Browse Topic: Diesel exhaust emissions

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A LOW PRESSURE PUMPLESS DEF DOSING SYSTEM BY USING COMPRESSED AIR AND AN AIR ASSISTED DEF INJECTION NOZZLE2026-26-0219To be published on 01/16/2026
This study emphasizes on development of Diesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF) dosing system specifically used in Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) of diesel engine for emission control ,where a low pressure pumpless DEF dosing system is developed, utilizing compressed air for pressurizing the DEF tank and discharging DEF through air assisted DEF injection nozzle. SCR systems utilize Diesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF) to convert harmful NOx emissions from diesel engines into harmless nitrogen and water vapor. Factors such as improper storage, handling, or refilling practices can lead to DEF contamination which pose significant operational challenges for SCR systems. Traditional piston-type, diaphragm-type, or gear-type pumps in DEF dosing systems are prone to mechanical failures leading to frequent maintenance, repairs, and costly downtimes for vehicles. To overcome the existing challenges and to create a more reliable and simple DEF delivery mechanism the pumpless DEF Dosing system is developed. The
M, Hareni, Giridharan, Jyothivel, A.l, Suresh, v, yuvaraj, Rajan, Bharath
Multi-Objective Optimization and Reduced-Order Modeling for Aftertreatment System Performance Prediction2026-26-0426To be published on 01/16/2026
As emission regulations grow increasingly stringent, aftertreatment system designs are becoming more complex, requiring robust performance across the full range of engine operating points (EOPs). Traditionally, aftertreatment development has relied on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations conducted at a limited set of representative points, focusing primarily on single performance objectives such as minimizing back pressure, enhancing ammonia uniformity, or reducing diesel exhaust fluid (DEF) deposits. However, these objectives are inherently interdependent, and optimizing for a single parameter often negatively impacts others, leading to suboptimal system performance across the full engine map. To address these challenges, this paper presents a multi-objective optimization framework combined with a reduced-order modeling approach to predict aftertreatment system behavior across the full engine operating range. The methodology captures the interactions among various
Nanduru, Enoch, Willey, Donald, Udhane, Tushar Sudam, Pal, Yash
Advanced Dual Dosing DeNOx System for Optimized NOx Reduction Under Future Emission Regulations2026-26-0230To be published on 01/16/2026
The evolution of global emission standards has imposed increasingly stringent limits on nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions, particularly under Real Driving Emissions (RDE) testing protocols. These requirements demand effective NOx control across a wide range of operating conditions, posing a challenge for conventional single-injector Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) systems. This paper briefs about Dual Dosing SCR System designed to enhance NOx reduction performance by employing two Diesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF) injectors integrated within an advanced exhaust after-treatment system (EATS) configuration. The system features a close-coupled SCR on DPF (SDPF) followed by an underfloor SCR (UFSCR), enabling staged ammonia dosing. This layout promotes improved ammonia distribution and catalytic performance across both low-load and high-speed driving conditions. An Electronic Control Unit (ECU) governs the DEF injection using predefined dosing maps, with reference to real-time data from three
Hareesh, Sangaraju, Shanmugham, Balamurugan, V, Suryanarayanan
Optimizing Diesel Emission Controls through Advanced Software techniques to improve Diesel Oxidation Catalysts efficiency2026-26-0061To be published on 01/16/2026
After the implementation of BS VI emission standards, effective exhaust after-treatment has become critical in minimizing harmful emissions from diesel engines. One significant challenge is the accumulation of hydrocarbons (HC) in the Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC). Certain hydrocarbons may adsorb onto the catalyst surface yet remain unreactive, leading to potential operational inefficiencies. This phenomenon necessitates the desorption of unreactive hydrocarbons to allow space for more reactive species, thereby enhancing oxidation efficiency and overall catalyst performance. The process of desorption (DeSorb) is vital to maintaining the balance of reactive hydrocarbons within the DOC. When a vehicle is idling or low temperature duty cycles, unburnt fuel produces hydrocarbons that accumulate in the DOC. Upon acceleration, these hydrocarbons can lead to an uncontrolled rise in temperature, resulting in DOC push-out, catalyst damage, and downstream impacts on the Diesel Particulate
K, Sabareeswaran, K K, Uthira Ramya Bala, k, Janarthanan, A, Ravikumar, YS, Ananthkumar
Influences of Lubricant Viscosity and Metallic Content on Diesel Soot Oxidation Reactivity2024-01-508408/23/2024
This study examined the effects of lubricant viscosity and metallic content on the oxidation reactivity of diesel particles. In the first part, the factors affecting thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) experiments was discussed and confirmed. The influences of initial soot mass, heating rate, and airflow rate on soot oxidation rate and experimental reproducibility were investigated to develop an optimized TGA method. On the basis of these experiments, an initial soot mass of 2.0 mg, airflow rate of 4.8 L/h, and heating rate of 2.5°C/h were used for all subsequent TGA tests. It could be found that the TGA experiments had high repeatability, and the differences were less than 0.1%. In the second part, a four-cylinder diesel engine was lubricated with seven kinds of lubricant with different viscosity and metallic content by the use of viscosity index improver (VII), antioxidant and corrosion inhibitor (ACI), and ashless dispersant (AD). Particle samples were subjected to TGA to test their
Meng, Hao, Yang, He, Zhang, Weili, Xing, Jianqiang, Xu, Yan, Wang, Yajun
QA Test for CSP-70370530202405/15/2024
QA Test
Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee
Numerical analyses of Ad-Blue thawing performance according to EU Norms2024-26-026301/16/2024
Controlling NOx emission demands is getting more serious with Euro 7 legislation. This in turn brings more focus on SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technologies which uses a eutectic mixture of Urea (67.5%) - Water (32.5%) solution more popularly known as Diesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF/Ad-Blue). Under extreme winter conditions, Ad-Blue freezes as ambient reaches well below the freezing point (-11 deg.C). Due to Legislation requirement (EU), it is a matter of interest to estimate the time required by Ad-Blue to melt the desired volume inside the tank thereby defining overall Melting/Thawing performance. So far, testing has been the primary method for arriving at right melting mechanism and for designing electrical coils or hot coolant lines which is expensive. This paper proposes a novel digital method using 3D CFD tool STAR CCM+ to study the melting behavior of Ad-Blue. The method is characterized by capturing phase change using the popular multiphase (VOF) approach and different modes
GOVINDARAJAN, Vaishali, VARUGHESE, Shibu, Banik, Soumendu, R, Vineeth
Understanding the Complexities and Validation of Exhaust System Components For New Emission Requirement with Thermal Load and Multi-Axis Vibration2024-26-033001/16/2024
The new emission requirement norms in India calls for a robust Exhaust and After Treatment System (EATS) in automobiles. Its main purpose is to reduce the emission of harmful pollutants into the environment. EATS have a series of components that cleans the diesel exhaust emitted by the engine prior to releasing it through the tailpipe to the outside air. All the EATS components must undergo stringent testing protocol prior to its implementation in vehicle. During the exhaust treatment process, a very high temperature of about 550°C is produced in the EATS system. Hence, the effect of this higher temperature needs to be considered for validation. Moreover, the components will undergo multi-axial vibration in real road conditions which also need to be simulated during validation. In addition, engine vibrations are directly transmitted through a flex bellow to EATS system. These vibrations need to be captured and simulated in component level testing. In this paper, we will discuss about
Sundarrajan, Manikandan
Desensorization: A Novel Method for Urea Concentration Deterioration Detection in BSVI Engines2024-26-015401/16/2024
Urea concentration deterioration detection in BSVI engines is vital for maintaining compliance with emission regulations. This paper introduces a groundbreaking desensorization method, which offers numerous benefits in detecting urea concentration deterioration by estimating the drop in catalyst conversion efficiency. Traditionally, urea quality sensors have been employed to measure the absolute concentration of urea in the aqueous solution (Diesel Exhaust Fluid – DEF). This information is used to detect usage of poor quality DEF. However, desensorization eliminates the need for dedicated sensors, reducing complexity, cost, and potential sensor-related errors. The proposed method leverages the strong relationship between catalyst conversion efficiency and urea concentration. By monitoring catalyst inlet and outlet NOx values using NOx sensors, the efficiency of the catalyst can be estimated. This estimation allows for the detection of urea concentration deterioration, ensuring that NOx
Venkat, Harish, Kumar, Gokul Elumalai, Kumar, Kosalaraman, G, Vijayakumar
Exploring the Benefits of Karanja-Oil-Derived Biodiesel-Water Emulsion as a Potential Fuel for Diesel Engines Operated with High-Pressure Fuel Injection Systems03-17-01-000307/21/2023
Abstract Biodiesel is a suitable alternative to diesel because of its carbon neutrality, renewability, lubricity, and lower pollutant emissions. However, extensive research indicates higher oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions with biodiesel. A practical method to combat this problem is utilizing water and biodiesel as emulsions. The effect of biodiesel-water emulsion in high-pressure fuel injection systems is not fully explored in the existing literature. The present study addresses this research gap by utilizing biodiesel-water emulsions in a modified light-duty diesel engine. The governor-controlled injection system was adapted to a fully flexible electronic system capable of high-pressure injection. Unlike other literature studies, the fuel injection timings were optimized with biodiesel-water emulsions to maximize brake thermal efficiency (bte) at every load condition. In a novel attempt, the biodiesel source, i.e., raw Karanja oil (RKO), a triglyceride, was utilized as the
Gowrishankar, Sudarshan, Krishnasamy, Anand, Aidhen, Indrapal Singh
Exploring the Benefits of Karanja-Oil-Derived Biodiesel-Water Emulsion as a Potential Fuel for Diesel Engines Operated with High-Pressure Fuel Injection Systems03-17-01-0003-TEST-REC07/21/2023
Abstract Biodiesel is a suitable alternative to diesel because of its carbon neutrality, renewability, lubricity, and lower pollutant emissions. However, extensive research indicates higher oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions with biodiesel. A practical method to combat this problem is utilizing water and biodiesel as emulsions. The effect of biodiesel-water emulsion in high-pressure fuel injection systems is not fully explored in the existing literature. The present study addresses this research gap by utilizing biodiesel-water emulsions in a modified light-duty diesel engine. The governor-controlled injection system was adapted to a fully flexible electronic system capable of high-pressure injection. Unlike other literature studies, the fuel injection timings were optimized with biodiesel-water emulsions to maximize brake thermal efficiency (bte) at every load condition. In a novel attempt, the biodiesel source, i.e., raw Karanja oil (RKO), a triglyceride, was utilized as the
Gowrishankar, Sudarshan, Krishnasamy, Anand, Aidhen, Indrapal Singh
Meeting Future NOx Emissions Over Various Cycles Using a Fuel Burner and Conventional Aftertreatment System2022-01-065303/29/2022
The commercial vehicle industry continues to move in the direction of improving brake thermal efficiency while meeting more stringent diesel engine emission requirements. This study focused on demonstrating future emissions by using an exhaust burner upstream of a conventional aftertreatment system. This work highlights system results over the low load cycle (LLC) and many other pertinent cycles (New York Bus Cycle, Orange County Transit Authority Cycle, Beverage Cycle, and Stay Hot Cycle). These efforts complement previous works showing system performance over the Heavy-Duty FTP and World Harmonized Transient Cycle (WHTC). The exhaust burner is used to raise and maintain the Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) catalyst at its optimal temperature over these cycles for efficient NOx reduction. This work showed that tailpipe NOx is significantly improved over these cycles with the exhaust burner. In certain cases, the improvements resulted in tailpipe NOx values well below the adopted
McCarthy, Jr., James, Matheaus, Andrew, Zavala, Bryan, Sharp, Christopher, Harris, Thomas
Low-temperature NOx reduction by H2 in diesel engine exhaust2022-01-065203/29/2022
For NOx removal from diesel exhaust, selective catalytic reduction (SCR) and lean NOx traps are established technologies. However, these procedures lack efficiency below 200°C, which is of importance for city driving and cold start phases. Thus, the present paper deals with the development of a novel low-temperature deNOx strategy implying the catalytic NOx reduction by hydrogen. For the investigations, the best available H2-deNOx catalyst, originally engineered for lean H2 combustion engines, was employed. This Pt-based catalyst reached peak NOx conversion of 95% in synthetic diesel exhaust with N2 selectivities up to 80 %. Additionally, factors inhibiting H2-deNOx, such as high CO/HC contents, were identified and eliminated by applying an efficient diesel oxidation catalyst upstream of the H2-deNOx stage. Transient runs on a diesel engine test bench with a full size H2-deNOx catalyst using WLTP, CADC UC and TfL UIP driving cycles revealed NOx conversions of up to 90 % at temperatures
Esser, Enno, Kureti, Sven, Heckemüller, Lukas, Todt, Arne, Eilts, Peter, Morawietz, Tobias, Friedrich, Andreas, Waiblinger, Wendelin, Hosseiny, Schwan, Bunar, Frank
Next Generation Diesel Particulate Filter for Future Tighter HDV/NRMM Emission Regulations2022-01-066003/29/2022
HDV Diesel emission regulations are set to be tightened in the future. The introduction of PN PEMS testing for Euro VI-e, and the expected tightening of PM/NOx targets set to be introduced by CARB in the US beyond 2024 are expected to create challenging tailpipe PN conditions for OEMs. Additionally, warranty and the useful life period will be extended from current levels. Improved fuel efficiency (reduction of CO2) also remains an important performance criteria. Furthermore, future non-road diesel emission regulations may follow tighten HDV diesel emission regulations contents, and non-road cycles evaluation needs to be considered as well for future. In response to the above tightened regulation, for Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) technologies will require higher PN filtration performance, lower pressure drop, higher ash capacity and better pressure drop hysteresis for improved soot detectability. Additionally, thermal management of aftertreatment system has become increasingly
Kurimoto, Yudai, Mishina, Ritsuko, Kato, Kyohei, Aoki, Takashi, Honda, Takahiro, Kaneda, Atsushi, Vogt, Claus Dieter
Laser-Based In-Exhaust Gas Sensor for On-Road Vehicles2022-01-064603/29/2022
Indrio Technologies has developed a novel on-board sensor, named Ignis, for detecting oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and ammonia (NH3) in diesel exhaust streams with sensitivities and molecular specificity unmet by existing technologies. This is a key technological need for diesel engine manufacturers, who face difficulty in precisely controlling their exhaust aftertreatment systems due to the lack of widely deployable sensors capable of differentiating between NOx, NH3 and other species in the exhaust stream. The successful incorporation of the proposed sensor can result in greater fuel efficiency improvements while matching new stringent 2027 California and 2030 EPA NOx emissions standards. Once the product has reached deep market penetration, the fleet-wide fuel economy improvements and NOx emissions reductions enabled by this product will lead to reduced carbon emissions and healthier air with lower amounts of NOx-induced smog, ground-level ozone, and acid rain. This sensor is based on a
Sur, Ritobrata, Peng, Wen Yu, Kempema, Nathan
Development of an all speed governed Diesel-CNG dual fuel engine for farm Applications2021-26-010109/22/2021
This paper discusses the development of an all speed governed diesel-natural gas dual fuel engine for agricultural farm tractor. A 45 hp, 2.9 liters diesel-natural gas dual fuel engine with a novel closed loop secondary fuel injection system was developed. A frugal approach was followed for conversion, without any modification of the base mechanical diesel fuel injection system. The overall cost impact due to dual fuel conversion was kept minimum, while meeting performance and emissions at par with base diesel operation. Additional cost on gas injection system is redeemed by cost savings on diesel fuel. The dual fuel technology developed by Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd., substitutes on an average approximately 40% of diesel with compressed natural gas, while meeting the mandated agricultural tractor emission norms for dual fuel and meeting all application requirements. The governing performance of the tractor was found to be superior than base diesel tractor. A prototype dual fuel tractor
Raj, Ashwin S, Nagarajan, Vigneshwaran, NISSANGI, JOY KUMAR, Elango, Viknesh, Rajamani, Parthiban, S K, RAVINDRA
ESTIMATION OF DIESEL SOOT PARTICLES IN EXHAUST GAS EMISSION AND ITS ACCUMULATION IN DIESEL PARTICULATE FILTER USING GRAPHICAL CALCULATION MODEL2021-26-019509/22/2021
To avoid frequent regeneration intervals leading to expeditious ageing of the catalyst and substantial fuel penalty for the driver, it is always desired to estimate the soot coming from diesel exhaust emission and the soot accumulated and burnt in the diesel particulate filter. Certain applications and vehicle duty cycle cannot make use of the Delta pressure sensor for estimating the soot loading in the DPF because of the limitations of the sensor tolerance and measurement accuracy. The Physical soot model is always active and hence a precise and more accurate model is preferred to calibrate & optimize the regeneration interval. This paper presents the approach to estimate the engine out soot and the accumulated soot in the DPF using a graphical calculation model. The tool reduces the effort of driving different duty cycles multiple times on the testbed and recurrent vehicle trips for data collection while calibrating the soot models, hence saving testbed cost, diesel cost and manpower
Gaur, Kunal, parashar, Shalabh, vos, Bas, Kusumba, Manoj
High-Fidelity Modeling of Light-Duty Vehicle Emission and Fuel Economy Using Deep Neural Networks2021-01-018104/06/2021
The transportation sector contributes significantly to emissions and air pollution globally. Emission models of modern vehicles are important tools to estimate the impact of technologies or controls on vehicle emission reductions, but developing a simple and high-fidelity model is challenging due to the variety of vehicle classes, driving conditions, driver behaviors, and other physical and operational constraints. Recent literature indicates that neural network-based models may be able to address these concerns due to their high computation speed and high-accuracy of predicted emissions. In this study, we seek to expand upon this initial research by utilizing several deep neural networks (DNN) architectures such as a recurrent neural network (RNN) and a convolutional neural network (CNN). These DNN algorithms are developed specific to the vehicle-out emissions prediction application, and a comprehensive assessment of their performances is done. Sensitivity analysis is carried out for
Motallebiaraghi, Farhang, Rabinowitz, Aaron, Jathar, Shantanu, Fong, Alvis, Asher, Zachary, Bradley, Thomas
Machine Learning and Response Surface-Based Numerical Optimization of the Combustion System for a Heavy-Duty Gasoline Compression Ignition Engine2021-01-019004/06/2021
The combustion system of a heavy-duty diesel engine operated in a gasoline compression ignition mode was optimized using a CFD-based response surface methodology and a machine learning genetic algorithm. One common dataset obtained from a CFD design of experiment campaign was used to construct response surfaces and train machine learning models. 128 designs were included in the campaign and were evaluated across three engine load conditions using the CONVERGE CFD solver. The design variables included piston bowl geometry, injector specifications, and swirl ratio, and the objective variables were fuel consumption, criteria emissions, and mechanical design constraints. In this study, the two approaches were extensively investigated and applied to a common dataset. The response surface-based approach utilized a combination of three modeling techniques to construct response surfaces to enhance the performance of predictions. The machine learning-genetic algorithm optimization strategy
Mohan, Balaji, Tang, Meng, Badra, Jihad, Pei, Yuanjiang, Traver, Michael
Modeling and Analysis on Emission Characteristics of Light-Duty Diesel Engine After-Treatment System Based on Neural Network2021-01-059504/06/2021
With the increasing complexity of diesel engine after-treatment systems, the explosion of dimensions has made it difficult for traditional bench test research to be competent for multi-parameter analysis. In this paper, based on the experimental samples derived from a light-duty diesel engine bench test, a neural network model for the emission characteristics of the after-treatment system is established. After correctly training, the R values of the neural networks for gaseous and particulate emission are all close to 1. The influence of the precious metal parameters and structure of diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) and catalytic diesel particulate filter (CDPF) on diesel engine gaseous and particulate emission reduction efficiency is analyzed through the neural network. The result shows that with the increase of the engine speed under the external characteristic, the particulate emission increases while the gaseous emission reaches a peak at medium speed; as the DOC precious metal
Lou, Diming, Zhao, Yinghua, Zhang, Yunhua, Sun, Yuze
Impact of Non-Thermal Plasma on Particulate Emissions in Application in a Diesel Engine Exhaust DuctSAE-PP-0016101/26/2021
Particulates and nitrogen oxides comprise the main emission components of the Diesel combustion and therefore are subject to exhaust emission legislation in respective applications. Yet, with ever more stringent emission standards and test-procedures, such as in passenger vehicle applications, resulting exhaust gas after-treatment systems are quite complex and costly. Hence, new technologies for emission control have to be explored. The application of non-thermal plasma (NTP) as a means to perform exhaust gas after-treatment is one such promising technology. In several publications dealing with NTP exhaust gas after-treatment the plasma state was generated via dielectric barrier discharges. Another way to generate a NTP is by a corona high-frequency discharge. Hence, in contrast to earlier publications, the experiments in this publication were conducted on an operated series-production Diesel engine with an industrial pilottype corona ignition system. Originally developed as an
MobrxivNonAdmin, Lindsay
Impact of Non-Thermal Plasma on Particulate Emissions in Application in a Diesel Engine Exhaust DuctSAE-PP-0015601/25/2021
Particulates and nitrogen oxides comprise the main emission components of the Diesel combustion and therefore are subject to exhaust emission legislation in respective applications. Yet, with ever more stringent emission standards and test-procedures, such as in passenger vehicle applications, resulting exhaust gas after-treatment systems are quite complex and costly. Hence, new technologies for emission control have to be explored. The application of non-thermal plasma (NTP) as a means to perform exhaust gas after-treatment is one such promising technology. In several publications dealing with NTP exhaust gas after-treatment the plasma state was generated via dielectric barrier discharges. Another way to generate a NTP is by a corona high-frequency discharge. Hence, in contrast to earlier publications, the experiments in this publication were conducted on an operated series-production Diesel engine with an industrial pilottype corona ignition system. Originally developed as an
MobrxivNonAdmin, Lindsay
011 - State-of-Health Online Estimation for Li-Ion BatterySAE-PP-0012301/21/2021
To realize a fast and high-precision online state-of-health (SOH) estimation of lithium-ion (Li-Ion) battery, this article proposes a novel SOH estimation method. This method consists of a new SOH model and parameters identification method based on an improved genetic algorithm (Improved-GA). The new SOH model combines the equivalent circuit model (ECM) and the data-driven model. The advantages lie in keeping the physical meaning of the ECM while improving its dynamic characteristics and accuracy. The improved-GA can effectively avoid falling into a local optimal problem and improve the convergence speed and search accuracy. So the advantages of the SOH estimation method proposed in this article are that it only relies on battery management systems (BMS) monitoring data and removes many assumptions in some other traditional ECM-based SOH estimation methods, so it is closer to the actual needs for electric vehicle (EV). By comparing with the traditional ECM-based SOH estimation method
MobrxivNonAdmin, Lindsay
Comparison and Evaluation of Performance, Combustion and Particle Emissions of Diesel and Gasoline in a Military Heavy Duty 720 kW CIDI Engine Applying EGR2020-01-205709/15/2020
Investigating the impact of Gasoline fuel on diesel engine performance and emission is very important for military heavy- duty combat vehicles. Gasoline has great potential as alternative fuel due to rapid depletion of petroleum reserves and stringent emission legislations, under multi fuel strategy program for military heavy- duty combat vehicle. There is a known torque, horsepower and fuel economy penalty associated with the operation of a diesel engine with Gasoline fuel. On the other hand, experimental studies have suggested that Gasoline fuel has the potential for lowering exhaust emissions, especially NOx, CO, CO2, HC and particulate matter as compared to diesel fuel. Recent emission legislations also restrict the total number of nano particles emitted in addition to particulate matter, which has adverse health impact. In this research study, the effect of using Gasoline fuel was evaluated, in a heavy- duty diesel engine, for performance, combustion and emissions of CO, CO2, UHC
Pandey, Anand, Suresh, S, Nandgaonkar, Milankumar, Sonawane, C.R., Varghese, Anil
Complex Assessment of Fuel Efficiency and Diesel Exhaust Toxicity2020-01-218209/15/2020
Problems of reducing emissions of harmful substances and fuel consumption of the engine are interrelated, since they are mainly determined by the work process. Measures aimed to reducing fuel consumption cause changes, often upwards, toxic compound formation. The fuel and environmental criterion is proposed taking into account the engine operating conditions for a reasonable choice of technical solutions for the comprehensive improvement of fuel economy and toxic level indicators of the exhaust gases. This criterion allows assessing the effectiveness of solutions to improve combustion efficiency, the use of alternative fuels, exhaust gas aftertreatment systems, and other measures. Calculation and analysis of the comprehensive criterion calculation results allows determining the operation modes, for which the fuel cost and compensation for the environmental pollution damage are the most significant, purposefully develop measures aimed to improving the engine quality, evaluating
Parsadanov, Igor, Marchenko, Andrii, Tkachuk, Mykola, Kravchenko, Sergey, Polyvianchuk, Andrii, Strokov, Aleksandr, Gritsuk, Igor V., Rykova, Inna, Savchenkо, Anatolii, Smirnov, Oleh, Postol, Yulia, Savchuk, Volodymyr
A Machine Learning Modeling Approach for High Pressure Direct Injection Dual Fuel Compressed Natural Gas Engines2020-01-201709/15/2020
The emissions and efficiency of modern internal combustion engines need to be improved to reduce their environmental impact. Many strategies to address this (e.g., alternative fuels, exhaust gas aftertreatment, novel injection systems, etc.) require engine calibrations to be modified, involving extensive experimental data collection. A new approach to modeling and data collection is proposed to expedite the development of these new technologies and to reduce their upfront cost. This work evaluates a Gaussian Process Regression, Artificial Neural Network and Bayesian Optimization based strategy for the efficient development of machine learning models, intended for engine optimization and calibration. The objective of this method is to minimize the size of the required experimental data set and reduce the associated data collection cost for engine modeling. This technique is demonstrated by generating engine performance models for a Dual Fuel High Pressure Direct Injection (HPDI) CNG
Karpinski-Leydier, Michael, Nagamune, Ryozo, Kirchen, Patrick
The Influence of Reduxco Catalyst in the Diesel Fuel on Energy Parameters, Exhaust Gas Composition and Rate of Heat Release of a Diesel Engine2020-01-206109/15/2020
According to the information provided by the catalyst producer, the catalyst with the trade name Reduxco, which was used in the research, is a reaction product of acetic acid, iron, n-butanol, n-propanol and isopropanol. According to Customer data, Reduxco catalyst in a fuel causes a decrease of the energy of activation of the hydrocarbon fuel oxidation reaction, introduces additional OH groups allowing to increase the burning rate, facilitates the combustion of already formed solid particles in the engine cylinder. To confirm this information, comparative tests were carried out (in the Internal Combustion Engines laboratory of the Cracow University of Technology); the analysis included not only the energy parameters and exhaust gas composition of the diesel engine powered by standard diesel oil and Reduxco-containing fuel, but also the indicator charts and rate of heat release in the engine cylinder. What was used in the tests was a turbocharged VW 1.9 TDI diesel engine, which was
Cisek, Jerzy, Lesniak, Szymon, Mokretskyy, Vitaliy, Przybylski, Włodzimierz
Emissions from NRMM Vehicles in Real Operating Conditions in Relation to the Number of Vehicles in Use in the Poznan City Agglomeration (SAE Paper 2020-01-2218)2020-01-221809/15/2020
Non-Road machines constitutes a large group of machines designed for various tasks and mainly using CI engines for propulsion. This category includes vehicles with drive systems of a maximum capacity of several kilowatts as well as with drives with a capacity of up to thousands of kilowatts depending on the purpose of the machine. Within this group, mobile machines referred to as NRMM (Non-Road Mobile Machinery) stand out. Numerous studies of scientific institutions in Europe and around the world have proven the differences between the exhaust emissions tested in type approval tests and the actual emissions in this group of vehicles. They result from differences in operating points (crankshaft speed and load) of engines during their operation. A big problem is also their considerable age and degree of wear. Approval standards themselves are less stringent than those of heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs), although the engines have similar design and performance. Selected NRMM vehicles were
Siedlecki, Maciej, Szymlet, Natalia, Lijewski, Piotr, Merkisz, Jerzy
Modeling of Unburned Hydrocarbon Emission in a Di Diesel Engine Using Neural Networks2020-01-200309/15/2020
The reduction in the toxic pollutant emissions in diesel engine exhaust gas is one of the main tasks of designers. Toxic substances emitted in diesel exhaust are, among other things, hydrocarbons. Reducing their emissions can be achieved by affecting the exhaust gases or reducing their formation in the combustion chamber. One method is to change the control parameters of the fuel injection process. In the present study, the direct injection diesel engine with a displacement of 1850 ccm was tested. The diesel engine was equipped with a prototype common rail injection system, allowing for the injection of a fuel quantity divided into three parts during one engine working cycle. Each part can be injected when the injector opens at certain injection advance angles. This results in six different control parameters. Such a number of parameters means a large number of combinations. Therefore, in order to cover the entire operating range of the engine, a number of measurements should be
Balawender, Krzysztof, Ustrzycki, Adam, Lejda, Kazimierz, Jakubowski, Mirosław, Jaworski, Artur, Kuszewski, Hubert, Siedlecka, Sylwia, Zielińska, Edyta
The Diesel Aftertreatment Accelerated Aging Cycle Protocol: An Advanced Aftertreatment Case Study2020-01-221009/15/2020
As agencies and governing bodies evaluate the feasibility of reduced emission standards, additional focus has been placed on technology durability. This is seen in proposed updates, which would require Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) to certify engine families utilizing a full useful life (FUL) aftertreatment system. These kinds of proposed rulings would place a heavy burden on the manufacturer to generate FUL components utilizing traditional engine aging methods. Complications in this process will also increase the product development effort and will likely limit the amount of aftertreatment durability testing. There is also uncertainty regarding the aging approach and the representative impact compared to field aged units. Existing methodologies have evolved to account for several deterioration mechanisms that, when controlled, can be utilized to create a flexible aging protocol. As a result, these methodologies provide the necessary foundation for continued development. The
Zavala, Bryan, Vats, Shekhar, Eakle, Scott
Comparison of Partial and Total Dilution Systems for the Measurement of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Hydrocarbon Speciation in Diesel Exhaust2020-01-219009/15/2020
Two methods of sampling exhaust emissions are typically used for characterizing emissions from diesel engines: total dilution which uses a constant volume sampling (CVS) system and partial flow dilution which relies on proportionally diluting a small part from the main exhaust stream. The CVS dilutes the entire exhaust flow to a constant volumetric flowrate which allows for proportional sampling of the exhaust species during transient engine operation. For partial dilution sampling during transient engine operation, obtaining a proportional sample is more rigorous and dilution of the extracted sample must be continuously changed throughout the cycle in order for the extracted sample flowrate to be proportional to the continuously changing exhaust flow. Typically, regulated emissions measured using both methods for an engine platform have shown good correlation. The focus for this work was on the experimental investigation of the two methods for the measurement of unregulated species. A
Fanick, E. Robert, Premnath, Vinay
The Application of E-Fuel Oxymethylene Ether OME1 in a Virtual Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine for Ultra-Low Emissions2020-01-034904/14/2020
For long haul transport, diesel engine due to its low fuel consumption and low operating costs will remain dominant over a long term. In order to achieve CO2 neutrality, the use of electricity-based, synthetic fuels (e-fuels) provides a solution. Especially the group of oxymethylene ethers (OME) is given much attention because of its soot-free combustion. However, the new fuel properties and the changed combustion characteristics place new demands on engine design. Meanwhile, the use of new fuels also creates new degrees of freedom to operate diesel engines. In this work, the application of dimethoxymethane (OME1) is investigated by means of 1D simulation at three operating points in a truck diesel engine. The subsystems of fuel injection, air path and exhaust gas are sequentially adjusted for the purpose of low emissions, especially for low nitrogen oxides (NOx). Thanks to the inexistent soot-NOx trade-off, NOx can be considerably reduced by high exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) at a
Yang, Qirui, Grill, Michael, Bargende, Michael
Single vs Double Stage Partial Flow Dilution System: Automobile PM Emission Measurement2020-01-036604/14/2020
The US Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Title 40 Part 1065 and 1066 require gravimetric determination of automobile Particulate Matter (PM) collected onto filter media from the diluted exhaust. PM is traditionally collected under simulated driving conditions in a laboratory from a full flow Constant Volume Sampler (CVS) system, where the total engine exhaust is diluted by HEPA filtered air. This conventional sampling and measurement practice is facing challenges in accurately quantifying PM at the upcoming 2025-2028 CARB LEVIII 1 mg/mi PM emissions standards. On the other hand, sampling a large amount of PM emitted from large size high power engines introduces additional challenges. Applying flow weighting, adjusting the Dilution Ratio (DR) and Filter Face Velocity (FFV) are proposed options to overcome these challenges. The Partial Flow Dilution System (PFDS) technique has been recognized as a viable alternative to the CVS method, to meet the wide range DR and FFV requirements for PM
Rahman, Montajir, Rooney, Rick, Nevius, Tim, Otsuki, Yoshinori, Yoshida, Taisuke, Khan, Yusuf, Liew, Chet Mun, Basrur, Chirag
How Well Can mPEMS Measure Particulate Matter Motor Vehicle Exhaust Emissions?2020-01-039104/14/2020
Real world emissions are increasingly the standard of comparison for motor vehicle exhaust impact on the environment. The ability to collect such data has thus far relied primarily on full portable emissions measurement systems (PEMS) that are bulky, expensive, and time consuming to set up. The present work examines four compact, low cost, miniature PEMS (mPEMS) that offer the potential to expand our ability to record real world exhaust emissions over a larger number of operating conditions and combustion engine applications than currently possible within laboratory testing. It specifically addresses the particulate matter (PM) capabilities of these mPEMS, which employ three different methodologies for particle measurement: diffusion charger, optical scattering, and a multi-sensor approach that combines scattering, opacity, and ionization. Their performance is evaluated against solid particle number and PM mass with both vehicle tests and flame generated soot. These mPEMS detect PM
Vu, Diep, Szente, Joseph, Loos, Michael, Maricq, Matti
Nonlinear Identification Modeling for PCCI Engine Emissions Prediction Using Unsupervised Learning and Neural Networks2020-01-055804/14/2020
Premixed charged compression ignition (PCCI) is an advanced combustion strategy, which has the potential to achieve ultra-low nitrogen oxide and soot emissions at high thermal efficiencies. PCCI combustion is characterized by a complex nonlinear chemical-physical process, which indicates that a physical description involves significant development times and also high computation cost. This paper presents a method to use cylinder pressure data and engine operations parameters for prediction of PCCI engine emissions by unsupervised learning and nonlinear identification techniques. The proposed method first uses principal component analysis (PCA) to reduce the dimension of the cylinder-pressure data. Based on the PCA analysis, a multi-input multi-out model was developed for nitrogen oxide and soot emission prediction by multi-layer perceptron (MLP) neural network. Before the training process, a second principal component analysis was done to reduce the input dimension with hyper
Pan, Wang, Korkmaz, Metin, Beeckmann, Joachim, Pitsch, Heinz
Dimensional Optimization of Key Parameters Using DoE Technique to Achieve Better NO X Emission Values in Mass Production of Single Cylinder Small Diesel Engines for 3 Wheeler Applications2020-01-135604/14/2020
Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) emissions are considered as among the most harmful emissions globally having a direct influence on human beings and the environment. This work deals with a strategy to arrive at achieving lower NOx values consistently in mass production of single cylinder automotive diesel engines meeting BS IV Emission standards using the DoE technique for dimensional optimization of critical parameters. Catalytic converters and particulate filters are mostly used as after - treatment devices for compression Ignition (CI) engines for bringing down the limits (Values) of the pollutants from the tail pipes. But the real ingenuity lies in achieving the same effect through optimization of in - cylinder combustion. Optimization of the critical factors like Nozzle Tip Protrusion (NTP), Static Injection Timing (SIT), Bumping Clearance (BC) and Swirl Number (SN) are considered as the most important engine design parameters for ensuring the optimum combustion which help release of
Ramalingam, Jaganathan, B, Prabakaran, Nandagopal, Sasikumar, Venkatesan, Hariram, Mayakrishnan, Jaikumar
Impact of Post-Injection Parameters on Soot and Hydrocarbon Emissions in a Common-Rail Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine2020-01-037404/14/2020
In this paper, based on a direct injection (DI) diesel engine, soot and exhaust gaseous emissions were measured by a smoke meter and multi-component gas analyzer based on Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy under post-injection condition. The post-injection timing changed from 20 crank angle degree (CAD) after top dead center (ATDC) to 120 CAD ATDC, and the post-injection mass was set to either 5mg, 10mg or 15mg, to find a suitable post-injection strategy in a wide assessment range based on diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) coupled diesel particle filter (DPF) after-treatment technology demands, considering emission reduction and after-treatment gas atmosphere investigation. The results showed that post-injection could achieve NOx emission reduction, up to 14%. Besides, post-injection led to worsening soot emissions, and more hydrocarbon (HC) emissions were detected compared to the condition without the post-injection. With the post-injection, a higher concentration of
Pan, Wang, Wu, Yan, Jing, Yi, Zizeng, Huang
Impact of Multiple Injection Strategies on Performance and Emissions of Methanol PPC under Low Load Operation2020-01-055604/14/2020
There is growing global interest in using renewable alcohols to reduce the greenhouse gases and the reliance on conventional fossil fuels. Recent studies show that methanol combined with partially premixed combustion provide clear performance and emission benefits compared to conventional diesel diffusion combustion. Nonetheless, high unburned hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions can be stated as the main PPC drawback in light load condition when using high octane fuel such as Methanol with single injection strategy. Thus, the present experimental study has been carried out to investigate the influence of multiple injection strategies on the performance and emissions with methanol fuel in partially premixed combustion. Specifically, the main objective is to reduce HC, CO and simultaneously increase the gross indicated efficiency compared to single injection strategy. The work was performed with a single cylinder heavy duty engine, operated at 4 bar gross indicated mean
Aziz, Amir, Garcia, Antonio, Pinto Dos Santos, Clarisse, Tuner, Martin
A Holistic Approach to Develop a Common Rail Single Cylinder Diesel Engine for Bharat Stage VI Emission Legislation2020-01-135704/14/2020
The upcoming Bharat Stage VI (BS VI) emission legislation has put enormous pressure on the future of small diesel engines which are widely used in the Indian market. The present work investigates the emission reduction potential of a common rail direct injection single cylinder diesel engine by adopting a holistic approach of lowering the compression ratio, boosting the intake air and down-speeding the engine. Experimental investigations were conducted across the entire operating map of a mass-production, light-duty diesel engine to examine the benefits of the proposed approach and the results are quantified for the modified Indian drive cycle (MIDC). By reducing the compression ratio from 18:1 to 14:1, the oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and soot emissions are reduced by 40% and 75% respectively. However, a significant penalty in fuel economy, unburned hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions are observed with the reduced compression ratio. Intake air boosting using a mechanically
Vellandi, Vikraman, Ramesh, A., Krishnasamy, Anand
Development of a Burner-Based Test System to Produce Controllable Particulate Emissions for Evaluation of Gasoline Particulate Filters2020-01-038904/14/2020
Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) engines have been widely adopted by manufacturers in the light-duty market due to their fuel economy benefits. However, several studies have shown that GDI engines generate higher levels of particulate matter (PM) emissions relative to port fuel injected (PFI) engines and diesel engines equipped with optimally functioning diesel particulate filters (DPF). With stringent particle number (PN) regulations being implemented in both, the European Union and China, gasoline particulate filters (GPF) are expected to be widely utilized to control particulate emissions. Currently, evaluating GPF technologies on a vehicle can be challenging due to a limited number of commercially available vehicles that are calibrated for a GPF in the United States as well as the costs associated with vehicle procurement and evaluations utilizing a chassis dynamometer facility. To address these challenges, a gasoline fueled burner-based technology was equipped with unique hardware
Thakral, Nishant, Premnath, Vinay, Khalek, Imad, Eakle, Scott
Hybrid phenomenological and mathematical-based modeling approach for diesel engine emission predictio2020-01-066004/14/2020
Due to the negative health effects associated with engine pollutants, environmental problems caused by combustion engine emissions and the current strict emission standards, it is essential to better understand and model the emission formation process in order to reduce them. Further development of emission models, improves the accuracy of the model-based optimization approach, which is used as a decisive tool for combustion system development and engine-out emission reduction. The numerical approaches for emission simulation are closely coupled to the combustion model. Using a detailed emission model, considering the 3D mixture preparation simulation incl. chemical reactions, demands high computational effort. Phenomenological models, used in 1-D approaches for model-based system optimization can deliver heat release rate and using a two-zone approach can estimate the NOx emissions. Due to the lack in modeling of 3D mixture preparation phenomena, such models are not capable to predict
Rezaei, Reza, Hayduk, Christopher, Alkan, Emre, Kemski, Thomas, Delebinski, Thaddaeus, Bertram, Christoph
Advanced Diesel Particulate Filter Technologies for Next Generation Exhaust Aftertreatment Systems2020-01-143404/14/2020
The regulative environment is poised for ultra-low emissions in the 2024+ time frame with ultra-low NOx proposals from CARB and PN PEMS testing requirements from EU. GHG emissions limits are starting to get tighter in the next few years along with extended warranty and full useful life requirements. Diesel Particulate Filters (DPF) will be an integral part of all diesel exhaust aftertreatment systems for the next several years and will need advanced technology solutions to meet the aforementioned challenges, without compromising on high performance requirements, namely, low lifetime pressure drop, high filtration efficiency, high durability (extended warranty), increased service intervals or lifetime filter solutions (high ash storage capacity). This paper discusses the primary challenges associated with meeting these future demands and possible technological solutions to address them. Data from on-road vehicle testing and impact of duty cycle (vocational / line haul) on lifetime
Viswanathan, Sandeep, George, Sam, Govindareddy, Mahesh, Heibel, Achim
Review of Vehicle Engine Efficiency and Emissions2020-01-035204/14/2020
This review covers some of the major advances pertaining to reducing tailpipe emissions of greenhouse gases and criteria pollutants. Discussed are both new and upcoming regulations, and technologies being developed for improving engines and after-treatment systems. There is clearly a focus on reducing greenhouse gas emissions in major countries, implemented through ambitious CO2 and electrification targets. Several mature IC engine (ICE) technologies are reviewed which promise to deliver double digit reductions in CO2 emissions. We cover some of these in detail, including gasoline compression ignition, pre-chamber combustion, water injection, and cylinder deactivation. Electrification of the powertrain and synergistic gains with advanced engine technologies are examined. The case is made for the need for cradle-to-grave analyses when evaluating various powertrain choices, and highlight the role hybrids can play in achieving significant and immediate CO2 reductions. For the first time
Joshi, Ameya
Case unveils fully-electric backhoe loader, begins delivery this year20TOFHP04_1304/01/2020
Case Construction Equipment's move toward alternative propulsion took another step forward at March's ConExpo-Con/Agg Show when it revealed “Project Zeus,” also known as the 580 EV electric backhoe loader. Leandro Lecheta, head of construction equipment in North America for CNH Industrial, was quick to point out that the fully-electric machine is not a concept - it's available for sale today and already has two customer orders in the U.S. The 580 EV is Case's first formal entry into the electric-equipment market. “The backhoe loader is perfectly suited for electrification as the varied use cycles, from heavy to light work, provide an excellent opportunity to convert wasted diesel engine hours into zero-consumption battery time - yet provide the operator with instantaneous torque response when needed,” said Eric Zieser, Case director of global compact equipment product line. “We're proving the viability of electrification at the larger end of the compact and light equipment spectrum
Gehm, Ryan
A Time-Saving Methodology for Optimizing a Compression Ignition Engine to Reduce Fuel Consumption through Machine Learning03-13-02-001902/07/2020
Applying a suitable design optimization technique is a crucial task for optimizing compression ignition engines because of the time-consuming process of optimization even with advanced supercomputers. Traditional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) used in conjunction with design of experiment (DOE) methods requires executing the CFD model several times. A response surface is usually fitted to relate the inputs to the outputs, which is often created based on linear regression. This method is not well suited to capture interaction effects between inputs and nonlinearities existing during engine combustion. A combination of genetic algorithm (GA) and CFD tools usually eventuates better optimum results. However, the CFD simulations must be executed sequentially, resulting in extremely high computational times, which makes it impossible to apply an optimization study using a single desktop computer. The current study examines a novel approach, which combines CFD, GA, and a type of machine
Rahnama, Pourya, Arab, Majid, Reitz, Rolf D.
The Combustion Characteristic of Fuel Additives with Diesel–Ethanol Fuel blends on Engine Performance2019-32-061101/24/2020
Reducing carbon dioxide (greenhouse gas) is one of the most important drivers to promote biofuels. Fuel from biomass has the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and can gradually reduce the dependence on fossil fuels. However, fuel properties can differ significantly from standard diesel fuel and this will affect exhaust emissions and environmental pollution. Diesel – ethanol fuel blends development and specification are currently driven by the engine technology, existing fossil fuel specification and availability of feedstock. Thus, the aims of this study to investigate the effects of fuel additives with diesel–ethanol fuel blend under steady-state conditions. In the present study, the additives were palm diesel, n-butanol, ethyl acetate and di-tert-butyl peroxide (DTBP). The ratio of conventional diesel fuel to ethanol fuel to fuel additive are 80:15:5 by volume of fuel blends. The comparative studies on the effects of fuel additives in the engine performance and phase
Theinnoi, Kampanart, Sawatmongkhon, Boonlue, Wongchang, Thawatchai, Sukjit, Ekarong, Chuepeng, Sathaporn
Reduction of a diesel engine NO emissions using the exhaust gas recirculation technique2019-36-006701/13/2020
This paper analyses the effects of the application of the exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) technique in a stationary, single cylinder engine aiming to reduce the emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx). The engine was operated with diesel oil containing 8% biodiesel (B8) for different load and EGR rates. The engine emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitric oxide (NO) operating without the EGR system were compared with the operation with EGR rates of 15% and 25%. The results revealed that the increase in the EGR rate increased the exhaust gas temperature, the engine specific fuel consumption and the CO and CO2 emissions, but with reduction of up to 72% of NO emissions, when using 25% of EGR rate.
de Oliveira, Alex, Bernardes, Alexandre Pinheiro, Ferreira, Flávio
An Effect of Utilization B30 from Various Blends of B0:FAME and HVO on Emissions, Fuel Consumption and Power of Euro4 Vehicle Technology2019-01-218912/19/2019
Indonesia has implemented mandatory for utilization of high ratio biodiesel starting from B10 (10% of biodiesel and 90% of diesel fuel by volume) in 2013 then it gradually increased to B20 in 2016 and B30 in 2020. On the other hand, Indonesian Government will also strengthen vehicle emission regulation from Euro 2 to Euro4 in 2021. Therefore, B0 (low sulfur diesel fuel) and B100 (biodiesel) fuel properties as blended fuel for B30 must be improved to comply with Euro4 vehicle emission regulation. In this study various formulation of B30 were investigated, in which the B100 was varied from FAME (fatty Acid Methyl Ester), HVO (Hydrotreated Vegetable oil), and blend of FAME and HVO. The test was conducted under Euro4 vehicle technology to investigate their effect on emissions, fuel consumption and power. In this experiment, emission, fuel consumption and power were tested using UN-ECE R83-05 regulation, UN-ECE R101 and acceleration method respectively. The results showed that B30 has lower
Setiapraja, Hari, Yubaidah, Siti, Ekasari, Mutia, Haspriyanti, Nita, Rustyawan, Wawan, Rochim, Abdul
Regulated Emissions and Detailed Particle Characterisation for Diesel and RME Biodiesel Fuel Combustion with Varying EGR in a Heavy-Duty Engine2019-01-229112/19/2019
This study investigates particulate matter (PM) and regulated emissions from renewable rapeseed oil methyl ester (RME) biodiesel in pure and blended forms and contrasts that to conventional diesel fuel. Environmental and health concerns are the major motivation for combustion engines research, especially finding sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels and reducing diesel PM emissions. Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), including RME, are renewable fuels commonly used from low level blends with diesel to full substitution. They strongly reduce the net carbon dioxide emissions. It is largely unknown how the emissions and characteristics of PM get altered by the combined effect of adding biodiesel to diesel and implementing modern engine concepts that reduce nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions by exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). Therefore, the exhaust from a single-cylinder Scania D13 heavy-duty (HD) diesel engine fuelled with petroleum-based MK1 diesel, RME, and a 20% RME blend (B20), was
Novakovica, Maja, Shamun, Sam, Malmborg, Vilhelm B., Kling, Kirsten I., Kling, Jens, Vogel, Ulla B., Tunestal, Per, Pagels, Joakim, Tuner, Martin
Impact of Engine Oil Additives on Nanostructure and Oxidation Kinetics of Diesel and Synthetic Biodiesel Particulate Matters using Electron Microscopy2019-01-235112/19/2019
Physicochemical characteristics of particulate matters which are influenced by engine oil additives from engine combustion of diesel and synthetic biodiesel: hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) were successfully investigated using electron microscopy, electron dispersive x-ray spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The agglomerate structure of diesel PM, HVO PM and diesel blending lubricant PM are similar in micro-scales. However, nanostructure of soot is a spherical shape composed of curve line crystallites while the metal oxide ash nanostructure is composed of parallel straight line hatch patterns. The oxidation kinetics of fuel blending lubricant PMs are higher than neat fuel PMs due to catalytic effect of incombustible metal additives from engine lubricating oil.
Koko, Phyozin, Karin, Preechar, Charoenphonphanich, Chinda, Chollacoop, Nuwong, Hanamura, Katsunori
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