Browse Topic: Nitrogen oxides

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REPLACING DIESEL ENGINES WITH CNG ENGINES – IMPACT ON EMISSIONS, BASED ON CHASSIS DYNAMOMETER TESTS OF MEDIUM AND HEAVY-DUTY BUSES2026-26-01271/16/2026
Abstract This paper compares carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane and nitrogen oxide emissions from medium and heavy-duty buses using diesel, diesel-hybrid, and CNG powertrains. Comparisons are made using results from chassis dynamometer-based tests with driving cycles intended to simulate a wide range of operating conditions. Tail pipe emissions are measured by diluting the vehicle exhaust in a full-scale dilution tunnel by mixing with conditioned air. Samples are drawn through probes of raw exhaust, diluted exhaust and measured using laboratory grade emission analyzers. Emissions measurements include carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and hydrocarbons including methane. Fuel consumption for liquid fuels is measured using weighing scales, while a gas flow meter is used for measuring CNG. Experimental data from 20 buses tested on a chassis dynamometer over the last 8 years is analyzed and a comparison of results from similar buses but with the differently fueled
Iyer, Suresh
Real Drive Emission Measurement on CEV Machinery- Study of testing challenges and different machine duty cycles.2026-26-02281/16/2026
India is witnessing a rise in CEV sales concurrent with the increase in large-scale infrastructure projects. This will lead to greater contribution to ambient air pollution from this category of vehicles. India has made huge strides in harmonizing the emission regulations with the rest of the world and has mandated RDE tests on Tractor and CEV machines under AIS 137 Part 7-A2 CEV/TREM Stage V emission norms starting from April 1, 2026. To conduct RDE test on CEV, the first step is to study the requirements set forth in the regulation for data collection, post-processing of data and emission calculation along with certain requirements for vehicle operation. Conducting tests on CEV machines poses a different set of challenges compared to on-road vehicles, the major one being the placement of PEMS (Portable Emission Measurement Equipment) on the machine under test. No singular method or mechanism can be specified to suit all types of machinery, although certain guidelines can be set for
Chauhan, Pratyush, Kulkarni, S D, More, MANOJ, Joshi, Monal Vishwas
Migration from MIDC to WLTP in India: Challenges & Solutions for a Small Commercial Vehicle2026-26-02151/16/2026
In line with global peers (EU, Japan etc.), the Automotive Industry Standard (AIS) Committee in India has decided to adopt "World harmonized Light vehicle Test Procedure (WLTP)" for M and N category vehicles with GVW not exceeding 3500 kg. As a result, "World harmonized Light-duty vehicles Test Cycle (WLTC )" is set to replace currently applicable "Modified Indian Drive Cycle (MIDC)" in the next couple of years. The draft CAFE III & CAFE IV norms for CO2 emission limits, which are set to be implemented in 2027 and 2032 respectively refer to a shift to WLTP from MIDC. This migration to WLTP is in sync with the demand for test procedures to replicate real driving conditions more appropriately. Further, with the Indian automotive sector growing at a robust CAGR of ~9%, the move to WLTP along with stricter emission norms is going to help the government take a major step towards India's COP26 pledge to achieve net zero emissions by 2070. WLTC cycle being much more dynamic with higher
Emran, Ashraf, Sandhu, Rouble, Pawar, Bhushan, Berry, Sushil
Optimising Hydrogen Engine Performance: A Comparative Study of Lean and Stoichiometric Calibration Approach2026-26-02611/16/2026
Hydrogen combustion in internal combustion engines offers numerous advantages, such as zero CO2 emissions and high flame speed, which make it a promising alternative fuel for green vehicle solutions. In order to maximize the engine performance with hydrogen, however, meticulous calibration of the air-fuel mixture must be performed, particularly when lean and stoichiometric combustion conditions are considered. Lean burning, i.e., excess air, offers better thermal efficiency and lower NOx emissions but can cause lower engine power and combustion instability. Stoichiometric combustion, however, ensures a complete fuel-air mixture but at the cost of higher combustion temperature and high NOx emissions. Calibration strategies for hydrogen engines are presented in this paper by comparing the lean and stoichiometric strategies and their implications on engine power output, efficiency, and emissions. Test data from several hydrogen engine configurations demonstrate that lean burn with EGR
Jadhav, Ajinkya, Bandyopadhyay, Debjyoti, Sutar, Prasanna S, Sonawane, Shailesh Balkrishna, Rairikar, Sandeep D, Thipse, Sukrut S
Ethanol Blended Diesel Fuel: Solution towards Carbon emission reduction and Sustainable Heavy Duty Transportation2026-26-01261/16/2026
Government of India has set up an ambitious net zero carbon emission target by 2070 in COP 26. To meet this target and to ensure energy security and energy sustainability, emphasis is being made to phase out petroleum derived fuels i.e. petrol, diesel etc. through sustainable alternatives. With all the environmental concern of diesel fuelled vehicles, it is a challenge to phase out them completely specifically from Heavy duty application due to their inherent attributes of high torque, efficiency and high range. Therefore, most pragmatic solution lies in reduction of carbon emission through fuel intervention and retain the characteristics of diesel fuelled vehicles. Efforts are under progress to explore the possibility of utilization of ethanol as blend in diesel fuels. This research work is focus on development and evaluation of ethanol blended diesel fuel in heavy duty engines. The ethanol and diesel are not miscible naturally so suitable agent was developed to make homogeneous
Mishra, Sumit Kumar
Development of an oxy-hydrogen engine for power generation application using simulation and experiment2026-26-02601/16/2026
Hydrogen is a zero-carbon fuel feasible for the de-carbonization of power generation and transport sectors. Hydrogen possesses excellent properties such as high calorific value, wide flammability limit, fast flame speed, and low ignition energy requirement which makes it suitable for spark ignition engine applications. Hydrogen fuelled spark ignition engines can operate at stoichiometric, lean and ultra-lean conditions. Stoichiometric combustion of hydrogen-air mixture leads to high NOx emission due to its high adiabatic flame temperature, whereas lean combustion decreases NOx emission significantly to low values. Oxy-hydrogen (H2-O2) is a renewable fuel which has the potential to increase engine power with near zero exhaust emission. Hydrogen and oxygen are generated onsite from the electrolyzer and fed to engine along with ambient air. Due to a higher concentration of oxygen, combustion is faster and more efficient. NOx emission are reduced to near-zero due to lesser mass fraction of
Marwaha PhD, Akshey, Tule, Shubham, Mishrikotkar, Prasad, Aghav, Yogesh
Advanced Dual Dosing DeNOx System for Optimized NOx Reduction Under Future Emission Regulations2026-26-02301/16/2026
The evolution of global emission standards has imposed increasingly stringent limits on nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions, particularly under Real Driving Emissions (RDE) testing protocols. These requirements demand effective NOx control across a wide range of operating conditions, posing a challenge for conventional single-injector Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) systems. This paper briefs about Dual Dosing SCR System designed to enhance NOx reduction performance by employing two Diesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF) injectors integrated within an advanced exhaust after-treatment system (EATS) configuration. The system features a close-coupled SCR on DPF (SDPF) followed by an underfloor SCR (UFSCR), enabling staged ammonia dosing. This layout promotes improved ammonia distribution and catalytic performance across both low-load and high-speed driving conditions. An Electronic Control Unit (ECU) governs the DEF injection using predefined dosing maps, with reference to real-time data from three
Hareesh, Sangaraju, Shanmugham, Balamurugan, V, Suryanarayanan
Legislative Framework and Emission Testing using PEMS for NRMM (Non-Road Mobile Machinery) in India: A Technological Perspective2026-26-01391/16/2026
Emission Regulations for NRMM in India have evolved significantly over past two decades. India has progressively adopted stricter standards to align with global best practices. The latest regulations have introduced stringent caps on particulate matter (PM), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and other pollutants, ensuring compliance with environmental sustainability goals. Future legislative frameworks are expected to impose even more rigorous emission limits, focusing on further reduction of NOx and PM levels while incorporating real-world emission monitoring. This will require manufacturers to integrate advanced after-treatment systems and adopt cleaner combustion technologies to meet compliance standards. To validate compliance with these stringent limits, rigorous testing methodologies are employed. Portable Emission Measurement Systems (PEMS) have become a crucial tool for real-world emission assessment. PEMS technology allows for on-road and field testing of NRMM under actual operating
Rastogi, Aadhar, Garg, Varun, Ragot, Nicolas
The viability of Ammonia in the Automotive sector: Challenges and Opportunities2026-26-01281/16/2026
Ammonia has become an attractive alternative fuel for automotive use because of its high energy density, carbon-free combustion, and possibility of sustainable production. The work examines the viability of ammonia as a fuel for internal combustion engines (ICEs) and fuel cells in automotive applications. Ammonia presents a number of benefits, such as being capable of being produced from renewable energies and having the possibility to diminish reliance on fossil fuels. However, disadvantages such as ammonia's lower energy content per volume, NOx emission possibility, and need for engine adjustment remain significant challenges. The paper covers the combustion characteristics of ammonia and how it behaves in traditional ICEs and in emerging fuel cell technology. It also addresses the necessary infrastructure for the production, storage, and distribution of ammonia to be used in automotive applications. Through comparative testing and comparison with conventional fuels by experimental
Jadhav, Ajinkya, Bandyopadhyay, Debjyoti, Sutar, Prasanna S, Sonawane, Shailesh Balkrishna, Rairikar, Sandeep D, Thipse, Sukrut S
Modelling of Turbulent Combustion of Liquid Ammonia in Dual Fuel CI Engine2026-26-04421/16/2026
Combustion of fossil fuel results in CO2 emission which is considered to be a leading cause of global warming. Alternative fuels with little or no carbon foot is being actively considered. Direct combustion of ammonia is being actively investigated as it is considered to be a carbon neutral fuel that does not emit CO 2 . It is one of the largest industrially produced chemicals and is easy to store and transport with a well-established supply-chain system. Compared to conventional fuels, ammonia has inferior combustion properties like high ignition delay, low flame speed and a high propensity to produce NOx due to the availability of fuel bound nitrogen. This study uses numerical simulations and a chemical kinetic model to examine the combustion characteristics of ammonia and diesel blend in a dual fuel compression ignition IC engine. Both liquid ammonia and diesel are directly injected into the cylinder, with ammonia as the primary fuel and diesel as a pilot to initiate combustion. An
Warghat, Ketan Vinayak, Prabhakaran, Dinesh, Banerjee, Sayak, kolhe, Pankaj, Banerjee, Raja
A 3D CFD Combustion Evaluation of Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO) as a Potential Alternate Fuel for the Future CI Engines2026-26-01131/16/2026
Transportation industry is facing the growing challenge to reduce its carbon footprint and utilize the carbon neutral, more environmentally sustainable fuels to comply with the goal of carbon neutrality. Implementation of carbon free fuels such as Hydrogen, Ammonia and low carbon fuels such as Methanol, Ethanol can significantly reduce the greenhouse gas emissions, but these fuels are suitable for SI engine architecture due to their high-octane ratings. Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO) is one of the few fuel solutions available today with a high Cetane rating (70-80), that can be used as a drop-in fuel in the existing CI engines, with minimal modifications. The main constituent of HVO is pure alkane and it can be produced from feedstocks such as vegetable oils, animal fats and various wastes and by-products. A closed cycle 3-D CFD combustion simulation using a detailed chemistry-based solver was conducted with the HVO, on a three cylinder, naturally aspirated water-cooled CI engine at
Tripathi, Ayush, Mukherjee, Nalini, Nene, Devendra
Strategic & Frugal technology approach meet the stringent CPCB-IV+ Emission norms2026-26-00591/16/2026
In CPCB-IV+ Emissions regulations NOx & PM are reduced by 90% from CPCB-II limits in the power band 56 <kW ≤ 560. Obvious technology approach adopted by industry to meet this requirement is, introduction of CRDI fuel injection system & DOC+SCR+ASC aftertreatment technology, leading to substantial modifications at both engine & genset level. It results into huge development expenditure as well as high incremental product cost, timelines and increased in the total cost of ownership. This paper describes the frugal technology approach to keep development cost, product cost, development time to the minimum using electronically governed, high pressure mechanical fuel injection equipment while comfortably achieving target CPCB-IV+ emission levels. 1D-thermodynamic & 3D-combustion simulation approach was adopted to predict the engine out emissions and to optimize combustion hardware. This was followed by Virtual Test Bench (VTB) or closed loop HiL system simulation to integrate the engine
Arde, Vasundhara, Juttu, Simachalam, Kadam, Atit, Kumar, Dinesh, Gothekar, Sanjeev, Karthick, K, Vandana, Suryanarayana, Thipse, S
Enhancing SCR Nox conversion Efficiency and avoid Sulphur poising failures through virtual mechanism for Diesel engines2026-26-02271/16/2026
The transition to BS VI standards has emphasized the importance of maintaining Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) systems to effectively reduce nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions. One of the primary concerns in achieving optimal SCR performance is the potential for SCR poisoning due to excessive Sulphur content in low-quality diesel fuel. Sulphur deposits can accumulate on the catalyst surface over time, significantly compromising its efficiency and leading to increased emissions. To combat this issue, an advanced software system has been integrated into the SCR framework, employing a comprehensive monitoring strategy that assesses idle states, temperature, and mass flow conditions. When the system identifies conditions that may lead to Sulphur poisoning, it activates a desulfation (DeSOx) process designed to remove accumulated Sulphur deposits. This proactive fault detection mechanism is crucial; by initiating regeneration before hardware failure occurs, the system ensures the SCR
K, Sabareeswaran, Raju, Manikandan, Krishnakumar, Palanichamy, S, Mahendra Boopathi, YS, Ananthkumar
Introducing a new catalyst family in gasoline aftertreatment2026-26-02311/16/2026
This paper is to introduce a new catalyst family in gasoline aftertreatment. Indeed, it has been shown that under certain driving conditions, three-way catalysts produce significant amounts of toxic NH3 and the strong greenhouse gas N2O, which are both very unwanted emissions. In a self-committed approach, OEMs could want to minimize these noxious pollutants, especially if this can be done with no architecture change, namely without additional underfloor catalyst. In this paper we will compare different approaches: regular underfloor TWC, SCR derived from diesel aftertreatment, gasoline dedicated Ammonia Slip Catalyst (ASC) and especially developed novel gasoline Secondary Emission Treatment (SET) catalyst, providing both ammonia abatement and underfloor three-way functionality. The data will show that SCR only reduces NH3 from a passive SCR reaction in a limited amount in the cold start including the need of oxygen presence, namely secondary air introduction. ASC is efficient in cold
Kuhn, Sebastian, Magar, Avinash, Kogel, Julius, Lahousse, Christophe
A LOW PRESSURE PUMPLESS DEF DOSING SYSTEM BY USING COMPRESSED AIR AND AN AIR ASSISTED DEF INJECTION NOZZLE2026-26-02191/16/2026
This study emphasizes on development of Diesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF) dosing system specifically used in Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) of diesel engine for emission control ,where a low pressure pumpless DEF dosing system is developed, utilizing compressed air for pressurizing the DEF tank and discharging DEF through air assisted DEF injection nozzle. SCR systems utilize Diesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF) to convert harmful NOx emissions from diesel engines into harmless nitrogen and water vapor. Factors such as improper storage, handling, or refilling practices can lead to DEF contamination which pose significant operational challenges for SCR systems. Traditional piston-type, diaphragm-type, or gear-type pumps in DEF dosing systems are prone to mechanical failures leading to frequent maintenance, repairs, and costly downtimes for vehicles. To overcome the existing challenges and to create a more reliable and simple DEF delivery mechanism the pumpless DEF Dosing system is developed. The
M, Hareni, Giridharan, Jyothivel, A.l, Suresh, v, yuvaraj, Rajan, Bharath
A Thermoelectric System for Emission Control Optimization in Two-Wheeler Automotive Applications2026-26-02181/16/2026
Environmental pollution is one of the growing concerns of our society. As vehicle emissions are a major contributor to air pollution, emission control is a primary goal of the Automotive industry. Vehicle emissions are higher due to improper combustion, which leads to toxic gases being generated from the exhaust system. Unburnt fuel is one of the leading causes of toxic pollutants such as Carbon Monoxide, Nitric Oxides (NOx) and Hydrocarbons. The catalytic converter converts these gases into less toxic substances such as Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen, and water vapor. The catalytic converter performs efficiently after reaching its “Light Off” temperature, after which the catalyst becomes active. Hence, elevated temperature of the exhaust gases aids in efficient conversion. Presently, the gases from the exhaust system are approximately at a temperature of 300°C-600°C. This paper outlines the concept of a Peltier (Thermoelectric) Module - based system, which helps maintain the high
Venkateshwaran, Aishwarya, soodlu, Shashikiran, M, Mathaiyan
A Physics-Guided Neural Network Approach for EGR Cooler Temperature Estimation: Addressing ECU Model Discrepancies2026-26-04351/16/2026
As the automotive industry explores alternative powertrain options to curb emissions, it is pertinent to refine existing technologies to improve efficiency. The Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) system is a pivotal component in emission control strategies for Internal Combustion Engines (ICE). The EGR cooler is crucial in thermal management strategies, as it lowers the temperature of recirculated exhaust gases before feeding it along with fresh air, thereby reducing nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions. Precise estimation of the EGR cooler outlet temperature is crucial for effective emission control. However, conventional Engine Control Unit (ECU) models fall short, as they often show discrepancies when compared to real-world test data. These models rely on empirical relationships that struggle to capture, transient effect, and real time variation in operating conditions. Consequently, ECU-based estimations of EGR Cooler outlet temperature frequently deviate from actual values, leading to
Kumar, Amit, Kumar, Raman, Manojdharan, Arjungopal, Challa, Krishna, Kramer, Markus
Performance and Emission Characteristics of a Lean-Boosted Direct Injection Hydrogen Combustion System for Retrofitting Heavy Duty Diesel Engines.2026-26-02681/16/2026
To address the imperative for decarbonizing the heavy-duty transport sector and advancing sustainable energy solutions, this paper presents a novel lean-boosted Direct Injection (DI) Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine (H2 ICE) combustion system. This system is developed to retrofit existing flat-deck Diesel engines, offering a viable pathway towards drastically reduced emissions. Building on consolidated expertise from prior production-oriented Port Fuel Injection H2 engine development (DUMAREY 6.6ℓ V8), this research focuses on leveraging the distinct advantages of DI for hydrogen. An experimental assessment, supported by 1D and 3D-CFD analyses, demonstrates the system's capability to achieve highly efficient operation in Spark Ignition (SI) mode under ultra-lean and EGR-diluted conditions. The study confirms the elimination of combustion anomalies such as backfiring, pre-ignition, and knock, while achieving ultra-low engine-out NOx emissions and near-zero CO2, HC, CO, and PM. The
Gessaroli, Davide, Golisano, Roberto, Pesce, Francesco, Boretto, Gianmarco, Accurso, Francesco
Optimizing Engine Combustion and Exhaust After treatment System for Passive Regeneration in Off-Highway Applications2026-26-02211/16/2026
The Bharat TREM V regulations in the off highway segment mandates use of Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC) to reduce gaseous emissions and Diesel Particulate Filters (DPF) to trap solid particulates from engine exhaust. DPFs undergo regeneration, where trapped soot is burned, converting it into CO2 with ash as a byproduct. Regeneration can be active, using fuel injection to raise temperatures above 550°C, or passive, relying on NO2 formation at 300-400°C. Passive regeneration is preferred as a safer mode for both DPF health and longevity as well as reduction in fuel penalty and oil dilution. This paper highlights on the selection and optimization of combustion hardware and Exhaust Aftertreatment System to achieve the desired NO2 formation which is suitable for passive regeneration. Key considerations in engine hardware selection include the design of piston bowl, injector hole configuration to increase heat release rate and combustion temperature resulting in higher NOx/soot ratio. With
RAWAT, SAURABH, Gautam, Aman, Dogra, DaljitSingh, Singh, Sachleen, Ranjan, Piyush
COMPUTATIONAL STUDY OF HYDROGEN BASED SCR TECHNOLOGY AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO UREA SCR IN HYDROGEN-FUELLED ENGINES2026-26-02131/16/2026
Air pollution from vehicle exhaust emissions is a growing issue in major cities around the world. Hydrogen is a clean and carbon-free fuel that presents a promising alternative to the fossil fuels. However, despite its environmental advantages, hydrogen internal combustion engines still produce some nitrogen oxides as a by-product due to high combustion temperatures. This study investigates the effectiveness of current exhaust after-treatment technologies designed to reduce NOx emissions in hydrogen-powered engines. A comparative analysis is conducted between the conventional urea-based selective catalytic reduction used in diesel engines and emerging hydrogen-based selective catalytic reduction technologies for hydrogen engines. The analysis is performed using CFD simulation in ANSYS Fluent, focusing on NOx reduction efficiency and other operational parameters. The results provide valuable insights into the feasibility and effectiveness of hydrogen SCR in achieving reduced NOx
KASHYAP, KESHAV, Khandagale, Anup, Petale, Mahendra
Mitigating Urea Deposits in Selective Catalytic Reduction Systems through Software Control for Improved Performance in Low Duty Cycle Operations2026-26-04241/16/2026
In the pursuit of achieving stringent BS VI emission standards, maintaining the efficiency of Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) systems is paramount, especially in vehicles operating under low duty cycles. A significant concern in such scenarios is the accumulation of urea deposits within the SCR, which can lead to detrimental push-out effects and compromised catalyst performance. This issue is particularly prevalent during low-temperature operations, where the conditions are less favorable for the effective conversion of nitrogen oxides (NOx). To address this challenge, an innovative software control system has been developed to monitor operating conditions and detect potential urea deposit faults. The software continuously evaluates parameters such as temperature and vehicle duty cycle, identifying conditions that may lead to urea crystallization within the SCR system. When unfavorable conditions are detected, the software triggers a fault alert that activates a regeneration
K, Sabareeswaran, K K, Uthira Ramya Bala, Raju, Manikandan, K J, Ramkumar, YS, Ananthkumar
Extreme Learning Machines (ELM) for Fast Instantaneous Prediction of Emission Level of an Automobile2026-26-02261/16/2026
Addressing climate issues is a key aspect of good global governance today. A key aspect of managing the threats caused to the environment around is to ensure a sustainable transportation system so that humans exist in peace with nature. According to sources, in 2020 alone, cars accounted for approximately 23% of global CO2 emissions. In addition, they also emit nitrogen oxides and other pollutants thus damaging the ecosystem. In line with this objective, there are emission level testing strategies in place in each country. However, we can do better for a sustainable future. On one hand, the huge volume of vehicles around the world makes it an excellent choice and source for a vast emission level dataset comprising of features such as vehicle type, fuel type, driving conditions, road type etc.. as well as the target variable representing the emission band of the vehicle. In addition to the big data available as mentioned above, there is a marked progress in the machine learning
Sridhar, Sriram, Aswani, Shelendra
Experimental Study of Port Water Injection System on Single Cylinder Diesel Engine Performance and Exhaust Emission2024-32-00254/18/2025
Vehicle emission standards have become more and more stringent and have driven the development of advanced engine design with low-cost emission control technologies. For small diesel engine which is used in three-wheel (3W) passenger and load carrying vehicles, it was major task to improve lower engine rpm torque and performance to comply with stringent exhaust emissions standard as well, especially for Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) and Particulate Matter (PM) emissions. Bharat Stage (BS) VI emission standards for three-wheel vehicles was implemented from April 2020 onwards in India. Water injection technology has proven advantageous for low-cost solution with Mechanical fuel injection system on small diesel engines, Intake port water injection is the easiest method to introduce water to engine cylinder, which calls for minimal modification of existing engine structure. In the present study 435cc naturally aspirated DI Diesel engine used for three-wheel vehicle was explored by adding water
Syed, Kaleemuddin, Chaudhari, Sandip, Khairnar, Girish, Katariya, Rahul, Jagtap, Pranjal, Bhoite, Vikram
Study on the Optimal Pre-Chamber Geometry for Active Pre-Chamber Gas Engines2024-32-00234/18/2025
In a pre-chamber engine, fuel in the main-chamber is ignited and combusted by the combustion gas injected from the pre-chamber. Therefore, further fuel dilution is possible and thermal efficiency can be also improved. However, adding a pre-chamber to an engine increases the number of design parameters which have a significant impact on the main combustion and the exhaust gas. Then, in this study, the optimum geometry of the pre-chamber in an active pre-chamber gas engine was investigated. The considered parameters were the volume of pre-chamber, the diameter of a nozzle hole, and the number of nozzle holes. 18 types of pre-chambers with different geometries were prepared. Using these pre-chambers, engine experiments under steady conditions were conducted while changing the conditions such as engine speeds, mean indicated pressure and air excess ratio. Based on the experimental data, neural network models were constructed that predict thermal efficiency, NOx and CO emissions from the
Yasuda, Kotaro, Yamasaki, Yudai, Sako, Takahiro, Takashima, Yoshitane, Suzuki, Kenta
Enhancing Low Temperature Lean Combustion of CH4-H2 Blends through a Prechamber Equipped Engine2024-32-00444/18/2025
The use of hydrogen as a sustainable fuel in the short term is hampered by the impossibility of large scale use due low availability. In order to promote decarbonization, complementary solution for a smooth transition is to dilute it in a mixture with methane, in a current Port Fuel Injection (PFI) internal combustion engine (ICE). This can be done as a retrofit after limited structural modifications, such as the introduction of a passive prechamber. Such a solution allows a reduction of the carbon footprint of traditional ICEs through more efficient combustion (both the prechamber technology and the hydrogen fuel properties promote an increase in combustion speed) and a reduced carbon content in the fuel. The present research activity has been carried out through numerical investigation based on three-dimensional CFD analyses to simulate the behavior of a natural gas engine fueled with CH4-H2 blends. The combustion mechanism for the fuel blend was validated against measurements of the
Balduzzi, Francesco, Ferrara, Giovanni, Di Iorio, Silvana, Sementa, Paolo
Studying the Lean Burn Operation in Two-Wheelers to Increase Fuel Efficiency and Investigate the Use of Lean NOx Trap Catalyst (LNT) for Lean Burn System2024-32-00584/18/2025
This study offers an overview of the impact of lean burn technology in two-wheeler vehicles, specifically concentrating on enhancing the fuel economy and addressing the challenges associated with its adoption. Lean burn systems, characterized by a fuel-air mixture with a higher air content than stoichiometric ratio. The study focuses on technology which meets stringent emission standards while enabling the optimization of fuel efficiency. The lean burn system employs strategies to optimize air-fuel ratio using electronic fuel injection, ignition timing control, and advanced engine control algorithms like - updated torque modulation control algorithm for drivability, lambda control algorithm for rich and lean switch and NOx modelling algorithm for LNT catalyst efficiency tracking. The challenges related to lean burn systems, includes issues related to combustion stability, nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions, and their impact on drivability, is summarized in the study. Mitigation strategies
Somasundaram, Karthikeyan, Sivaji, Purushothaman, John Derin, C, Vishal, Karwa, Manoj Kumar, S, Maynal, Rajesh
Calculation of Airflow through the Air Cycle Technology’s Turboexpander and Its Effects on a Diesel Engine—Part I2025-01-50233/31/2025
Abstract Amidst escalating climate change, the sustainability of internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, particularly in heavy transport, remains a critical challenge. Despite emission reductions from 1990 to 2020, ICEs, particularly diesel engines in Europe, continue to pose environmental challenges, notably in nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions. This study proposes a novel solution to address the problem of NOx emissions by incorporating Air Cycle Technology’s (ACT) turboexpander into diesel engines. Acting as a second-stage compressor, intercooler, and expander, the turboexpander aims to lower intake air temperature, thereby mitigating NOx formation. The study utilizes a 4.4-l JCB-TCA-74 turbocharged diesel engine retrofitted with the ACT turboexpander as the experimental platform. The methodology involves using empirical formulae to calculate the key parameters of engine airflow for a standard turbocharged diesel engine followed by repeating the calculations for the same engine
Fayaz, Farheen, Brace, Jordan, Allport, John, Javanbakht, Gina
Mitigating Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Diesel Engines through the Application of Physical Adsorbents2025-01-50082/13/2025
Graphical Abstract Abstract The world is targeting zero-emission standards by promoting flexi-fuel-based vehicles. In the automotive industry, IC engine-powered vehicle has a good market. Either IC or flexi-fuel engines are considered the safest mode of transport, one tedious problem needs to be addressed is their toxic exhaust emissions from those engines. However, there are many aftertreatment systems available to control HC, CO2, NOx, and PM emissions. To control CO2 emissions there is no aftertreatment system available. Physical adsorbents such as activated carbon and zeolite are going to be used in this work to reduce emissions from exhaust gases. Zeolite has a greater affinity toward NOx emission, and activated carbon has greater potential to capture HC and carbon dioxide emissions. Initially computational studies were carried out to evaluate back pressure developed in adsorbent chamber. Analysis was carried out by varying conical length of the adsorbent chamber (68 mm, 75 mm
Subramanian, MohanKumar, Muthiya, Solomon Jenoris, Pachamuthu, Senthilkumar, Naveena, B. E., Divya, G. S., Praveen Kumar, M. V.
Performance Analysis of Graphene-Coated Heat Pipe Heat Exchangers for Automobile Exhaust Cooling and Purification2025-01-50061/23/2025
This research investigates the development of a heat pipe heat exchanger coated with graphene for cooling and purification of automobile exhausts. The heat exchanger directly affects the performance of the engine because proper heat dissipation and transfer can improve engine performance, reduce fuel consumption, and decrease the emission. Moreover, this effect is much more noticeable on coated heat pipes because of the enhanced thermal conductivity and mechanical properties of the graphene films. A heat null emitted by internal combustion engines was used in the experimental setup to test the thermal performance, cooling efficiency, and purification efficiency of the newly designed in-house exhaust simulation system where the new heat pipes were inserted. The results of the experiment show that the heat pipes have very high thermal performance as the efficiency of the heat pipes was calculated to be around 85%. Furthermore, the temperature decrease over the surfaces of the heat
Karthigairajan, M., Seeniappan, Kaliappan, Balaji, N., Natrayan, L., Sheik, Salman Basha, Ravi, D.
Experimental Study on Quality Control and Variable Valve Timing Strategy of Hydrogen Engine for High Efficiency and Low Emission at Low Load2024-01-509510/15/2024
In order to reduce the pumping loss of low loads and maximize the lean combustion advantage of hydrogen, the paper proposes a load control strategy based on hydrogen mass, called quality control, for improving thermal efficiency and emissions at low loads. The advantages of quality control and the effect of VVT on the combustion performance of hydrogen internal combustion engines under low loads were discussed. The results show that when the relative air–fuel ratio (λ) increases to more than 2.5, the NOx emissions are reduced to less than 3.5 g/kW · h at the brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) below 8 bar, especially when the BMEP is less than 5 bar, the NOx is within 0.2 g/kW · h. Compared to quantity control based on air mass, the quality control strategy based on hydrogen mass achieves over a 2.0% reduction in pumping loss at BMEP levels lower than 4.4 bar. Furthermore, it enhances thermal efficiency by up to 5% at low loads, while maintaining NOx emissions within 0.2 g/kW · h at
Li, Yong, Chen, Hong, Fu, Zhen, Du, Jiakun, Wu, Weilong
Exhaust After Treatment Solution for H2-ICE for selective NOx removal in the presence of high amount of water content2024-26-01461/16/2024
Alternate fuels, potential substitute for fossil fuels, found traction in recent times owing to global warming. Globally, especially the countries in NA and Europe are fast implementing alternate fuels to reduce carbon footprint and for creating sustainable environment. India too has promised to cut down emissions and become net neutrality by 2070. One of the alternate fuels which gained importance recently is Hydrogen fuel. With the announcement of National Hydrogen Mission by the Government of India in 2023, there has been an increased attention on the hydrogen fuel-based mobility. Technologies like H2-Fuel cell and internal combustion engine (H2-ICE) are finding wider acceptance depending on the application and both offer an opportunity to meet targets of reduced carbon footprint in India and reduce reliance on fuel imports. Key advantage of H2-ICE is with little modification on conventional ICE the transition can happen and move towards net zero emission neutrality. However, this
Srisailam, Shravan Kumar, Patchett, Joe, Wu, Ralph, wang, Lu, Shah, Sandip, Tang, Weiyong
Structural development and improvement of SCR Assembly design for Exhaust After Treatment System of a Construction Equipment off highway Vehicle2024-26-00911/16/2024
Construction equipment off highway vehicles are heavy industry vehicles that run on diesel engines. To meet the CEV BS-IV emission norms, these engines have the Exhaust After Treatment System (EATS) which includes two primary subassemblies, i.e., a Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC) subassembly to reduce the HC and CO emissions and a Selective catalytic Reduction (SCR) subassembly to reduce NOx emissions. Because of the excessive vibrations in the engine and continuous heavy-duty usage of the Construction equipment, structural failures leading to excess pollution and consequential functional failure are reported in the field. Hence, understanding the effect of engine vibrations and proposing a cost-effective solution is paramount in designing the EATS system including the SCR assembly. A field-testing failure of BS-IV CEV SCR assembly has been taken in consideration for this study. Several use-cases were simulated for the baseline design using real world acceleration data and Frequency
Rahman, Shahzer, Chakraborty, Abhirup, Perumal, Solairaj, Redkar, Dinesh, Usulamarthi, Ramwarun, Singh, Rajendra
A comparative study of ethanol and methanol blends on performance and emissions on BSIV and BSVI class of vehicles2024-26-00731/16/2024
The quest for alternate fuels has led many researchers to evaluate various alcohols as an immediate substitute for gasoline. Among the alcohols, ethanol has received a lot of popularity as it can be produced from biomass feeds such as sugarcane and corn. Several countries have made it mandatory to blend at least 10% of ethanol in gasoline. However, the source of feedstock for ethanol production is posing a threat to food security. In order to restrain this problem, a few countries are promoting the use of methanol as an alternative fuel. Methanol can be obtained by processing naturally available biomass resources, much of which is waste material. Methanol-gasoline blends have been found to have a high octane number, good performance and lower carbon emissions, making it an excellent alternative fuel for engines. In the present study, a comparative analysis was carried out to evaluate the performance and emissions from unmodified vehicles using lower concentrations (up to 20%) of
Teja, Ravi, Khandai, Chinmayananda, Muralidharan, M
Numerical analyses of Ad-Blue thawing performance according to EU Norms2024-26-02631/16/2024
Controlling NOx emission demands is getting more serious with Euro 7 legislation. This in turn brings more focus on SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technologies which uses a eutectic mixture of Urea (67.5%) - Water (32.5%) solution more popularly known as Diesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF/Ad-Blue). Under extreme winter conditions, Ad-Blue freezes as ambient reaches well below the freezing point (-11 deg.C). Due to Legislation requirement (EU), it is a matter of interest to estimate the time required by Ad-Blue to melt the desired volume inside the tank thereby defining overall Melting/Thawing performance. So far, testing has been the primary method for arriving at right melting mechanism and for designing electrical coils or hot coolant lines which is expensive. This paper proposes a novel digital method using 3D CFD tool STAR CCM+ to study the melting behavior of Ad-Blue. The method is characterized by capturing phase change using the popular multiphase (VOF) approach and different modes
GOVINDARAJAN, Vaishali, VARUGHESE, Shibu, Banik, Soumendu, R, Vineeth
Analytical Comparison of Real Drive Emission from Passenger Vehicle at different altitude operating conditions2024-26-01511/16/2024
As a major checkpoint in Automotive Emission Regulation worldwide, the Real Drive Emission(RDE) has been introduced to regulate the amount of pollutants in real on-road driving conditions, where altitude also find its importance along with driving pattern. Vehicular Exhaust Pollutants such as CO, NOx, CO2, PM & PN are the main targeted items being concentrated at this stage. Among them NOx, CO & CO2 are pollutants which will vary in connection to the atmospheric ambient conditions where the vehicles are being operated. For an instance, in our targeted case of testing at higher altitudes CO & NOx levels are found to be higher than those when tested at normal RDE regulatory altitude limits. As the altitude increases, the amount of oxygen present in the atmosphere decreases, which can cause the combustion process in an ICE to operate at a lesser efficient stoichiometric composition than when done at sea level. This will in-turn produce more pollutant levels as a byproduct of such altered
Pallerla, Sunil, RAJAN, GAUTHAM, Balagangatharan, Balamuralitharan, MUTHRAK, RAJA PRAMOD KUMAR
DeNOx Strategy Adaptation and Optimization in Single Cylinder LCV Application for BS6 Phase-II Norms2024-26-01601/16/2024
Powertrain complexity rapidly increasing to meet fast moving regulation requirements. The BS6 Phase-1 regulation norms were implemented in India from April 1, 2020 and replaced the previous BS4 norms. Phase-2 of the BS6 regulation norms were came into effect on April 1, 2023. To meet this stringent regulation requirement, need effective performance of after treatment systems like DOC, DPF and SCR demands critical hardware selection and implementation. A robust DeNOx emissions strategy is developed in naturally aspirated single cylinder LCV application to meet cycle emissions, real drive emissions and OBD requirements. Naturally aspirated single cylinder engine has its own challenges to meet BS6 norms like higher engine out NOx, dynamic temperature profiles etc. It is always a challenge to adapt EATS in LCV application as these are low-cost vehicles. EATS components and sensors impacts the overall cost of the vehicle. This paper briefs about robust DeNOx emissions strategy in naturally
Hareesh, Sangaraju, V, Suryanarayanan, Sharma, Prashant, Redii, Ashok, Raut, Sandip, Golla, Srinivasa Rao
Measurement & Control Methodologies of Road Side Ambient Air Emissions & Identification of New Species of Air Pollutants in Delhi / NCR2024-26-01581/16/2024
In a recent finding it was published that there are five (05) major cities across Delhi / NCR which falls under the World's most polluted cities based on annual average PM2.5 concentration (μg/m³). The present study is entirely focused on Delhi / NCR hot-spots in terms of emissions and the measurement is done through the continuous type of air quality monitoring analyzers along with advanced analytical instruments. Various activities like construction, manufacturing, trash burning, production units, burning of organic compounds, power plants, biomass burning, demolition, vehicular emission etc. are the key sources that contribute to poor air quality. As a result of these activities, numerous harmful pollutants with different ionic species (along with gases and aerosols) are released and pose serious threat to both human health and environment. The primary sources of air quality degradation in the present study are identified by methodological & scientific type of measurement done
Kumar, Prashant, Sithananthan, M, Saroj, Shyamsher, Kant, Chander, Narwat, Aarti
Experimental Investigation on Emission Characteristics of a GDI Engine with ethanol-blended gasoline Fuels2024-26-01551/16/2024
Ethanol-gasoline blended fuels have been widely implemented in Indian markets followed by the GOIs road map as ethanol reduces life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions and improves anti-knock performance. However, its effects on engine out emissions including particulate matter (PM) from gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines still need further investigation. In this study, the effect of ethanol blended gasoline fuels with various blended rates (0%, 10%, 20%) on emissions and catalyst conversion efficiencies on a 1.2-liter 3-cylinder turbo GDI miller cycle engine is investigated. The addition of ethanol to gasoline fuel enhances the RON of the blended fuels, and oxygen content and changes the distillation temperature. Advancing Ignition timing, lambda biasing, Mode based SOI has been tested. Test bench results indicated that with the E10 blend all pollutant conversion is at 98% in all operating points. With E20 blend the NOx emission conversion efficiency is dropped to ~60%. However, this
R, Navaneetha kannan, S, Easwar Ram, S, Satish Kumar, Karthi, Ramanathan, Ramakrishnan, Muthu
Cost Effective Pathways Toward Highly Efficient and Ultra-Clean CI Engines, Part I: Combustion System Optimization2024-26-00371/16/2024
Following global trends of increasingly stringent greenhouse gas (GHG) and criteria pollutant regulations, India will likely introduce within the next decade equivalent Bharat Stage (BS) regulations for Diesel engines requiring simultaneous reduction in CO2 emissions and up to 90% reduction in NOx emission from current BS-VI levels. Consequently, automakers are likely to face tremendous challenges in meeting such emission reduction requirements while maintaining performance and vehicle total cost of ownership (TCO), especially in the Indian market which has experienced significant tightening of emission regulation during the past decade. Therefore, it is conceivable that cost effective approaches for improving existing diesel engines platforms for future regulations would be of high strategic importance for automakers. In this first of a two-part article, cost effective means of improving the combustion process in a Diesel engine to reduce engine-out emissions, specifically of NOx and
Shah, Ashish, Kumar, Praveen, Sari, Rafael, Cleary, David, Gothekar, Sanjeev, Thipse, Sukrut S
The effect of different Air Path based ATS thermal management strategy on a Non- EGR Medium Duty Diesel Engine’s performance and emissions.2024-26-00381/16/2024
The effect of different Air Path based ATS thermal management strategy on a Non- EGR Medium Duty Diesel Engine’s performance and emissions. Ajeet Kumar Sharma AVL Technical Center Pvt. Ltd. Abstract: In view of BS6.2 emission norms implementation for medium duty diesel engine, the tail pipe emissions are not only confirmed in test bed conditions but also in real driving condition including different combinations of ambient temperature and pressure. In modern non-EGR engine the Engine out emissions especially NOx emission is higher compared to EGR engine, therefore the tail pipe emissions are solely depending on conversion efficiency of After Treatment System (ATS). Hence meeting the stringent tail pipe emission, quick heating of ATS required. It became more challenging with a WHTC Cycle, where beginning of the cycle is not only having low load engine operations, but also cold ATS system followed by cold soaking. Further addition of DOC (Diesel oxidation Catalyst), DPF (Diesel
Sharma, Ajeet Kumar, Kreuzig, Gerhard, Gupta, Ayush, Goyal, Dinesh, Garg, Varun
Virtual sensor modelling for ammonia slip estimation to improve SCR performance in Real Drive Emissions2024-26-01621/16/2024
Urea-NH3 dosed Selective Catalytic Reduction is powerful reaction system to ensure NOx reduction in the exhaust gases by minimizing ammonia slip. When the dosed ammonia exceeds the actual request than the required, NH3 to NOx ratio is potentially high, the unused ammonia is limited to 10ppm corresponding to experimental result of every World Harmonic Transient Cycle. The dosage estimation depends on the NOx sensors which has this drawback of high cross-sensitivity to ammonia that can affect the measurement of NOx and compromise the SCR-ASC closed loop strategies. This paper aims to resolve the complexity in prediction of ammonia slip to resolve the cross-sensitivity of tailpipe NOx sensor in the SCR system by a closed loop estimation of NOx and ammonia slip to ensure high NOx conversion efficiency. The focus is to develop a simplified model-based solution for estimating ammonia slip, because of the limitations in the real drive conditions in SCR system. This model approach is designed
K, Sabareeswaran, M, Jayashree, YS, Ananthkumar
Environmental and cancer risk potential assessment of unregulated emissions from Methanol-Diesel dual fuel engine2024-26-01521/16/2024
The present study experimentally investigates the effect of engine load and fuel premixing ratio (PMR) on unregulated emission from methanol-diesel dual-fuel RCCI (MD-RCCI) engines. The study focuses on assessing the adverse effects of unregulated emissions (saturated HC, unsaturated HC, carbonyl compounds, aromatic hydrocarbon NH3 and SO2) on the environment and human health. In order to quantify the effect on the environment, the greenhouse gas potential (GWPs), Acidification potential (AP), Eutrophication potential (EP), and Ozone forming potential (OFP) are calculated and presented. To see the effect on human health, the cancer risk potential (CR) of the carbonyl compounds (HCHO and CH3CHO) is calculated and presented. The results demonstrate that at lower engine load, with an increase in PMR the OFP and CR for MD-RCCI operation increase significantly, whereas AP, EP and GWPs decrease. Additionally, with an increase in engine load at a fixed PMR, the AP, EP, and OFP decrease
YADAV, Neeraj Kumar, Saxena, Mohit Raj, Maurya, Rakesh Kumar
Conversion of Diesel fuel system to CNG fuel system for Commercial Vehicles2024-26-03821/16/2024
Compressed natural gas (CNG) fuel has recently gained popularity in passenger and commercial vehicles due to its lower cost of operation compared to gasoline and diesel. It is also a more environmentally friendly fuel than other fuel. Converting a customer vehicle (with a diesel option) to the CNG option is more difficult than building a new CNG vehicle. In this we are outlining the design of CNG fuel systems and the challenges of replacing them during the transition from Diesel to CNG and qualifying the Government Norms for running the vehicle will increase the life as well as make our environment more eco-friendly than Diesel Vehicle. Using CNG as a fuel in the automotive industry gives benefits over Gasoline & Diesel • increased life of lubricating oils, as CNG does not contaminate and dilute the crankcase oil. • Lower cost of per unit energy. • Being a gaseous fuel, CNG mixes easily and evenly in air, hence less hazardous. • CNG is less likely to ignite on hot surfaces, since it
SRIVASTAVA, RAJAT, Sharma, Mukesh, Kumar, Satish, Sharma, Pawan, Singh, Gaurav
Electrifying the Giants: Green mobility solution for M&HCVs in India.2024-26-01311/16/2024
Diesel operated Medium and Heavy Commercial Vehicles (M&HCV) account for nearly 70% of all road transportation in India which is expected to quadruple, from 4 million in 2022 to roughly 17 million trucks by 2050. Despite comprising a mere 5% of total vehicle fleet, they consume nearly 57% of fossil fuel used by the transport sector and responsible for 71% ,74% and 55% of CO2 ,PM and NOx emissions respectively. This necessities the transition of M&HCV into green mobility solution. Furthermore, smaller vehicles like 2W, 3W, 4 wheeler like cars and buses are adopting EV technology at a faster pace coupled with incentivization through government policies like FAME-I, FAME-II etc., advocates an immediate intervention on electrification of M&HCVs to multifold the impact. This paper suggests a collaborative approach amongst M&HCV manufactures and government agencies to realize the transition while integrating the benefits of reduced emissions, lower operating costs, quieter operation
Saurabh, Piyush, Giri, Debabrata
Assessing the Potential of CBG as an Alternative Fuel: An Experimental Study on Vehicle Performance and Emissions in BS VI Compliant Three-Wheeler and Passenger Car2024-26-00761/16/2024
India's natural gas consumption reached 60.3 billion cubic meters (BCM) in the year 2022-23, with imports accounting for 44.2% of the total consumption. As India targets 15% of primary energy consumption from gas by 2030, the demand for natural gas is expected to grow significantly. In this context, CBG, which can reduce dependence on imported natural gas, has emerged as a viable alternative to CNG. The government's SATAT (Sustainable Alternative Towards Affordable Transportation) initiative encourages entrepreneurs to establish CBG plants and supply CBG to Oil Marketing Companies (OMCs) for use as automotive and industrial fuels. As of April 2023, 47 CBG plants have been set up, and 117 retail outlets in India are selling CBG as a transportation fuel. The quality requirements of CBG are governed by IS 16087, aligning with the specifications for automotive CNG defined in IS 15958. To assess the impact of CBG on vehicle performance and emissions, an experimental study was conducted
P, Sakthivel, Mittal, Neeraj, sinha, Prabhakar, Sithananthan, M, Maheshwari, Mukul
Design And Development of EGR Valve Controller for Bench Test2024-26-03481/16/2024
Various emission and fuel economy norms have been introduced worldwide by governments. In India, meeting each revision of Bharat Stage (BS) emission standards and Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) norms is challenging and requires new technologies to be incorporated in IC engines. One such technology used in gasoline engines is EGR (Exhaust gas recirculation). It works by recirculating exhaust gases back into the engine in turn increasing fuel economy and reducing nitrogen oxide emissions. An electronic control unit (ECU) precisely controls EGR valve via stepper motor, regulating the flow of exhaust gases into the engine. Lead screw type unipolar stepper motor is commonly used for the same. Vehicle ECU calculates optimum EGR percentage and decides valve opening, further sequentially engaging stepper motor coils to advance or retract the EGR valve. With advancements in EGR technology there still exists few developmental challenges like operating the EGR valve on a test bench setup
Bhatt, Pancham, kumar, krishan, Kumar, Sahil
On- Board Diagnosis of Improper Reductant Detection in BS6 SCR System Using Virtual Sensor Modelling2024-26-02561/16/2024
Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)is an optimized technology developed to encounter current BS6 Emission Regulations. AdBlue is the reductant used in the SCR Dosing system to eliminate NOx in the Exhaust gas. In order to ensure engine emissions compliance, insufficient or improper reductant in tank required to be detected. The right AdBlue concentration of 32.5% is highly necessary to attain the higher NOX conversion efficiency. Low concentration of the reductant will drastically reduce the NOx conversion in the system. Hence monitoring the AdBlue concentration in the tank itself is more important as per the OBD legislation. This implies on a physical quality sensor in the tank for detecting the reductant concentration. The functionalities of the quality sensor can also be instituted via a virtual software modelling called Improper Reductant Detection (IRD). IRD logic is highly robust and work competently to meet the BS6 stage 2 legislation’s NOx target. The reductant is suspected
YS, Ananthkumar, K, Sabareeswaran, M, Jayashree
Cost Effective Pathways Toward Highly Efficient and Ultra-Clean Diesel Engines, Part II: Air-handling and Exhaust Aftertreatment2024-26-00441/16/2024
Following global trends of increasingly stringent greenhouse gas (GHG) and criteria pollutant regulations, India will likely introduce within the next decade equivalent Bharat Stage (BS) regulations for Diesel engines requiring simultaneous reduction in CO2 emissions and up to 90% reduction in NOx emission from current BS-VI levels. Consequently, automakers are likely to face tremendous challenges in meeting such emission reduction requirements while maintaining performance and vehicle total cost of ownership (TCO), especially in the Indian market which has experienced significant tightening of emission regulation during the past decade. Therefore, it is conceivable that cost effective approaches for improving existing diesel engines platforms for future regulations would be of high strategic importance for automakers. In this second of a two-part article, several component levels advancements are discussed including both engine and the aftertreatment system (ATS). For engine, role of
Kumar, Praveen, Shah, Ashish, Lago, Rafael, Echeverri Marquez, Manuel, Cleary, David, Gothekar, Sanjeev, Thipse, Sukrut S
Optimised Air Management System for Heavy Duty Hydrogen Engines2024-26-01711/16/2024
Many Indian cities are amongst the most polluted cities in the world. Transport sector is identified as one of the major contributors to air pollution. Following the global trend Government of India is also promoting Near Zero Emission fuels with zero CO2 emissions as a way forward to solve the emission problem. With it's policies like Green Hydrogen Mission GOI plans to accelerate the adoption of Hydrogen as fuel in the country. These initiatives have created a breakthrough in development of Hydrogen ICE's by the Indian OEM's. Hydrogen ICE have NOx emissions as the most prominent engine out emissions. NOx emission in Hydrogen engines are very sensitive to operating lambda where after a certain threshold lambda the emissions rise significantly. Therefore the air management system pays a very important role in the hydrogen engine performance & NOx emissions. The study evaluates the various options in turbo charging system for heavy duty Hydrogen engine. As first step 1 stage Variable
Emran, Ashraf, Jagodzinski, Bartosch, Sreedharan, Sajil N, Paranjape, Sumeet, Garg, Shivam, Wagh, Sachin, Sharma, Vijay
Desensorization: A Novel Method for Urea Concentration Deterioration Detection in BSVI Engines2024-26-01541/16/2024
Urea concentration deterioration detection in BSVI engines is vital for maintaining compliance with emission regulations. This paper introduces a groundbreaking desensorization method, which offers numerous benefits in detecting urea concentration deterioration by estimating the drop in catalyst conversion efficiency. Traditionally, urea quality sensors have been employed to measure the absolute concentration of urea in the aqueous solution (Diesel Exhaust Fluid – DEF). This information is used to detect usage of poor quality DEF. However, desensorization eliminates the need for dedicated sensors, reducing complexity, cost, and potential sensor-related errors. The proposed method leverages the strong relationship between catalyst conversion efficiency and urea concentration. By monitoring catalyst inlet and outlet NOx values using NOx sensors, the efficiency of the catalyst can be estimated. This estimation allows for the detection of urea concentration deterioration, ensuring that NOx
Venkat, Harish, Kumar, Gokul Elumalai, Kumar, Kosalaraman, G, Vijayakumar
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