work was to establish an experimental protocol for cold-start studies and to identify the in-cylinder phenomena important during engine warming in terms of engine power and stability and engine-out particulates, NOx, and unburned hydrocarbon emissions. Metal-engine experiments were conducted at T = 20 oC to quantify the sensitivity of the performance of a single-cylinder engine to timing of a strategy using two injection events per power cycle and late spark ignition. The results showed strong sensitivity to the timing of the second injection event and weak sensitivity to the timing of the first injection. Complementary high-speed imaging experiments were conducted with the same engine where the fuel spray and combustion characteristics were visualized during cold-start

Gutierrez, Luis G., Wooldridge, Margaret S., Petersen, Benjamin R., Wooldridge, Steven T.

A quick method to evaluate fuel chemistry on vehicle particulate emissions

2022-01-05853/29/2022

Fuel chemistry plays a crucial role in the continued reduction of particulate emission (PE) and cleaner air quality while using internal combustion engines (ICE). Over the past ten years, there has been great improvements in the measurements of particulate formation indices. Examples of these indices would be the Honda Particulate Matter Index (PMI) equation and the General Motors Particulate Evaluation Index (PEI), among others. Even though there have been improvements in particulate index (PI) measurement tools, the method analysis within these tools are still very time-consuming. These methods can include the use of chromatography separation techniques such as detailed hydrocarbon analysis (DHA), which have become very popular in the petrochemical industry. A review of historical PI methods will be discussed, along with a PE comparison to a less time-consuming simulated distillation method analysis. Simulated Distillation (SimDis) is used for the determination of gasoline by wide

Geng, Pat, collin, William, Akers, Veronica

METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO CONTROL HC AND CO EMISSIONS DURING COLD CONDITIONS

2022-01-05443/29/2022

Diesel Engines are known for its low fuel consumption and at the same time for higher emission formation (NOx, HC, CO and SOOT). Meeting Emission and CO2 targets simultaneously become tough challenge for the Combustion Engineer. HCCI and PCCI combustion concepts allow the reduction of NOx and Soot simultaneously to very low levels with help of Exhaust gas re-circulation (EGR) while maintaining the CO2 emissions advantage of a diesel Engine But due to the low Combustion temperatures, HC and CO will rise drastically, especially when the catalyst bed temperature is not enough to reach light-off temperature to initiate the after-treatment process. This condition will become serve in Lower Engine temperatures (Cold condition) due to the heterogeneous nature of Diesel Combustion and also affects the BSFC of an Engine. At first multiple injection strategies (Pilot quantity and Pilot separation) has been studied to control both HC and CO by increasing the global combustion temperature. In

Mutta, Surendranath

“Freedom from the soot/NOx tradeoff: Opportunities for MCCI of small-molecule fuels”

2022-01-06473/29/2022

Air quality considerations continue to require increasingly strict limits on tailpipe emissions from heavy-duty vehicles across all sectors. In addition to more effective aftertreatment systems, lowering levels of engine-out NOx, soot, and other pollutants remains a priority. For diesel fuel, the traditional soot-NOx tradeoff is well known, as are the the soot- and NOx-forming regions on a plot of local temperature vs local equivalence ratio. These regions make managing simultaneous reduction of soot and NOx during mixing-controlled combustion of diesel fuel challenging However, the soot- and NOx-producing regions in a local temperature vs. local equivalence ratio plot are fuel-dependent. The soot-producing region is especially fuel-dependent, with fuels like methanol, ethanol, DME, and E85 producing very low amounts of soot even under the range of equivalence ratios present during mixing-controlled combustion. This change in contours of the soot-NOx tradeoff regions creates additional

Blumreiter, Julie

Realtime Oil Consumption Measurement Using Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

2022-01-06963/29/2022

This paper describes a new method for measuring oil consumption using laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). LIBS focuses a high energy laser pulse on a sample to form a transient plasma. As the plasma cools, each element produces atomic emission lines which can be used to identify and quantify the elements present in the original sample. In this work, a LIBS system was used on simulated engine exhaust with a focus on quantifying the inorganic components (termed ash) of the particulate emissions. Because some of the metallic elements in the ash almost exclusively result from lube oil consumption, their concentrations can also be tied to an oil consumption rate. Initial testing was performed in an Exhaust Composition Transient Operation LaboratoryTM (ECTO-LabTM) burner system so that oil consumption and ash mass could be carefully controlled. Several spectral regions were identified where absorptions attributable to calcium exhibited a response in proportion to the amount of lube

Wright, Nolan, Henry, Cary, Moore, Thomas

Chemistry of the Brake Emissions: Influence of the Test Cycle

2021-01-130010/11/2021

The reliable chemical characterization of non-exhaust emissions generated by brakes is of fundamental importance in order to provide correct information for source apportionment studies as well as for their toxicological and environmental assessment. Nowadays, the best option to obtain samples of PM10 emissions composed only by material worn from the tribological interface, i.e. the braking disc (BD) and the friction material (FM) rubbing surfaces, is to sample them on suitable collection filters at a dedicated dyno-bench, during a standard braking test cycle. In particular, the use of enclosed dyno-bench is necessary for excluding other spurious contributions from the environment, while defined test cycles are necessary to simulate standard driving conditions. Nevertheless, different braking cycles are usually characterized by different overall temperature profiles or energy parameters, which in the end have significant influence on the wear and the oxidation of the materials involved

Mancini, Alessandro, Tsyupa, Bozhena, Pin, Sonia, Bandiera, Marco, Bertasi, Federico, Federici, Matteo, Bonfanti, Andrea, Perricone, Guido, Gigli, Lara, Bolzacchini, Ezio

Development of a Modeling Approach to Numerically Predict Filtration Efficiencies of Brake Dust Particle Filters

2021-01-128510/11/2021

According to the European Environment Agency, air pollution is the biggest environmental health risk in Europe. Since traffic is one of the main contributors of fine dust, technical solutions are necessary to reduce the particulate emission footprint of vehicles. Also the Health Effects Institute hosted recently an international workshop on non-tailpipe emissions. Brake dust filtration concepts have proven to be a promising solution to significantly reduce fine dust emissions from brakes directly at the source. While CFD simulations for inner-ventilated brakes have become state-of-the-art, a holistic models from particle generation and emission to particle dynamics in the vicinity of the brake is not yet available. However, a good modeling approach of particle tracks is essential to predict filtration efficiencies of brake dust particle filters. It will be shown that based on current literature data and models, and independent of the turbulence model, filtration efficiencies cannot be

Keller, Florian, Krupa, Lukas, Beck, Andreas, Wörz, Tobias, Weller, Benedikt, Kohn, Kevin, Pfannkuch, Steffen, Jessberger, Thomas, Lehmann, Martin, Ashish, S

Development of an all speed governed Diesel-CNG dual fuel engine for farm Applications

2021-26-01019/22/2021

This paper discusses the development of an all speed governed diesel-natural gas dual fuel engine for agricultural farm tractor. A 45 hp, 2.9 liters diesel-natural gas dual fuel engine with a novel closed loop secondary fuel injection system was developed. A frugal approach was followed for conversion, without any modification of the base mechanical diesel fuel injection system. The overall cost impact due to dual fuel conversion was kept minimum, while meeting performance and emissions at par with base diesel operation. Additional cost on gas injection system is redeemed by cost savings on diesel fuel. The dual fuel technology developed by Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd., substitutes on an average approximately 40% of diesel with compressed natural gas, while meeting the mandated agricultural tractor emission norms for dual fuel and meeting all application requirements. The governing performance of the tractor was found to be superior than base diesel tractor. A prototype dual fuel tractor

Raj, Ashwin S, Nagarajan, Vigneshwaran, NISSANGI, JOY KUMAR, Elango, Viknesh, Rajamani, Parthiban, S K, RAVINDRA

Studying the effect of engine parameters and cetane number on NOx and Particulate matter emissions

2021-26-01189/22/2021

Emissions characteristics (NOx and particulate matter) of a CI engine are influenced by fuel properties, engine operating conditions and the type of engine technology used. The current study is focused on analyzing the effect of fuels (blend of 50% hexadecane with 50% petro-diesel (HD50), hydro-processed renewal diesel (HRD) and petro-diesel) possessing different cetane number and operating parameters of the engine on NOx and particulate matter. The design of experiment (DOE) technique was employed to identify the most dominant parameter among CN, speed and torque that affect NOx emissions significantly. An empirical correlation between NOx emissions and CN, engine speed, torque and in-cylinder peak pressure was developed using Rayleigh’s method. Combustion analysis (in-cylinder pressure, heat release, combustion temperature and mass fraction burn) of the engine fueled these fuels was also undertaken to corroborate the emission results. PM emissions were reduced by around 44% and 30

Singh, Devendra, Subramanian, K A

Chemical profiling of exhaust particulate matter from Indian in-service vehicles

2021-26-01929/22/2021

Particulate matter is one of the major pollutant responsible for deteriorating air quality, particularly in urban centers. Information on contributing sources with the share from different sources is a first and one of the important steps in controlling pollution. Diverse sources of particulate matter, anthropogenic as well as natural, like industries, transport, domestic burning, construction, wind-blown dust, road dust assesses the magnitude of contribution from these sources a complex issue. Receptor modeling is a scientific method which is utilized for assessment of the contribution of various sources based on chemical characteristics of particulate matter sources and ambient air particulate matter. Representative data of fractions of various chemical species in the particulate matter from the different sources i.e. source fingerprint is an essential input for the receptor modeling approach. A comprehensive national database on the source profiles of particulate matter collected

Bawase, Moqtik, Sathe, Yogesh, Mulla, Suhail, Thipse, Sukrut S

Evaluation and Comparison of Performance, Combustion characteristic, NOx and Particle Emission of JP-8, Gasoline and Diesel fuels in a Military Heavy duty 38.8 liters Compression Ignition Diesel Injection Engine Applying with EGR

2021-01-11839/21/2021

Global emissions and stringent emission legislations have compelled us to search for alternative fuels for heavy-duty diesel engines. Evaluating the effect of JP-8 and gasoline on heavy-duty diesel engine performance and emissions is important for military combat vehicles under the "multi-fuel strategy program". Performance and fuel economy penalties are well established with the operation of a heavy-duty diesel engine with JP-8 and gasoline. Experimental studies have also suggested that JP-8 and gasoline have great potential for lowering NOx emissions. In the presented experimental study, the impact of using JP-8 and gasoline was evaluated on a military heavy-duty diesel engine. Engine combustion characteristics, performance, and emissions, especially NOx and nanoparticle emissions, were evaluated. All these parameters were compared for diesel, JP-8 and gasoline fuels by applying 7% EGR with supercharging at different load conditions for a heavy-duty, 12-cylinder, 580 kW, and 38.8

Pandey, Anand, Nandgaonkar, Milankumar, Varghese, Anil, sambasivan, Suresh, sonawane, C

Optimization of Simultaneous Control of High Pressure EGR and Turbocharger Variable-Geometry during Diesel Engine Speed and Load Transients

2021-01-11789/21/2021

Modern diesel engines incorporate increasingly complex subsystems such as electronically-controlled high-pressure fuel injection, exhaust-gas recirculation (EGR), variable-geometry turbochargers (VGT) and elaborate after-treatment devices. The challenge to control such devices escalates significantly when they function interactively. Simultaneous control of high-pressure EGR (HPEGR) and VGTs becomes particularly challenging within transient speed and load change events because the turbo geometry change correspondingly changes the exhaust back pressure which drives the EGR flow across the control valve. HPEGR, where the exhaust gas is extracted upstream of the turbine inlet and recirculated downstream of the compressor exit, is desirable because it eliminates the flow of corrosive and sooty exhaust through the compressor and reduces the losses associated with expanding and recompressing the recirculated exhaust gasses. Variable-geometry turbocharging can help with both NOx reduction and

Pennington PhD, Justin, Puzinauskas, Paulius V., Cook, James

Prediction of Soot Mass and Particle Size in a High-boosted Diesel Engine Using Large Eddy Simulation

2021-01-11689/21/2021

In the present study, a mixed timescale subgrid model of large eddy simulation (LES) is applied to simulate detailed mixture formation, combustion and soot formation influenced by turbulence in diesel engine combustion. This model is able to account for near wall turbulence without an explicit damping function. Therefore, the boundary conditions can be provided accurately. The combustion model uses a direct integration approach with an explicit Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE) solver called ERENA, and additionally parallelized by OpenMP. The Diesel oil surrogate mechanism was used which was developed at Chalmers University of Technology, consisting of 74 species and 320 reactions. The soot mass production within a computation cell is determined from a phenomenological soot formation model developed by WASEDA University. The model is combined with the LES code mentioned above, including the following important steps: particle inception in which naphthalene grows irreversibly to form

ZHOU, Beini, Nakatsuka, Mahoko, Wu, Juibin, Kusaka, Jin

Comparison and Evaluation of engine Performance, Combustion, NOx Reduction and Nano Particle Emission of Diesel, Elgae, Jatropha and Karanja Oil Methyl Ester Biodiesel by using cerium oxide Nano particle Fuel Additive in a Military heavy duty 582 kW CIDI Diesel Engine

2021-01-12099/21/2021

Global warming due to engine exhaust pollution, rapid depletion of petroleum oil reserves, and stringent regulation on emission has compelled researchers to find bio fuels as alternative to diesel fuel. Biodiesel is an oxygenated, sulphur free, non-toxic, biogradable, and renewable fuel. Biodiesel can be produced from non-edible vegetable oil using Elgae, Jatropha and Karanja oil. Biodiesel is a green fuel except it emit 15-25% more NOx in compared to diesel fuel. Nano particle emission is more harmful to human being. Nano particle emission of biodiesel to be measured now as per new stringent regulation. Elgae, Jatropha and Karanja oil methyl ester biodiesel have comparable engine performance and low exhaust emission characteristics, except for NOx emission, in comparison to diesel fuel. In this study, engine performance, combustion and engine emissions of CO, CO2 UBHC, NOx and PM including nano particle emission characteristics, were compared for Elgae, Jatropha, and Karanja oil

Pandey, Anand, Nandgaonkar, Milankumar, Laad, Meena, Kotecha, Ketan, sambasivan, Suresh, sonawane, C, Kumbhar, Vishal

Modeling of Three Way Catalyst Behavior Under Steady and Transient Operations in a Stoichiometric Natural Gas Fueled Engine

2021-24-00749/5/2021

Methane abatement in the exhaust gas of natural gas engines is much more challenging in respect to the oxidation of other higher order hydrocarbons. Under steady state λ sweep, the methane conversion efficiency is high at exact stoichiometric, and decreases steeply under both slightly rich and slightly lean conditions. Transient lean to rich transitions can improve methane conversion at the rich side. Previous experimental work has attributed the enhanced methane conversion to activation of methane steam reforming. The steam reforming rate, however, attenuates over time and the methane conversion rate gradually converges to the low steady state values. In this work, a reactor model is established to predict steady state and transient transition characteristics of a three-way catalyst (TWC) mounted in the exhaust of a natural gas heavy-duty engine. In total 17 global reactions are selected and implemented in the reactor model, including oxidation reactions, NOx related reactions, water

Wang, Moyu, Dimopoulos Eggenschwiler, Panayotis

Model Based Calibration Generation for Gasoline Particulate Filter Regeneration

2021-01-06004/6/2021

Gasoline Particulate Filters (GPF) are widely employed in exhaust aftertreatment systems of gasoline engines to meet the stringent particulate emissions requirements of Euro 6 and China 6 standard. Optimization of GPF performance requires a delicate trade-off between fuel economy, engine performance and drivability. This results in a complex lengthy and iterative calibration development process which uses a lot of hardware resources. To improve the calibration process and reduce hardware testing, physics-based modeling of the GPF system is used. A 1-D chemical model supplemented with 3D CFD solver is utilized to evaluate pressure drop and soot burning performance characteristics of the GPF under engine dynamometer test conditions. The chemical kinetics of soot burning for the 1D model is developed using test data obtained from well controlled laboratory environment. Later, the model was applied to engine dynamometer conditions where it demonstrated robust pressure drop and soot burning

Varia, Adhyarth, Paramadhayalan, Thiyagarajan, Yadav, Anil, Kannan, Rajesh, Hattar, Rafat, Miao, Yong, Chan, Ming

Exhaust Emissions from an SUV with a Spark-Ignition Engine Tested Using EU and US Legislative Driving Cycles and EU RDE Procedures

2021-01-06164/6/2021

Despite an overall trend towards harmonization in vehicle regulations, regional differences persist in the area of exhaust emissions and fuel economy. The test procedure employed can exert a significant impact on the results obtained. In this paper, the EU and US type approval procedures for light duty vehicles are briefly compared and results obtained from several types of test procedure are presented. Specifically, emissions tests were performed on a single SUV which met US Tier III emissions limits. The vehicle featured a conventional, naturally aspirated spark ignition engine with indirect fuel injection and an aftertreatment system consisting of three-way catalysts with no dedicated particulate filtration device. The vehicle’s engine displacement, total mass and power-to-mass ratio were relatively representative of the upper end of the US market, but represented an outlying vehicle in terms of the characteristics of the EU fleet. The following test procedures were used: the

Bielaczyc, Piotr, Woodburn, Joseph

Exhaust Emissions from Two Euro 6d-Compliant Plug-In Hybrid Vehicles: Laboratory and On-Road Testing

2021-01-06054/6/2021

This paper discusses the legislative situation regarding type approval of plug-in hybrid vehicles (also known as off-vehicle charging hybrid-electric vehicles, OVC-HEV) in the range of exhaust emissions and fuel consumption. A range of tests were conducted on two Euro 6d-complaint OVC-HEVs to quantify emissions. Procedures were based on EU legislative requirements. For laboratory (chassis dyno) testing, two different test cycles and three different ambient temperatures were used for testing. Furthermore, in some cases additional measurements were performed, including measurement of emissions of particulate matter and continuous analysis of regulated and unregulated pollutants in undiluted exhaust. Consumption of electrical energy was also monitored. On-road testing was conducted on the test vehicle tested on the chassis dyno in the tests mentioned above, as well as on a second OVC-HEV test vehicle. Both vehicles were tested using portable emissions measurement system (PEMS) in

Woodburn, Joseph, Bielaczyc, Piotr, Pielecha, Jacek, Merkisz, Jerzy, Szalek, Andrzej

Eco-profiling of Bio-epoxies via Life cycle Assessment

SAE-PP-002312/3/2021

Epoxies, synthesized from bisphenol-A (BPA) and epichlorohydrin (ECH), are predominantly used as coatings, adhesives, and as matrix material in fiber-reinforced composites for body-in-white (BiW) applications in the automotive sector. However, given the production of conventional epoxies from non-renewable petroleum resource and toxicity of BPA, several initiatives have been undertaken by researchers to synthesize alternative epoxies from various bio-sources that are free of BPA and exhibit similar mechanical performance. As a result, such bio-sourced epoxies are almost immediately termed as “eco-friendly”, despite the lack of comprehensive evaluation of their ecological performance that takes into account enhanced natural resource usage and associated impacts accompanying such epoxies. Hence, this work aims at addressing this gap by evaluating the environmental impacts of such bio-sourced epoxies via cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment to determine the genuine credentials of their

Anthony, Lindsay, Jackson, Alyssa

Oxygen System and Component Cleaning

ARP1176B (Current)

10/19/2020

This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides recommended practices for the cleaning of aircraft oxygen equipment, both metallic and non-metallic articles, such as oxygen lines (tubes, hoses, etc.), components (including regulator and valve parts), cylinders, and ground-based equipment that may be used to support aircraft oxygen systems. This document also specifies work area details, methods for selecting suitable cleaning agents, cleaning methods, and test methods for verifying levels of cleanliness. The cleanliness coding scheme specified in this document provides a method for documenting minimum cleanliness level requirements and for identifying compliance.

A-10 Aircraft Oxygen Equipment Committee

Oxygen System and Component Cleaning

ARP1176B-TEST-REC (Historical)10/19/2020

A-10 Aircraft Oxygen Equipment Committee

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