Browse Topic: Hydrocarbons

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OIL AEROSOL EMISSION OPTIMISAITON IN HIGH POWER DIESEL ENGINE USING DEFLECTORS IN TURBO CHARGER OIL DRAIN CIRCUIT2024-26-004701/16/2024
Closed crankcase ventilation prevent harmful gases from entering atmosphere thereby reducing hydrocarbon emissions. Ventilation system carries blowby gases leaking through combustion process along with oil mist to Engine intake system. Major sources of blowby often occurs from leak in combustion chamber through piston rings, leaks from turbo shafts & valve guides. Oil mist carried away by blowby gases gets separated using filtration media. Fleece type separation media has high separation efficiency for particles above 10 microns. Efficiency drops if mist particle is below 10-micron size. Low size aerosol mist generally forms due to flash boiling on piston under crown area and on shafts of turbo charger due to high speeds combined with elevated oil temperatures. High power density diesel engine is taken for our study. It produces low particle size oil mist which contributes to aerosol emission of 3 gm/hr when operated at rated speed. Particle size measurement done using light refraction
M, Velshankar, Dharan R, Bharani, DHADSE, ASHISH, Permude, Ashok, Loganathan, Sekar
Experimental analysis on development of algae based catalytic convertor for ecofriendly environment2022-28-048111/18/2022
Due to increased use of automobiles in some of the major cities had resulted in serious concerns about urban air quality caused by engine exhaust gas emissions and also more harmful species derived from them via photochemical reactions. The three main exhaust gas pollutants derived from exhaust emissions are hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides. Engine modifications are not alone sufficient to control them therefore the catalytic systems are introduced to do this. But the biggest limitation of regular catalytic convertor is the use of precious metals like platinum, titanium, palladium etc. in this article an algae based catalytic convertor is fabricated and experimentally tested. The conducted analysis and experiments shows that algae based catalytic convertor is indeed a best substitute to the regular catalytic convertor. The CO2 emission was reduced from 0.9 vol % to 0.2 vol % and the CO emission was reduced from 14.22 vol % to 0.68 vol%.
Lucas, Annagowsalya
IMPROVEMENT OF SCR THERMAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AND REDUCTION OF EMISSIONS THROUGH COMBUSTION OPTIMIZATION2022-28-048211/18/2022
Meeting advanced emission norms involves multiple techniques and it has always been a challenging task on attaining the same. Improving the exhaust temperature is indispensable in order to enhance better conversion efficiency on the after treatment systems. This paper clearly investigates on the various strategies involved in order to improve the temperatures of selective catalytic reduction and post injection techniques to meet the emission norms. On the basis of MIDC operation, key load points were selected and split injections with three pulses were implemented. The variation of both the post injection timing and quantity were performed in this paper in order to evaluate the optimum output. The effect of post injection timing and quantity variation on hydrocarbon emissions, carbon monoxide, diesel oxidation catalyst temperatures was observed on all load points. The above strategy was also evaluated on generating the pressure crank angle data. SCR efficiency improvement was
Anbarasu, Muthusamy, Shangar Ramani, Vagesh
Design and Computational Investigations of Aerobot for Titan with maneuverability using momentum wheel and propeller equipped with droppable weather stations 2022-26-119105/26/2022
Titan, Saturn’s largest moon and the only celestial body which is found to have a landmass composed of liquid hydrocarbons. Nitrogen – The building block of all life that exists on earth is found to be abundant in Titan’s atmosphere of up to 97%. Aerobots provide a great platform for exploring a celestial body with an atmosphere such as Titan. They have modest power requirements, longer mission duration, and can cover a longer distance in a shorter time. They are powered by Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator for optimal mission life. Aerobot’s altitude can be altered by varying the temperature of the air inside the balloon and yaw can be controlled using Reaction Wheel and a motor-driven propeller for forwarding thrust. The proposed Aerobot will be equipped with four miniature deployable fixed weather stations that can be dropped from the aerobot to titan’s surface. They can be deployed at diverse locations such as the equator and Polar Regions to deeply explore the Titan’s climate
Raja, Manoj Kumar, Sivasankaran, Abinash Nataraj, Saravana Mohan, Haribalan, Thangavel, Sabari, R, Vijayanandh, Gnanasekaran, Raj Kumar
Numerical Investigations on Split Injection Strategies to Reduce Unburned Hydrocarbon Emissions of a Premixed Charge Compression Ignited Light-Duty Small-Bore Diesel Engine 2022-01-055303/29/2022
Premixed Charge Compression Ignition (PCCI) is a promising low-temperature combustion (LTC) strategy to achieve a simultaneous reduction in oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and soot emissions without relying on after-treatment devices. One of the significant shortcomings of PCCI operation is a high unburned hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions resulting from fuel spray-wall impingement due to early injection of diesel. Narrow-angle direct injection (NADI) helps in reducing the wall wetting of fuel. But it is effective only at lower loads. At mid and higher loads, it increases soot and CO emissions in small-bore diesel engines due to the formation of fuel-rich pockets in the piston bowl region. The present study intends to address this problem using a split injection strategy. A 3-D CFD model is developed and validated with experimental data at two load conditions. Simulations are performed using a commercial CONVERGE CFD software. Split injection strategies are explored using
Pradeep, V, Krishnasamy, Anand
Engine-Out Measurements and In-Cylinder Imaging of Cold-Start Particulate and Gaseous Emissions in a Single-Cylinder DISI Engine 2022-01-052203/29/2022
Strategies to mitigate cold-start emissions are critical to meet stringent standards for particulate and regulated gaseous emissions from direct injection spark ignition (DISI) engines. The objective of the current work was to establish an experimental protocol for cold-start studies and to identify the in-cylinder phenomena important during engine warming in terms of engine power and stability and engine-out particulates, NOx, and unburned hydrocarbon emissions. Metal-engine experiments were conducted at T = 20 oC to quantify the sensitivity of the performance of a single-cylinder engine to timing of a strategy using two injection events per power cycle and late spark ignition. The results showed strong sensitivity to the timing of the second injection event and weak sensitivity to the timing of the first injection. Complementary high-speed imaging experiments were conducted with the same engine where the fuel spray and combustion characteristics were visualized during cold-start
Gutierrez, Luis G., Wooldridge, Margaret S., Petersen, Benjamin R., Wooldridge, Steven T.
Global kinetic modeling of a commercial DOC based on a reduced synthetic gas bench protocol2022-01-067503/29/2022
Various techniques are constantly being devised to accelerate model generation leading to shorter product development cycle. This work proposes and implements a reduced synthetic gas bench (SGB) test protocol for a commercial Pt-Pd diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) that can be used to develop global reaction kinetics. The kinetics thus developed were implemented in a 1D model to predict DOC emissions accurately over a wide operating window. Hydrocarbons (HCs) in the exhaust were categorized as Propylene (C3H6) representing partially oxidized hydrocarbons and n-Decane (C10H22) representing unburnt fuel. Test protocols were defined using the order of inhibition of the various species present in the exhaust, namely, CO, NOx (NO+NO2) and HC for the specific reaction under consideration. The oxidation reactions for CO and HCs were found to be inhibited competitively by CO and HCs; both the NOx species inhibited these reactions to the same extent. The NO oxidation reaction was found to be
DESAI, CHINTAN, Sampara, Chaitanya, Vernham, Bruce, Chowdhury, Kamal, Kadam, Vaibhav
Study of Fuel in Oil Dilution Due to Aftertreatment Regeneration in Automotive Diesel Engine2021-26-018409/22/2021
The Bharat Stage VI emission norms in India is driving the use of more complex after treatment systems for diesel engines. The after-treatment system typically includes DOC, DPF and SCR to reduce the engine out hydrocarbon, particulates & NOx respectively. For a durable functioning of the after-treatment system, cleaning of these components at regular intervals is required. One such method is to burn the diesel fuel inside DOC, to clean the DPF and SCR, a process called regeneration. Regeneration involves using extra diesel fuel injected into the exhaust stream, which gets oxidized in the DOC thereby regenerating the DPF or SCR. Present technology uses the existing injectors in the diesel engine for regeneration which is cost effective and simpler compared to the external hydrocarbon dosing system. In-cylinder hydrocarbon dosing is associated with the risk of fuel getting mixed with engine oil. This happens because the regeneration fuel is injected in the exhaust stroke where the
Vinay P, Ashwyn, Verma, Utkarsh, Goswami, Imon, Suresh, Swathy
An Investigation of Emission Species over a Diesel Oxidation Catalyst Using Flow Reversal Strategy2021-01-060604/06/2021
With the increasing demand of emission reductions from the automotive industry, advanced after-treatment strategies have been investigated to overcome the challenges associated with meeting increasingly stringent emission regulations. Ongoing investigations on low temperature combustion (LTC) strategies are being researched to meet future emission regulations, however, the lowered exhaust temperature presents an even greater issue for exhaust after-treatment due to the change in combustion modes. Catalyst temperature is critical for the catalytic ability to maintain effective conversion efficiency of regulated emissions. The use of periodic flow reversal has shown benefits of maintaining catalyst temperature by alternating the exhaust flow direction through the catalytic converter, reducing the catalyst sensitivity to inlet gas temperature fluctuations. Cyclically alternating the exhaust flow direction can produce a thermal wave, elevating the central catalyst temperature above the
Hesketh, Cavan, Liang, Li, Sandhu, Navjot Singh, Han, Xiaoye, Wang, Meiping, Zheng, Ming
Comparison of Emissions Measurement Methods based on Chassis Dynamometer Testing2021-01-061104/06/2021
Engine and vehicle tailpipe emissions can be measured in laboratories equipped with engine dynamometers and chassis dynamometers, respectively. In addition to laboratory testing, there is an increase in interest to measure on-road vehicle emissions using portable emissions measurement systems in order to determine real-driving emissions. Current methods to quantify engine, vehicle tailpipe, and real-driving emissions include the raw continuous, dilute continuous, and dilute bag measurement methods. Although the dilute bag measurement method is robust, recent improvements to the raw and dilute continuous measurement methods can account for the time delay between the probe tip and analyzer in addition to gas transport dynamics in order to reliably recover the tailpipe concentration signals. These improvements significantly increase the reliability of results using the raw and dilute continuous measurement methods, making them possible alternatives to the bag method. This paper
Vais, Joseph, Iyer, Suresh
Synthesis of Fuel Systems Boron-Containing Metalized Fuels for Vehicles2020-01-215509/15/2020
Ensuring the highest efficiency and power trains performance of vehicles remains the most important function of their creators. It is currently difficult to deny the fact that there are limited hydrocarbon reserves for fuel production, and these reserves are constantly decreasing. In addition, the specific energy intensity of hydrocarbon fuel is insufficient for the effective operation of power trains of transport for different invironments such as outer space or inert atmosphere. Intensive development of promising kind of transport caused by the complexity of human activities and the need for simultaneous movement in various alternating environments (movement on land, in water, in airless space). To solve this problem, it is proposed to search for substitutes for hydrocarbon fuels. We have investigated the possibilities of using boron-containing metallized fuels. Boron-containing fuel was used as the main fuel. The optimal concentration of boron and the most effective metallized
Dudukalov, Yuri, Ternyuk, Mykola, Kholodov, Mykhailo, Hlushkova, Diana, Bushnov, Valery, Sorokin, Volodymyr, Kalashnikov, Yevhen, Savchenkov, Borys
A Study on the Performance and Emissions of HCCI Oxy-Fuel Combustion in a CFR Engine with Recirculated Carbon Dioxide2020-01-206509/15/2020
Stringent emission regulations and the anticipated climate change call for a paradigm shift in the design of the conventional internal combustion engines. One way to combat this problem is oxy-fuel combustion in which the combustion products are mainly water vapor and carbon dioxide. Water vapor can be easily separated by condensation and carbon dioxide is then easily captured and stored. However, many technical challenges are associated with this mode of combustion. There are many challenges facing oxy-fuel combustion before it find its way to commercial production especially for internal combustion engines. One such challenge is the relatively high temperature of the oxy-fuel combustion. A solution to this problem is the recirculation of the generated CO2 to moderate the in-cylinder temperature. Therefore, careful study of the effect of recirculating the CO2 back to combustion chamber is needed before the implementation of such a concept. This study is a continuation of a previous
Mohammed, Abdulrahman, Elkhazraji, Ali, Jan, Sufyan, Johansson, Bengt
The Impact of Driving Resistances on the Emission of Exhaust Pollutants from Vehicles with the Spark Ignition Engine Fuelled with Petrol and LPG2020-01-220609/15/2020
One of the important factors affecting exhaust emissions of car engines is driving resistance. A certain problem during the tests bench according to the driving cycle is the road load curve function, which is determined based on various methods. In the paper, the results of studies of the impact of the driving resistances on the exhaust gas emissions of CO (carbon monoxide), CO2 (carbon dioxide), THC (total hydrocarbons), NOx (nitrogen oxides) emitted by passenger cars with a SI engine, fuelled with petrol and LPG were presented. Tests were carried out in chassis dynamometer for road load coefficient determined by the road method and for type approval alternative method. The research was realized for NEDC (New European Driving Cycle) cold start tests for EURO 3 and EURO 6 standards vehicles. Results show that CO2, CO and THC emissions for tests realized by dyno settings based on road load are higher than for tests with dyno settings by the alternative method of the load. Therefore, it
Jaworski, Artur, Mądziel, Maksymilian, Kuszewski, Hubert, Lejda, Kazimierz, Jaremcio, Mirosław, Balawender, Krzysztof, Jakubowski, Mirosław, Wos, Pawel, Lew, Krzysztof
Blending Behavior of Hydrocarbon and Oxygenate Molecules to Optimize RON and MON for Modern Spark-Ignition Engines (SI)2020-01-214509/15/2020
Gasoline blending is known to be complicated, because individual gasoline fractions with different octane numbers, Research Octane Number (RON) or Motor Octane Number (MON) do not always blend linearly. Instead, they may blend non-linearly, in a synergistic or antagonistic manner. Even though RON and MON are regulated properties, linear and non-linear octane blending is not a broadly understood topic. The target in the developing process of a modern SI engine is to have 100% combustion efficiency which would lead to the reduction of hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions. Therefore, the properties of gasoline, especially RON and MON, need to be optimized to ensure proper ignition in the engine and prevent harmful autoignition reactions. There are hundreds of hydrocarbons in gasoline which have different octane numbers (ON). The explanations for these variations are the structural differences in hydrocarbon molecules that influence on their reactivity. For instance, longer n
Knuutila, Lotta, Kaario, Ossi, Larmi, Martti, Santasalo-Aarnio, Annukka, Karvo, Anna, Kiiski, Ulla
Ecological Comparison of Domestic Travel by Air and Road Transport2020-01-213709/15/2020
The article describes issues related to the impact of transport means on the environment. These issues are currently very popular due to the increasing public awareness of the negative environmental and health effects associated with air pollution. The authors estimated specific emissions in passenger-kilometers, considering a domestic travel by air and road transport. The analyzed route is located between the Polish cities: Gdansk and Cracow. The selected route is long by domestic travel standards, but in that travel distance, the road transport is still competitive to the air transport. Selected means of transport belong to popular representatives in their classes. As a road vehicle, the authors selected a modern passenger car powered by a spark ignition engine, meeting the Euro 6 emission standard. Among the passenger aircrafts, an object which belongs small jet aircrafts, propelled with Rolls-Royce Tay 611C jet engines was selected. As the strength of this article, it is important
Nowak, Mateusz, Jasiński, Remigiusz
Comparison of the Effects of Different Biofuels on the Oxidation Stability of a Hydrocarbon Fuel2020-01-210109/15/2020
In this work, the effects of the addition of biofuels belonging to different chemical families on the oxidation stability of a conventional fuel surrogate (n-decane) have been investigated. Experiments have been performed in a PetroOxy apparatus, which is one of the references Rapid Small Scale Oxidation Test of the ASTM 7545 methods. When the pressure in the cell of the device decreases by 10% of the maximum pressure recorded, the time measured to reach this target value defines the Induction Period (IP). IP constitutes a quantitative measure of the oxidation stability of the fuel. In addition to the IP measurements for each biofuel / hydrocarbon fuel blend, organic peroxides produced in the liquid sample were quantified at the IP, using iodometric titration and ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry. Different oxygenated biofuels have been studied in this work: diethyl ether, n-butanol, and cyclopentanone. Cyclohexane addition has also been considered to probe the effects of a non
El-Sayah, Zaki, Glaude, Pierre-Alexandre, Fournet, René, Sirjean, Baptiste
Comparison of Partial and Total Dilution Systems for the Measurement of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Hydrocarbon Speciation in Diesel Exhaust2020-01-219009/15/2020
Two methods of sampling exhaust emissions are typically used for characterizing emissions from diesel engines: total dilution which uses a constant volume sampling (CVS) system and partial flow dilution which relies on proportionally diluting a small part from the main exhaust stream. The CVS dilutes the entire exhaust flow to a constant volumetric flowrate which allows for proportional sampling of the exhaust species during transient engine operation. For partial dilution sampling during transient engine operation, obtaining a proportional sample is more rigorous and dilution of the extracted sample must be continuously changed throughout the cycle in order for the extracted sample flowrate to be proportional to the continuously changing exhaust flow. Typically, regulated emissions measured using both methods for an engine platform have shown good correlation. The focus for this work was on the experimental investigation of the two methods for the measurement of unregulated species. A
Fanick, E. Robert, Premnath, Vinay
Modeling of Unburned Hydrocarbon Emission in a Di Diesel Engine Using Neural Networks2020-01-200309/15/2020
The reduction in the toxic pollutant emissions in diesel engine exhaust gas is one of the main tasks of designers. Toxic substances emitted in diesel exhaust are, among other things, hydrocarbons. Reducing their emissions can be achieved by affecting the exhaust gases or reducing their formation in the combustion chamber. One method is to change the control parameters of the fuel injection process. In the present study, the direct injection diesel engine with a displacement of 1850 ccm was tested. The diesel engine was equipped with a prototype common rail injection system, allowing for the injection of a fuel quantity divided into three parts during one engine working cycle. Each part can be injected when the injector opens at certain injection advance angles. This results in six different control parameters. Such a number of parameters means a large number of combinations. Therefore, in order to cover the entire operating range of the engine, a number of measurements should be
Balawender, Krzysztof, Ustrzycki, Adam, Lejda, Kazimierz, Jakubowski, Mirosław, Jaworski, Artur, Kuszewski, Hubert, Siedlecka, Sylwia, Zielińska, Edyta
Predictive Models of Intake Valve and Combustion Chamber Deposit Formation Tendency Based on Gasoline Fuel Composition2020-01-209709/15/2020
Internal engine deposits are predominantly the product of incomplete combustion of fuel and have the potential to negatively impact engine performance and exhaust emissions. The ability to expeditiously screen fuels for their deposit formation tendency would be advantageous. This paper presents Partial Least Squares (PLS) computational models with the ability to predict the degree of deposit formation tendency from the hydrocarbon composition of gasoline fuels. Furthermore, the relationship between gasoline fuel and Intake Valve Deposits (IVD) and Combustion Chamber Deposits (CCD) that form in Port Fuel Injected (PFI) engines is explored. The models utilize detailed hydrocarbon analysis (DHA) to resolve the complex mixture of hydrocarbons for different model fuels, which are correlated to ten years of engine data collected from a port fuel injected engine. CCD and IVD models were built using DHA data from 17 model fuels and validated with an additional 20 validation fuels for the CCD
Morlan, Brian, Smocha, Ruth, Lorenz, Robert
Impact of Post-Injection Parameters on Soot and Hydrocarbon Emissions in a Common-Rail Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine2020-01-037404/14/2020
In this paper, based on a direct injection (DI) diesel engine, soot and exhaust gaseous emissions were measured by a smoke meter and multi-component gas analyzer based on Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy under post-injection condition. The post-injection timing changed from 20 crank angle degree (CAD) after top dead center (ATDC) to 120 CAD ATDC, and the post-injection mass was set to either 5mg, 10mg or 15mg, to find a suitable post-injection strategy in a wide assessment range based on diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) coupled diesel particle filter (DPF) after-treatment technology demands, considering emission reduction and after-treatment gas atmosphere investigation. The results showed that post-injection could achieve NOx emission reduction, up to 14%. Besides, post-injection led to worsening soot emissions, and more hydrocarbon (HC) emissions were detected compared to the condition without the post-injection. With the post-injection, a higher concentration of
Pan, Wang, Wu, Yan, Jing, Yi, Zizeng, Huang
Effect of Oil Viscosity and Driving Mode on Oil Dilution and Transient Emissions Including Particle Number in Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle2020-01-036204/14/2020
Plug-in electric vehicle (PHEV) has a promising prospect to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emission and optimize engine operating in high-efficiency region. According to the maximum electric power and all-electric range, PHEVs are divided into two categories, including “all-electric PHEV” and “blended PHEV” and the latter provides a potential for more rational energy distribution because engine participates in vehicle driving during aggressive acceleration not just by motor. However, the frequent use of engine may result in severe emissions especially in low state of charge (SOC) and ahead of catalyst light-off. This study quantitatively investigates the impact of oil viscosity and driving mode (hybrid/conventional) on oil dilution and emissions including particle number (PN). Two cycles, WLTC (World-wide Harmonized Light Duty Driving Test Cycle) and continuous ECE 15 (European Driving Cycle), were adopted and initial SOC was controlled in the range of 10-13%, which can induce more engine
Fan, Qinhao, Wang, Yunfei, Xiao, Jianhua, Wang, Zhi, Li, Weizi, Jia, Tian, Zheng, Bin, Taylor, Robert
Fluid, Jet ReferenceAMS2629F (Current)03/12/2020
This specification covers a mixture of liquid hydrocarbons and soluble additives.
AMS G9 Aerospace Sealing Committee
Experimental and Computational Study of DOC on CSF for Heavy Duty Diesel Applications2019-01-058604/02/2019
For diesel exhaust aftertreatment applications with space limitations, as well as to move the selective catalytic reduction system (SCR) to a warmer location closer to the engine, DOC on CSF technology can be used. This technology combines the diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) and catalyzed soot filter (CSF) functionalities in one component, thereby enabling volume reduction. DOC on CSF maintains the abatement of hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and particulate matter (PM), and the oxidation of nitric oxide (NO) to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) for passive soot oxidation and fast SCR reaction of NOx on a downstream SCR catalyst. In this study, the performance of DOC on CSF was compared to a DOC + bare diesel particulate filter (DPF) and a DOC + CSF system, to understand the performance benefits and challenges. All the components were optimized individually for their respective functions. The DOC on CSF was optimized for NO oxidation and passive soot oxidation performance. Experimental
Sethuraman, Sharan, Sitamraju, Siddarth, Lopez-De Jesus, Yaritza M, Markatou, Penelope
EDITORIAL: Kill the EV tax credit by 202519AUTP03_0603/01/2019
What role should government play in shifting consumer demand to cleaner forms of mobility? For the past decade, federal tax credits of up to $7,500 have helped woo a miniscule percentage of U.S. buyers into the plug-in electric-vehicle (EV) fold. The tax credits were key to the Obama administration's plan to have 1 million EVs on the road by 2015. That goal wasn't achieved until 2018, when U.S. market share of EVs reached a heady 2.1%-up from 0.62% in 2013.
Brooke, Lindsay
Visual Analyses of End of Injection Liquid Structures and the Behaviour of Nozzle Surface-Bound Fuel in a Direct Injection Diesel Engine2019-01-005901/15/2019
For efficiency, the majority of modern diesel engines implement multiple injection strategies, increasing the frequency of transient injection phases and thus, end of injection (EOI) events. Recent advances in diagnostic techniques have identified several EOI phenomena pertinent to nozzle surface wetting as a precursor for deposit formation and a potential contributor towards pollutant emissions. To investigate the underlying processes, highspeed optical measurements at the microscopic scale were performed inside a motored diesel engine under low load/idling conditions. Visualisation of the injector nozzle surface and near nozzle region permitted an indepth analysis of the post-injection phenomena and the behaviour of fuel films on the nozzle surface when the engine is not fired. Inspection of the high-speed video data enabled an interpretation of the fluid dynamics leading to surface wetting, elucidating the mechanisms of deposition and spreading. As the needle re-seated, the abrupt
Sykes, Dan, de Sercey, Guillaume, Gold, Martin, Pearson, Richard, Crua, Cyril
CFD Analysis of a Port Fuel Injection IC Engine to Study Air-Fuel Mixture Preparation and Its Impact on Hydrocarbon Emission and Mixture Homogeneity in Combustion Chamber2018-32-000510/30/2018
At part load conditions, effective utilization of fuel is critical for drivability of an IC engine driven automobile, with minimum emissions and fuel consumption. It becomes cardinal to study the mixture preparation in engines to understand the injection strategy that helps in achieving the prime objectives of lower emission and reliable operation. To add to the complexity of the problem being studied, the injection phenomenon is rapid, turbulent, multi-phase, two-way coupled (where the continuous phase affects the droplets and vice versa) and involves turbulence length scales and time scales, few orders of magnitude lower compared to the characteristic length in the turbulence integral scale. A methodology is developed in Star-CD and ES-ICE to simulate the mixture preparation in Port Fuel Injection (PFI) engines. High quality mixture preparation which is essential for combustion stability and lower emissions is aimed at part load conditions which constitute the majority of driving
G B, Arivazhagan, Garg, Manish
Experimental Investigation on the Potentiality of a GDI System Applied to a Two-Stroke Engine: Analysis on Pollutant Emission and Fuel Consumption Reduction2018-32-004710/30/2018
The small two-stroke engine represents a strategic typology of propulsion system for applications in which lightweight and high power density are required. However, the conventional two-stroke engine will not be compliant with forthcoming legislations about pollutant emissions and new solutions, such as electrification, are seriously taken into account by industry to overcome the two-stroke engine drawbacks. In this scenario, a promising way to allow the two-stroke engine to be competitive is represented by the use of direct injection systems, in order to overcome the long-standing issue of short circuiting fuel. The authors in previous studies developed a low-pressure direct injection (LPDI) system for a 300 cm3 two-stroke engine that was ensuring the same power output of the engine in carbureted configuration and raw pollutant emissions consistent with a four-stroke engine of similar performance. The main drawbacks of the system were the large time required for delivering the fuel
Romani, Luca, Balduzzi, Francesco, Ferrara, Giovanni, Bosi, Lorenzo, Di Gioia, Rita, Bonandrini, Giovanni, Fiaschi, Jacopo, Tozzi, Federico
Application of Genetic Algorithm for the Calibration of the Kinetic Scheme of a Diesel Oxidation Catalyst Model2018-01-176209/10/2018
In this work, a methodology for building and calibrating the kinetic scheme for the 1D CFD model of a zone-coated automotive Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC) by means of a Genetic Algorithm (GA) approach is presented. The methodology consists of a preliminary experimental activity followed by a modelling, optimization and validation process. The tested aftertreatment component presents zone coating, with the front brick side covered with Zeolites in order to ensure hydrocarbons trapping at low temperature, and Platinum Group Metal (PGM), while the rear brick side presents an alumina washcoat with a different PGM loading. Reactor scale samples representative of each coating zone were tested on a Synthetic Gas Bench (SGB), to fully characterize the component’s behavior in terms of Light-off and hydrocarbons (HC) storage for a wide range of inlet feed compositions and temperatures, representative of engine-out conditions. On the modeling side, a 1D-CFD model of the component was built in
Millo, Federico, Rafigh, Mahsa, Sapio, Francesco, Barrientos, Eduardo J., Ferreri, Paolo
Effects of an On-Board Safety Device on the Emissions and Fuel Consumption of a Light Duty Vehicle2018-01-182109/10/2018
Vehicle emissions and fuel consumption are significantly affected by driving behavior. Many studies of eco-driving technology such as eco-driving training, driving simulators and on-board eco-driving devices have reported potential reductions in emissions and fuel consumption. Use of on-board safety devices is mainly for safety, but also affects vehicle emissions and fuel consumption. In this study, an on-board safety device was installed to alert the driver and provide several types of warning to the driver (e.g. headway monitoring warning, lane collision warning, speed limit warning, etc.) to improve driving behavior. A portable emissions measurement system (PEMS) was used to measure vehicle exhaust concentrations, including hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). The driving parameters including vehicle speed, acceleration and position were also recorded. A specific test route was designed for the experiment to investigate both urban
Ng, Cheuk Yin, Huang, Yuhan, Hong, Guang, Zhou, John, Surawski, Nic, Ho, Jackson, Chan, Edward
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Diesel Engine Exhaust Both with and without Aftertreatment2018-01-181209/10/2018
Since the conception of the internal combustion engine, smoky and ill-smelling exhaust was prevalent. Over the last century, significant improvements have been made in improving combustion and in treating the exhaust to reduce these effects. One group of compounds typically found in exhaust, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), usually occurs at very low concentrations in diesel engine exhaust. Some of these compounds are considered carcinogenic, and most are considered hazardous air pollutants (HAP). Many methods have been developed for sampling, handling, and analyzing PAH. For this study, an improved method for dilute exhaust sampling was selected for sampling the PAH in diesel engine exhaust. This sampling method was used during transient engine operation both with and without aftertreatment to show the effect of aftertreatment. A total of 23 different PAH were measured using a 2012 medium-duty diesel engine equipped with a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC), a diesel particulate
Fanick, E. Robert, Kroll, Svitlana
Strategies to Define Surrogate Fuels for the Description of the Multicomponent Evaporation Behavior of Hydrocarbon Fuels2018-01-169209/10/2018
The scope of this work is to propose a methodology to define multicomponent surrogate mixtures which describe the main evaporation characteristics of real gasoline fuels. Since real fuels are commonly complex mixtures with hundreds or thousands of hydrocarbons, their exact composition is generally not known. Only global characteristics are standardized. An accurate modeling of such complex mixtures in 3D-CFD requires the definition of a suitable surrogate. So far, surrogate mixtures have mostly been defined based on their combustion properties, such as ignition delay or burning velocity, irrespective of their evaporation characteristics. For this reason, in this work, a systematic study is carried out to develop a methodology to define mixtures of representative components that mimic the evaporation behavior of real fuels. Specifically, the following aspects are analyzed: the necessary number and type of the surrogate components, the definition of optimization targets representing the
Pati, Andrea, Gierth, Sandro, Haspel, Philip, Hasse, Christian, Munier, Jerome
Effect of Lubricant Oil on Particle Emissions from a Gasoline Direct Injection Light-Duty Vehicle2018-01-170809/10/2018
Gasoline direction injection (GDI) engines have been widely used by light-duty vehicle manufacturers in recent years to meet stringent fuel economy and emissions standards. Particulate Matter (PM) mass emissions from current GDI engines are primarily composed of soot particles or black carbon with a small fraction (15% to 20%) of semi-volatile hydrocarbons generated from unburned/partially burned fuel and lubricating oil. Between 2017 and 2025, PM mass emissions regulations in the USA are expected to become progressively more stringent going down from current level of 6 mg/mile to 1 mg/mile in 2025. As PM emissions are reduced through soot reduction, lubricating oil derived semi-volatile PM is expected to become a bigger fraction of total PM mass emissions. The primary objective of this research was to study the effect of lubricating oil on PM emissions from a modern light-duty vehicle equipped with a GDI engine without a GPF with a PM emission level near 1 mg/mile which is well below
Premnath, Vinay, Khalek, Imad, Morgan, Peter, Michlberger, Alexander, Sutton, Mike, Vincent, Paul
Passive Hydrocarbon Trap to Enable SULEV-30 Tailpipe Emissions from a Flex-Fuel Vehicle on E85 Fuel2018-01-094404/03/2018
Future LEV-III tailpipe (TP) emission regulations pose an enormous challenge forcing the fleet average of light-duty vehicles produced in the 2025 model year to perform at the super ultralow emission vehicle (SULEV-30) certification levels (versus less than 20% produced today). To achieve SULEV-30, regulated TP emissions of non-methane organic gas (NMOG) hydrocarbons (HCs) and oxygenates plus oxides of nitrogen (NOx) must be below a combined 30 mg/mi (18.6 mg/km) standard as measured on the federal emissions certification cycle (FTP-75). However, when flex-fuel vehicles use E85 fuel instead of gasoline, NMOG emissions at cold start are nearly doubled, before the catalytic converter is active. Passive HC traps (HCTs) are a potential solution to reduce TP NMOG emissions. The conventional HCT design was modified by changing the zeolite chemistry so as to improve HC retention coupled with more efficient combustion during the desorption phase. Increased trapping efficiently was achieved by
Lupescu, Jason, Xu, Lifeng, Nunan, John, Alltizer, Chad
A New Catalyzed HC Trap Technology that Enhances the Conversion of Gasoline Fuel Cold-Start Emissions2018-01-093804/03/2018
Passive in-line catalyzed hydrocarbon (HC) traps have been used by some manufacturers in the automotive industry to reduce regulated tailpipe (TP) emissions of non-methane organic gas (NMOG) during engine cold-start conditions. However, most NMOG molecules produced during gasoline combustion are only weakly adsorbed via physisorption onto the zeolites typically used in a HC trap. As a consequence, NMOG desorption occurs at low temperatures resulting in the use of very high platinum group metal (PGM) loadings in an effort to combust NMOG before it escapes from a HC trap. In the current study, a 2.0 L direct-injection (DI) Ford Focus running on gasoline fuel was evaluated with full useful life aftertreatment where the underbody converter was either a three-way catalyst (TWC) or a HC trap. A new HC trap technology developed by Ford and Umicore demonstrated reduced TP NMOG emissions of 50% over the TWC-only system without any increase in oxides of oxygen (NOx) emissions. Other HC trap
Lupescu, Jason, Xu, Lifeng, Jen, Hung-Wen, Harwell, Amy, Nunan, John, Alltizer, Chad, Denison, Gregory
Efficiency and Emissions Characteristics of an HCCI Engine Fueled by Primary Reference Fuels2018-01-125504/03/2018
This article investigates the effects of various primary reference fuel (PRF) blends, compression ratios, and intake temperatures on the thermodynamics and performance of homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion in a Cooperative Fuels Research (CFR) engine. Combustion phasing was kept constant at a CA50 phasing of 5° after top dead center (aTDC) and the equivalence ratio was kept constant at 0.3. Meanwhile, the compression ratio varied from 8:1 to 15:1 as the PRF blends ranged from pure n-heptane to nearly pure isooctane. The intake temperature was used to match CA50 phasing. In addition to the experimental results, a GT-Power model was constructed to simulate the experimental engine and the model was validated against the experimental data. The GT-Power model and simulation results were used to help analyze the energy flows and thermodynamic conditions tested in the experiment. The results indicate that an increase of compression ratio causes higher thermal efficiency
Yang, Ruinan, Hariharan, Deivanayagam, Zilg, Steven, Lawler, Benjamin, Mamalis, Sotirios
Benefits of Pd Doped Zeolites for Cold Start HC/NOx Emission Reductions for Gasoline and E85 Fueled Vehicles2018-01-094804/03/2018
In the development of HC traps (HCT) for reducing vehicle cold start hydrocarbon (HC)/nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions, zeolite-based adsorbent materials were studied as key components for the capture and release of the main gasoline-type HC/NOx species in the vehicle exhaust gas. Typical zeolite materials capture and release certain HC and NOx species at low temperatures (<200°C), which is lower than the light-off temperature of a typical three-way catalyst (TWC) (≥250°C). Therefore, a zeolite alone is not effective in enhancing cold start HC/NOx emission control. We have found that a small amount of Pd (<0.5 wt%) dispersed in the zeolite (i.e., BEA) can significantly increase the conversion efficiency of certain HC/NOx species by increasing their release temperature. Pd was also found to modify the adsorption process from pure physisorption to chemisorption and may have played a role in the transformation of the adsorbed HCs to higher molecular weight species. Both these processes led
Xu, Lifeng, Lupescu, Jason, Ura, Justin, Harwell, Amy, Paxton, William A., Nunan, John, Alltizer, Chad
System and Second Law Analysis of the Effects of Reformed Fuel Composition in “Single” Fuel RCCI Combustion2018-01-026404/03/2018
Dual-fuel reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) combustion is a promising method to achieve high efficiency with near-zero NOx and soot emissions; however, the requirement to carry two fuels on board limits practical application. Advancements in catalytic reforming have demonstrated the ability to generate syngas (a mixture of CO and hydrogen) from a single hydrocarbon stream. This syngas mixture can then be used as the low reactivity fuel stream to enable single fuel RCCI combustion. The present effort uses a combination of engine experiments and system level modeling to investigate reformed fuel RCCI combustion. The impact of reformer composition is investigated by varying the syngas composition from 10% H2 to approximately 80% H2. The results of the investigation show that reformed fuel RCCI combustion is possible over a wide range of H2/CO ratios. A system level and second law analysis are performed on the highest efficiency operating points, and comparisons are made
Dal Forno Chuahy, Flavio, Kokjohn, Sage
Intermediate Combustion Modes between Conventional Diesel and RCCI2018-01-024904/03/2018
In recent years, several unconventional fueling modes have been developed for dual-fuel compression ignition (CI) engines. One such mode is reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI), which utilizes both a low-reactivity fuel (LRF) and a high-reactivity fuel (HRF) via separate injection systems. RCCI has been tested with many fuels, but there have been relatively few tests on the intermediate modes that exist in between RCCI and conventional diesel combustion (CDC). For this purpose, a quantitative classification system of fueling modes was created and used to test incremental changes in the fueling mode of a 1.9L General Motors (GM) turbodiesel engine, shifting between CDC and RCCI at a single speed/load point. This engine used a 5:2 mass ratio blend of propane and dimethyl ether (DME) as its LRF and ultra-low-sulfur diesel (ULSD) as its HRF. The results confirm previous findings that RCCI can achieve improvements in thermal efficiency, nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions, and soot
Martin, Jonathan, Boehman, Andre, Topkar, Rutvik, Chopra, Sumit, Subramaniam, Uday, Chen, Heng
Development of Highly Durable Zeolites as Hydrocarbon Trap Materials for Automotive Catalysts2018-01-094704/03/2018
Low-temperature activity is an important requirement for automotive catalysts. In particular, most of the tailpipe emissions occur right after the engine starts (cold emissions). These emissions can be effectively reduced by using a trap material such as zeolite for hydrocarbon (HC) adsorption [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]. However, using zeolite as a trap material in automotive catalyst is limited due to its low durability under hydrothermal aging conditions. That is the reason why zeolites can be often used for diesel engines which usually run at lower temperature than the gasoline engines during entire mode driving. In most cases, zeolites need to be placed away from large thermal loads in order to take advantage of their adsorption abilities. In general, the thermal endurance of close-coupled catalysts for gasoline powered vehicles proceeds at about 1000 °C in the presence of water. Under these conditions, the zeolite structure would be decomposed by the dissociation of aluminum from
Endo, Yoshinori, Nishikawa, Joe, Iwakura, Hironori, Inamura, Masaaki, Wakabayashi, Takashi, Nakahara, Yuunosuke, Ogasawara, Masataka, Kato, Sumio
2021-12-29.TEST Study of CO 2 /Hydrocarbons Mixture as the Working Fluids for Engine Waste Heat Recovery2018-01-004904/03/2018
Transcritical Rankine cycle (TRC) is a promising technology for the engine waste heat recovery due to its good temperature matching ability for the waste heat sources. As for the high-temperature engine exhaust, working fluids selection has been an essential issue without a good solution. It was found in this research that mixtures of CO2 and small molecule hydrocarbons are the potential working fluids for the engine waste heat recovery, since they have good chemical stability and thermal performance. Besides, CO2 can be used as the retardant to suppress the flammability of hydrocarbons to ensure safety. In this research, CO2 mixed with five small molecule hydrocarbons are proposed as the working fluids. A thermodynamic model of TRC system is established to evaluate the thermal performance of those mixtures. The effects of mass fraction of CO2, turbine inlet temperature and pressure are investigated. The influence of composition shift is also discussed. The results show that, 65% CO2
Shu, Ge-Qun, Yan, Nanhua, Zhao, Mingru, Li, Linqing
The Development of Low Temperature Three-Way Catalysts for High Efficiency Gasoline Engines of the Future: Part II2018-01-093904/03/2018
It is anticipated that future gasoline engines will have improved mechanical efficiency and consequently lower exhaust temperatures at low load conditions, although the exhaust temperatures at high load conditions are expected to remain the same or even increase due to the increasing use of downsized turbocharged engines. In 2014, a collaborative project was initiated at Ford Motor Company, Oak Ridge National Lab, and the University of Michigan to develop three-way catalysts with improved performance at low temperatures while maintaining the durability of current TWCs. This project is funded by the U.S. Department of Energy and is intended to show progress toward the USDRIVE target of 90% conversion of hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) at 150 °C after high mileage aging. The testing protocols specified by the USDRIVE ACEC team for stoichiometric S-GDI engines were utilized during the evaluation of experimental catalysts at all three facilities. This
Theis, Joseph R., Getsoian, Andrew (Bean), Lambert, Christine K.
Assessment of Engine Control Parameters Effect to Minimize GHG Emissions in a Dual Fuel NG/Diesel Light Duty Engine2018-01-026604/03/2018
The interest in Natural Gas (NG) as alternative fuel for transportation is constantly growing, mostly due to its large availability and lower environmental impact with respect to gasoline or diesel fuel. In this scenario, the application of the Dual Fuel (DF) Diesel- Natural Gas (NG) combustion concept to light duty engines can represent an important route to increment the diffusion of natural gas use. Many studies have proven the benefits of DF with respect to conventional diesel combustion in terms of CO2, NOx, PM and PN emissions, with the main drawback of high unburned hydrocarbon, mainly at low/partial engine loads. This last aspect still prevents the application of DF mode to small displacement engines. In the present work, a 2.0 L Euro 5 compliant diesel engine, equipped with an advanced electronic closed-loop combustion control (CLCC) system, has been set up to operate in DF mode and tested on a dyno test bench. The experimental campaign was performed in steady-state engine
Guido, Chiara, Napolitano, Pierpaolo, Fraioli, Valentina, Beatrice, Carlo, Del Giacomo, Nicola
Cold-Start Hydrocarbon Speciation and Trap Materials for Gasoline Engines2018-01-094004/03/2018
Efficient hydrocarbon (HC) trap materials have been developed to trap the major emitting HC compounds from gasoline direct injection engines. Online FTIR measurements on different test cycles and catalytic systems showed that AHC, C5 compounds, and CH4 were the most emitted species at cold-start phase (up to 100 sec). Making AHC and C5 as targets for improving the HC light-off, lab scale reactor set-up was established with toluene and iso-pentane feed pumping system along with propane-propene mixture. TGA screening experiments conducted with ex-situ toluene adsorption and the results revealed that BEA type materials have moderate to higher HC trapping temperature and HC storage capacity. In the present investigation, BEA-HS exhibited outstanding stability and trapping ability even after 850 °C hydrothermal aging. PGM and TM based BEA materials were evaluated for HC-TPD experiments with TWC gas composition. Interestingly, adsorption properties of the samples at various aging
Narayana Rao, Komateedi, Kim, Mi-Young, Song, Jinwoo, Na, SeungChul, Han, Hyun Sik
A Combustion Model for Multi-Component Fuels Based on Reactivity Concept and Single-Surrogate Chemistry Representation2018-01-026004/03/2018
High fidelity engine simulation requires realistic fuel models. Although typical automotive fuels consist of more than few hundreds of hydrocarbon species, researches show that the physical and chemical properties of the real fuels could be represented by appropriate surrogate fuel models. It is desirable to represent the fuel using the same set of physical and chemical surrogate components. However, when the reaction mechanisms for a certain physical surrogate component is not available, the chemistry of the unmatched physical component is described using that of a similar chemical surrogate component at the expense of accuracy. In order to reduce the prediction error while maintaining the computational efficiency, a method of on-the-fly reactivity adjustment (ReAd) of chemical reaction mechanism along with fuel re-distribution based on reactivity is presented and tested in this study. The method is applied to simulate engine combustion with multi-component fuel sprays and its
Jamali, Arash, Ra, Youngchul, Park, Wonah, Cho, Gyubaek
Experimental and Kinetic Modeling of Degreened and Aged Three-way Catalysts: Aging Impact on Oxygen Storage Capacity and Catalyst Performance2018-01-095004/03/2018
The aging impact on oxygen storage capacity (OSC) and catalyst performance was investigated on one degreened and one aged (hydrothermally aged at 955 °C for 50 h) commercial three-way catalyst (TWC) by experiments and modeling. The difference of OSC between the degreened and aged TWCs was dependent on catalyst temperature. The largest difference was found at 600 °C, at which the amount of OSC decreased by 45.5%. Catalyst performance was evaluated through lightoff tests at two simulated engine exhaust conditions (lean and rich) on a micro-reactor. The aging impact on the catalyst performance was different under lean and rich environments and investigated separately. At the lean condition, oxidation of CO and C3H6 was significantly suppressed while oxidation of C3H8 was relatively less degraded. At the rich condition, the inhibition effect was more pronounced on the aged TWC and inhibiting hydrocarbon species from C3H6 partial oxidation can survive at temperatures up to 450 °C. However
Gong, Jian, Wang, Di, Li, Junhui, Kamasamudram, Krishna, Currier, Neal, Yezerets, Aleksey
Considerations for CFD Simulations of a Refueling Pump Nozzle with Application to the Computer Aided Engineering of a Vehicle Refueling System2018-01-048904/03/2018
A vehicle’s refueling system including components, which make up the onboard refueling vapor recovery (ORVR) system, must be designed to meet federally set evaporative hydrocarbon emission regulations and other performance issues inherent to the refueling process, such as premature click-off and spit-back. A Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model able to predict the performance of a vehicle’s refueling system could be a valuable tool towards the development of future designs, saving the Original Equipment Manufacturer’s (OEM) time and money in the research and development phases. To create an adequate model required for Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) of a modern refueling system, it is paramount to accurately predict the fluid dynamics through and out of a gasoline refueling nozzle, as this is a key inlet condition of any refueling system. This study aims to validate CFD simulations, which predict the fluid dynamics through a refueling gasoline pump nozzle. The commercial CFD
Dake, Mangesh Rajendra, FitzWilliam, Joseph, Henderson, Marc, Shaw, Joshua, Swanson, Matthew, Windom, Bret
Soot and PAH Formation Characteristics of Methanol-Gasoline Belnds in Laminar Coflow Diffusion Flames2018-01-035704/03/2018
Particulate matter emissions are becoming a big issue for GDI engines as the emission regulations being more stringent. Methanol has been considered to be an important alternative fuel to reduce soot emissions. To understand the effect of methanol addition on soot and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) formation, the 2-D distributions of soot volume fraction and different size PAHs relative concentrations in methanol/gasoline laminar diffusion flames were measured by TC-LII and PLIF techniques. The effect of methanol was investigated under the conditions of the same carbon flow and the same flame height. The methanol volume fraction was set as M0/20/40/60/80. The results showed that the natural luminescent flame lift-off height and soot lift-off height increases consistently with the increasing methanol content due to the increase of outlet velocity of fuel vapor. Methanol addition is able to inhibit the soot and PAHs formations significantly, which may be largely due to the
Hua, Yang, Liu, Fushui, Wu, Han, Kang, Ning, Shi, Zhongjie
Evaluation of Diesel Spray-Wall Interaction and Morphology around Impingement Location2018-01-027604/03/2018
The necessity to study spray-wall interaction in internal combustion engines is driven by the evidence that fuel sprays impinge on chamber and piston surfaces resulting in the formation of wall films. This, in turn, may influence the air-fuel mixing and increase the hydrocarbon and particulate matter emissions. This work reports an experimental and numerical study on spray-wall impingement and liquid film formation in a constant volume combustion vessel. Diesel and n-heptane were selected as test fuels and injected from a side-mounted single-hole diesel injector at injection pressures of 120, 150, and 180 MPa on a flat transparent window. Ambient and plate temperatures were set at 423 K, the fuel temperature at 363 K, and the ambient densities at 14.8, 22.8, and 30 kg/m3. Simultaneous Mie scattering and schlieren imaging were carried out in the experiment to perform a visual tracking of the spray-wall interaction process from different perspectives. The experiments provided the spatial
Zhao, Le, Torelli, Roberto, Zhu, Xiucheng, Naber, Jeffrey, Lee, Seong-Young, Som, Sibendu, Scarcelli, Riccardo, Raessi, Mehdi
Reformed Fuel Substitution for Transient Peak Soot Reduction2018-01-026704/03/2018
Advancements in catalytic reforming have demonstrated the ability to generate syngas (a mixture of CO and hydrogen) from a single hydrocarbon stream. This syngas mixture can then be used to replace diesel fuel and enable dual-fuel combustion strategies. The role of port-fuel injected syngas, comprised of equal parts hydrogen and carbon monoxide by volume was investigated experimentally for soot reduction benefits under a transient load change at constant speed. The syngas used for the experiments was presumed to be formed via a partial oxidation on-board fuel reforming process and delivered through gaseous injectors using a custom gas rail supplied with bottle gas, mounted in the swirl runner of the intake manifold. Time-based ramping of the direct-injected fuel with constant syngas fuel mass delivery from 2 to 8 bar brake mean effective pressure was performed on a multi-cylinder, turbocharged, light-duty engine to determine the effects of syngas on transient soot emissions. A
Dal Forno Chuahy, Flavio, Olk, Jamen, Kokjohn, Sage
Fuel Effects on Particulate Matter Emissions Variability from a Gasoline Direct Injection Engine2018-01-035504/03/2018
Particulate matter emissions from gasoline direct injection engines are a concern due to the health effects associated with ultrafine particles. This experimental study investigated sources of particulate matter emissions variability observed in previous tests and also examined the effect of ethanol content in gasoline on particle number (PN) concentrations and particle mass (PM) emissions. FTIR measurements of gas phase hydrocarbon emissions provided evidence that changes in fuel composition were responsible for the variability. Exhaust emissions of toluene and ethanol correlated positively with emitted PN concentrations, while emissions of isobutylene correlated negatively. Exhaust emissions of toluene and isobutylene were interpreted as markers of gasoline aromatic content and gasoline volatility respectively. Tests conducted with gasoline containing added toluene (10%) supported this hypothesis and led to the overall conclusion that the emissions variability observed in PN
Ramos, Manuel J.M.G., Wallace, James S.
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