Browse Topic: Carbon monoxide

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A Thermoelectric System for Emission Control Optimization in Two-Wheeler Automotive Applications2026-26-0218To be published on 01/16/2026
Environmental pollution is one of the growing concerns of our society. As vehicle emissions are a major contributor to air pollution, emission control is a primary goal of the Automotive industry. Vehicle emissions are higher due to improper combustion, which leads to toxic gases being generated from the exhaust system. Unburnt fuel is one of the leading causes of toxic pollutants such as Carbon Monoxide, Nitric Oxides (NOx) and Hydrocarbons. The catalytic converter converts these gases into less toxic substances such as Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen, and water vapor. The catalytic converter performs efficiently after reaching its “Light Off” temperature, after which the catalyst becomes active. Hence, elevated temperature of the exhaust gases aids in efficient conversion. Presently, the gases from the exhaust system are approximately at a temperature of 300°C-600°C. This paper outlines the concept of a Peltier (Thermoelectric) Module - based system, which helps maintain the high
Venkateshwaran, Aishwarya, soodlu, Shashikiran, M, Mathaiyan
REPLACING DIESEL ENGINES WITH CNG ENGINES – IMPACT ON EMISSIONS, BASED ON CHASSIS DYNAMOMETER TESTS OF MEDIUM AND HEAVY-DUTY BUSES2026-26-0127To be published on 01/16/2026
Abstract This paper compares carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane and nitrogen oxide emissions from medium and heavy-duty buses using diesel, diesel-hybrid, and CNG powertrains. Comparisons are made using results from chassis dynamometer-based tests with driving cycles intended to simulate a wide range of operating conditions. Tail pipe emissions are measured by diluting the vehicle exhaust in a full-scale dilution tunnel by mixing with conditioned air. Samples are drawn through probes of raw exhaust, diluted exhaust and measured using laboratory grade emission analyzers. Emissions measurements include carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and hydrocarbons including methane. Fuel consumption for liquid fuels is measured using weighing scales, while a gas flow meter is used for measuring CNG. Experimental data from 20 buses tested on a chassis dynamometer over the last 8 years is analyzed and a comparison of results from similar buses but with the differently fueled
Iyer, Suresh
Development of above 500 kW Diesel Engine & After treatment System to meet CPCB-IV+ Emission Norms2026-26-0234To be published on 01/16/2026
The CPCB-IV+ emission compliance for genset application is applicable with effect from 1st July 2023 as per as per GSR 804(E). The CPCB-II to CPCB-IV+ changeover in very stringent in emission front by almost 90 % emission reduction. It's a significant advancement in environmentally sustainable powertrain technology. To meet the CPCB-IV+ Emission, combustion development & ATS technology plays an important role. First is the base engine need to optimize enough with combustion & associated parts. Second is the after treatment system which will carry the battle further to the engine emission with 10% minimum engineering target. This paper present the systematic approach followed to meet CPCB-IV+ emission norms for upgradation of 21 liter TCIC engine for the power range (56 <P ≤ 560). Here the challenge is that we don't want to major changes in the existing CPCB-II FIE recipe & meet the CPCB-IV+ emission with ECU calibration & ATS system calibration with its potential. Here interesting
RANE, Vikas, Jagtap, Shailesh, Gothekar, Sanjeev, Pawar, Narendra V, Khedkar, Prasad, KAGADE, SAMADHAN, Kendre, Mahadev, G Bhat, Prasanna, Thipse, S
Development of a CNG-Diesel Dual Fuel Tractor with Mechanical Fuel Injection System2026-26-0114To be published on 01/16/2026
Identification of renewable and sustainable energy solutions remains a key focus area for the engine designers of the modern world. An avenue of research and development is being vastly dedicated to propelling engines using alternate fuels. The chemistry of these alternate fuels is in general much simpler than fossil fuels, like diesel and gasoline. One such promising and easily available alternate fuel is compressed natural gas (CNG). In this work, a 3-cylinder, 3-liter naturally aspirated air-cooled diesel engine from the off-highway tractor application is converted into a CNG Diesel Dual fuel (CNG-DDF) engine. A comparative performance shows that the thermal efficiency is up to 5% lower with CNG-DDF with respect to diesel. However, it has shown the benefit of 44% in Particulate Matter (PM), while retaining the same NOx + NMHC levels as baseline diesel engine. The cycle average CO emission was found to increase by 40% simultaneously, which has been controlled by an oxidation catalyst
Choudhary, Vasu, Mukherjee, Nalini, KUMAR, SANJEEV, Tripathi, Ayush, Nene, Devendra
Performance Analysis of Graphene-Coated Heat Pipe Heat Exchangers for Automobile Exhaust Cooling and Purification2025-01-500601/23/2025
This research investigates the development of a heat pipe heat exchanger coated with graphene for cooling and purification of automobile exhausts. The heat exchanger directly affects the performance of the engine because proper heat dissipation and transfer can improve engine performance, reduce fuel consumption, and decrease the emission. Moreover, this effect is much more noticeable on coated heat pipes because of the enhanced thermal conductivity and mechanical properties of the graphene films. A heat null emitted by internal combustion engines was used in the experimental setup to test the thermal performance, cooling efficiency, and purification efficiency of the newly designed in-house exhaust simulation system where the new heat pipes were inserted. The results of the experiment show that the heat pipes have very high thermal performance as the efficiency of the heat pipes was calculated to be around 85%. Furthermore, the temperature decrease over the surfaces of the heat
Karthigairajan, M., Seeniappan, Kaliappan, Balaji, N., Natrayan, L., Sheik, Salman Basha, Ravi, D.
Effect of Diesel-Ethanol Blends on the Performance and Emissions of a CI Diesel Engine Suitable for Stationary Application Rahul Garg1, Nalini Kanta Mukherjee2, Chithra V.1, Vasu Choudhary2, Bharat Newalkar1, Devendra Nene2, Manoj Kusumba2 1 Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd., Greater Noida, UP, 201306 2 TAFE Motors and Tractors Ltd., Alwar, Rajasthan, 3010012024-26-007801/16/2024
Diesel engines are primarily used in the power generation sector owing to their characteristics of high efficiency and power, but account for higher emissions, mainly NOX and PM. Ethanol being a bio-based alternate fuel, holds the potential to be one of the most promising fuels for blending with diesel for emissions reduction, primarily due to its oxygenated nature, which results in a lower carbon content than diesel. In this study, four different ethanol-diesel blends have been developed for investigation (a) 5% (v/v) ethanol/diesel blend (E5D95), (b) 10% (v/v) ethanol/diesel blend (E10D90), (c) 15% (v/v) ethanol/diesel blend (E15D85) and (d) 20% (v/v) ethanol/diesel blend (E20D80). Additives and couplers were developed, as well, to address the problem of corrosion, cetane number reduction and blend stability. A detailed physico-chemical characterization was performed to measure various critical properties (density, cetane number, calorific value, flash point, etc.) of various diesel
Garg, Rahul, Mukherjee, Nalini, Viswanath, Chithra, Newalkar, Bharat
Structural development and improvement of SCR Assembly design for Exhaust After Treatment System of a Construction Equipment off highway Vehicle2024-26-009101/16/2024
Construction equipment off highway vehicles are heavy industry vehicles that run on diesel engines. To meet the CEV BS-IV emission norms, these engines have the Exhaust After Treatment System (EATS) which includes two primary subassemblies, i.e., a Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC) subassembly to reduce the HC and CO emissions and a Selective catalytic Reduction (SCR) subassembly to reduce NOx emissions. Because of the excessive vibrations in the engine and continuous heavy-duty usage of the Construction equipment, structural failures leading to excess pollution and consequential functional failure are reported in the field. Hence, understanding the effect of engine vibrations and proposing a cost-effective solution is paramount in designing the EATS system including the SCR assembly. A field-testing failure of BS-IV CEV SCR assembly has been taken in consideration for this study. Several use-cases were simulated for the baseline design using real world acceleration data and Frequency
Rahman, Shahzer, Chakraborty, Abhirup, Perumal, Solairaj, Redkar, Dinesh, Usulamarthi, Ramwarun, Singh, Rajendra
Experimental And Numerical Investigation of a Single-Cylinder Methanol Port-Fuel Injected Spark Ignition Engine for a Heavy-Duty Applications.2024-26-007201/16/2024
With the increasing focus on reducing CO2 emissions to combat global warming and climate change, the automotive industry is exploring near zero-emission alternative fuels to replace traditional fossil-based fuels like diesel, gasoline, and CNG. Methanol is a promising alternative fuel that is being evaluated in India due to its easy transportation and storage, as well as its production scalability and availability potential. This study focuses on the retro-fitment solution of M100 (pure methanol) SI port-fuel injection (PFI) mode of combustion. A heavy duty single-cylinder engine test setup was used to assess methanol SI combustion characteristic. Lean operation strategy has been investigated. At lean mixture conditions a significant drop in NOX and CO emissions was achieved. The fuel injection techniques and the impact of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on the conventional stoichiometric combustion process is highlighted. Increase of the EGR ratio at stoichiometric operation led to 3
Singh, Inderpal, Güdden PhD, Arne, Raut PhD, Ankit, Emran, Ashraf, Dhongde PhD, Avnish, Sharma, Vijay, Wagh, Sachin
Optimization strategies to enhance system performance with aged LNT on SUV2024-26-003501/16/2024
Diesel oxidation catalysts (DOC) combined with NOx adsorbers and passive selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems have demonstrated effectiveness in achieving high conversion efficiencies for CO, HC, and NOx emissions. This integrated exhaust after-treatment system has shown its efficiency in meeting the demanding BS6 Real Driving Emissions (RDE) standards. However, the assessment of emissions at the end of the system's life reveals a decrease in the conversion efficiency of aged exhaust systems, particularly affecting NOx, HC and CO emissions. Factors such as thermal aging and catalyst poisoning are identified as key contributors to the degradation of the after-treatment performance. This paper elucidates correlation methodologies applied to aged Lean NOx Trap (LNT) exhaust after-treatment systems. These methodologies aid in understanding the aging behavior of LNT samples and devising strategies to enhance the emissions performance aged samples during the end-of-life tests. A dual
Shangar Ramani, Vagesh, Kashelkar, Vibhav, Bhale, Aniket, Subramanian, Senthilnathan, Mani, Saurabh
Experimental analysis on development of algae based catalytic convertor for ecofriendly environment2022-28-048111/18/2022
Due to increased use of automobiles in some of the major cities had resulted in serious concerns about urban air quality caused by engine exhaust gas emissions and also more harmful species derived from them via photochemical reactions. The three main exhaust gas pollutants derived from exhaust emissions are hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides. Engine modifications are not alone sufficient to control them therefore the catalytic systems are introduced to do this. But the biggest limitation of regular catalytic convertor is the use of precious metals like platinum, titanium, palladium etc. in this article an algae based catalytic convertor is fabricated and experimentally tested. The conducted analysis and experiments shows that algae based catalytic convertor is indeed a best substitute to the regular catalytic convertor. The CO2 emission was reduced from 0.9 vol % to 0.2 vol % and the CO emission was reduced from 14.22 vol % to 0.68 vol%.
Lucas, Annagowsalya
IMPROVEMENT OF SCR THERMAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AND REDUCTION OF EMISSIONS THROUGH COMBUSTION OPTIMIZATION2022-28-048211/18/2022
Meeting advanced emission norms involves multiple techniques and it has always been a challenging task on attaining the same. Improving the exhaust temperature is indispensable in order to enhance better conversion efficiency on the after treatment systems. This paper clearly investigates on the various strategies involved in order to improve the temperatures of selective catalytic reduction and post injection techniques to meet the emission norms. On the basis of MIDC operation, key load points were selected and split injections with three pulses were implemented. The variation of both the post injection timing and quantity were performed in this paper in order to evaluate the optimum output. The effect of post injection timing and quantity variation on hydrocarbon emissions, carbon monoxide, diesel oxidation catalyst temperatures was observed on all load points. The above strategy was also evaluated on generating the pressure crank angle data. SCR efficiency improvement was
Anbarasu, Muthusamy, Shangar Ramani, Vagesh
Experimental Investigation of Direct Injection Compression Ignition Engine Fueled with Diesel-Biobutanol-Castor Oil Blends on the Performance2022-28-043311/09/2022
Castor Oil is one of the oils that are available from the waste seeds at and low cost. Biobutanol can be manufactured from waste fruits by bioprocessing. This study uses the blends of castor oil-biobutanol along with diesel to replace 85-90% of diesel fuel for fueling direct injection compression ignition engines without any major modifications in engine operating parameters. The experimentation sequence includes the preparation of blends with a base blend of diesel-biobutanol in 50:50 with the additive of castor oil from 0- 10% in increments of 1%. The solubility and properties test (as per the American Society of Testing Methods) is being performed to arrive at an optimal blend that possesses closer properties compared to diesel. This optimal blend is tested for thermal efficiency, heat release rate, and emissions for various brake power conditions. Results of the properties test depict that the blend containing castor oil up to 5% is found suitable by comparing the kinematic
B, Prabakaran
Alternative fuels for CI engine and recent developments: A review2022-26-115805/26/2022
Increasing population and proportional energy demand in all the sectors has led to the dwindling of fossil fuels and is expected to be exhausted in the coming 20-30 years. Usage of fossil fuels is satisfying the energy demand but parallelly deteriorating the environment with harmful pollutants like carbon monoxide, unburnt hydrocarbons, and smoke emissions. Also, the cost of fossil fuels is increasing day by day. So keeping in view all the above said points, research, and development in the field of alternate fuels need to be there. These alternate fuels should be such that they fulfill all the current engine's design and performance characteristics but modification in the engines with respect to alternative fuels will also be accepted in near future. The purpose of this paper is to give a brief introduction and recent trends developed in the field of alternative fuels and literature surveys done before by researchers. Thus giving insight, knowledge, idea, and interest in the field of
Sayyed, Lubna Munirahmed
Gasoline-diesel and methanol-diesel fueled reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) engine extended load operation with high compression ratio2022-01-054803/29/2022
The study presents extended load operation (at 3.4 bar BMEP) of dual fuel combustion mode for light-duty single cylinder compression ignition (CI) engine. The high compression ratio, hot charge dilution (with 30% and 389 K) and dual fuel combustion provides more fuel-air mixing, evaporation and reactivity stratification for obtaining minimum HC and NOx-soot emissions. Without altering the engine configurations the suitability of alternative fuel (Methanol) is investigated for extended engine operation. Gasoline and methanol are selected as low reactivity fuels (LRF) and diesel as high reactivity fuel (HRF) for understanding the dual fuel RCCI combustion. The dual-fuel combustion with charge dilution shows the improved combustion characteristics, increased brake thermal efficiency with minimum emissions for test fuels. The methanol-diesel shows delayed start of combustion, reduced heat release rate, increase in fuel consumption and CO emissions with charge dilution. For gasoline-diesel
Chaudhari, Vasudev D., Deshmukh, Dr. Devendra
A Study of Combustion Inefficiencies in SI Engines Powered by Alcohol and Ether Fuels Using Detailed Emission Speciation2022-01-061703/29/2022
Advanced combustion engines, as power sources, dominate all aspects of the transportation sector. Stringent emission and fuel efficiency standards have promoted the research interest in advanced combustion strategies and alternative fuels. Owing to the comparable energy density to the existing fossil fuels and renewable production, alcohol and ether fuels may be a suitable replacement, or an additive to the gasoline/diesel fuels to meet the future emission standards with minimal modification to current engine geometry. Furthermore, lean and diluted combustion are well-researched pathways for efficiency improvement and reduction of engine-out emissions of modern engines. However, lean-burn or EGR dilution can introduce combustion inefficiencies in the form of excessive hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen emissions. In this study, the total energy loss to the exhaust in the form of emission species due to incomplete/inefficient combustion of alcohol (butanol and ethanol) and ether
Sandhu, Navjot Singh, Yu, Xiao, Leblanc, Simon
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF EMULSIFIED FORM OF WCO AND ITS NANO ADDITIVES FUEL (25 PPM CuO) USED IN VARIABLE COMPRESSION RATIO C.I ENGINE2022-01-062903/29/2022
Energy is a critical input for socio-economic development. The energy strategy of a country aims at efficiency, security, providing access which is environmentally friendly and achieving an optimum mix of primary resources for energy generation. The energy produced from the waste, could be an area of useful research work. In this research work, Neat form of waste cooking oil (WCO) fuel was used in a compression ignition (C.I) engine. Sunflower oils were prepared in bulk for the entire research work. A single cylinder, water cooled, agricultural type, direct injection C.I engine developing power output of 3.54 kW at 1500 rpm was used throughout the research work. Emulsified form of WCO and its Nano additives fuel (25 ppm CuO) was used under different loading conditions with variable compression ratios. Improvement in the BTE and reduction in smoke, UHC, CO emissions were found for WCO Emulsion (WCOE) and WCO Nano Emulsion (WCONE). BTE of WCOE found to be 18, 19, 21 and 22 % and BTE of
Raja, Selvakumar
Effect of Fuel Cetane Number on the Performance of Catalyst-Heating Operation in a Medium-duty Diesel Engine2022-01-058003/29/2022
To comply with increasingly stringent pollutant emissions regulations, catalyst-heating operation in diesel engines is critical to achieve rapid light-off of exhaust aftertreatment catalysts during the first minutes of cold starting. Current approaches to catalyst-heating operation typically involve one or more late post injections to retard combustion phasing and increase exhaust temperatures. The ability to retard post injection timing while maintaining acceptable pollutant emissions levels is pivotal for improved catalyst-heating calibrations. Fuel cetane rating has been reported to enable later post injections with increased exhaust heat and decreased pollutant emissions, but the mechanism by which this occurs is not well understood. The purpose of this experimental study is to provide further insight into the ways in which fuel cetane rating affects combustion and pollutant formation in a medium-duty diesel engine. Three full boiling-range diesel fuels with cetane ratings of
Cho, Seokwon, Busch, Stephen
Experimental Investigation of Performance of Variable Compression Ratio Engine fueled with Pyrolyzed Plastic Oil and Bio alcohols 2022-01-072903/29/2022
Waste Plastics are the main barriers in the rain water percolation into the ground which enhances the improvement in the water table. This study utilizes pyrolised waste plastic oil along with diesel-bioethanol, diesel-biobutanol and butanol to fuel variable compression ratio engine. Initially, various proportions of pyrolised waste plastic oil has been blended with bioethanol-diesel blends (containing 15% of bioethanol),biobutanol-diesel blends (containing 20% biobutanol) and Biobutanol and tested for solubility under 25°C followed by property testing as per the American Society of Testing Materials. The results of the property resting are compared by considering diesel fuel as the base fuel. The results indicate that properties of the blends containing 25% of pyrolised waste plastic oil with bioethanol-diesel blends, 20% of pyrolised waste plastic oil with biobutanol-diesel blends and 35% of pyrolised waste plastid oil with biobutanol are closer to that of diesel. These three blends
B, Prabakaran
Comparison and analysis of real-driving emissions with different processing methods and driving behaviors from a light-duty gasoline vehicle 2022-01-068403/29/2022
Real driving emission (RDE) tests are influenced by factors such as data processing methods, driving behaviors, and environmental conditions. Therefore, being able to effectively identify test influence factors is particularly important for RDE emissions-based calibrations. In order to investigate the correlation between data processing methods, driving behaviors and vehicle emissions, the moving average window (MAW) method and cumulative averaging (CA) method were used to compare and analyze the RDE test data of a light-duty gasoline vehicle under different driving modes in this study. The results showed that in MAW method, carbon monoxide (CO) emissions of urban and total trips calculated by using the front to back window division order were slightly lower compared to the back to front window division order, with an average reduction of 4.68% and 6.33%, respectively. For carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, the order of window division had the opposite effect as for CO emissions. For
Huang, Rong, Ni, Jimin, Shi, Xiuyong, Wang, Qiwei, Cheng, Zhenxu, Quan, Yifeng, Huang, Jinquan
Experimental Studies of LHR Diesel Engine2022-01-061503/29/2022
An experimental investigation is carried out in a single-cylinder, constant speed diesel engine to study the effects of adding four different concentrations of N-Isopropyl-N'-phenyl-1, 4-phenylenediamine (IPPD) as an oxidant to a Jatropha Methyl Ester (JME) diesel blend comprising 20% JME and 80% diesel (JME20) on the performance and emission parameters of the test engine. The whole investigation is carried out in the diesel engine using the following fuels: diesel, neat JME20, and IPPD blended JME20 fuels in a low heat rejection (LHR) mode. The four different concentrations of IPPD used in the investigation are 500 ppm, 1000 ppm, 1500 ppm, and 2000 ppm. The experimental results revealed an appreciable reduction in the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) is noticed with the IPPD blended JME20 fuels compared to that of neat JME20 and diesel at full load. The value of BSFC for the JME20 fuel observed at full load is 0.69 kg/kWh, and it is 0.67 and 0.62 kg/kWh for the JME20A2 and
PANDEY, Krishna Kumar, Jami, Paparao, Sivalingam, Murugan
Strategies for Reduced Engine-out HC, CO, and NOx Emissions in Diesel-Natural Gas and POMDME-Natural Gas Dual-Fuel Engine2022-01-055903/29/2022
Dual-fuel engines employ precisely metered amounts of a high reactivity fuel (HRF) such as diesel at high injection pressures to burn a low reactivity fuel (LRF) such as natural gas, which is typically fumigated into the intake manifold. Dual fuel engines have demonstrated the ability to achieve extremely low engine-out oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions compared to conventional diesel combustion at the expense of unburned hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions. At low engine loads, due to the low in-cylinder temperatures oxidation of HC and CO is challenging. This results in both compromised combustion and fuel conversion efficiencies. The experimental campaign discussed in this paper consisted of a set of six basic engine control parameters that were strategically varied to find the best possible efficiency-emissions trade-offs for both diesel- and poly-oxy methylene dimethyl ether (POMDME)-natural gas fuel combinations on the University of Alabama single-cylinder
Hariharan, Deivanayagam, Partridge, Kendyl, Narayanan, Abhinandhan, Anandaraman, Nandagopalan, Srinivasan, Kalyan, Krishnan, Sundar Rajan
A Study on the use of Intake Flow Path Modification to Reduce Methane Slip of a Natural Gas-Diesel Dual-fuel Engine2022-01-056103/29/2022
Use of natural gas-diesel dual-fuel (NDDF) combustion in compression ignition (CI) engines is one method of reducing the net greenhouse gas (GHG) and particulate matter (PM) emissions of these engines. Compressed natural gas (CNG) is injected into the intake manifold of the engine and the air-CNG mixture is ignited by a direct injection (DI) of diesel in the cylinder. One of the main challenges with NDDF combustion is the methane (primary component of CNG) slip at low and medium loads which reduces the efficiency and offsets the advantage of lower GHG emissions of the engine. In order to address this issue, an intake manifold insert is devised with the objective to alter the intake flow profile into the engine. This can potentially modify the in-cylinder flow profile and intensify the mixing between diesel and CNG/air mixture in order to improve the CNG utilization in the cylinder. Tests are conducted without and with the insert immediately upstream of the intake valves to compare
Dev, Shouvik, Yousefi, Amin, Lafrance, Simon, Missaghian, Roya, Guo, Hongsheng
Numerical Investigations on Split Injection Strategies to Reduce Unburned Hydrocarbon Emissions of a Premixed Charge Compression Ignited Light-Duty Small-Bore Diesel Engine 2022-01-055303/29/2022
Premixed Charge Compression Ignition (PCCI) is a promising low-temperature combustion (LTC) strategy to achieve a simultaneous reduction in oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and soot emissions without relying on after-treatment devices. One of the significant shortcomings of PCCI operation is a high unburned hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions resulting from fuel spray-wall impingement due to early injection of diesel. Narrow-angle direct injection (NADI) helps in reducing the wall wetting of fuel. But it is effective only at lower loads. At mid and higher loads, it increases soot and CO emissions in small-bore diesel engines due to the formation of fuel-rich pockets in the piston bowl region. The present study intends to address this problem using a split injection strategy. A 3-D CFD model is developed and validated with experimental data at two load conditions. Simulations are performed using a commercial CONVERGE CFD software. Split injection strategies are explored using
Pradeep, V, Krishnasamy, Anand
METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO CONTROL HC AND CO EMISSIONS DURING COLD CONDITIONS2022-01-054403/29/2022
Diesel Engines are known for its low fuel consumption and at the same time for higher emission formation (NOx, HC, CO and SOOT). Meeting Emission and CO2 targets simultaneously become tough challenge for the Combustion Engineer. HCCI and PCCI combustion concepts allow the reduction of NOx and Soot simultaneously to very low levels with help of Exhaust gas re-circulation (EGR) while maintaining the CO2 emissions advantage of a diesel Engine But due to the low Combustion temperatures, HC and CO will rise drastically, especially when the catalyst bed temperature is not enough to reach light-off temperature to initiate the after-treatment process. This condition will become serve in Lower Engine temperatures (Cold condition) due to the heterogeneous nature of Diesel Combustion and also affects the BSFC of an Engine. At first multiple injection strategies (Pilot quantity and Pilot separation) has been studied to control both HC and CO by increasing the global combustion temperature. In
Mutta, Surendranath
Performance of Low Heat Rejection Diesel Engine Operated with Mahua and Jatropha Bio- Diesels under Selective Catalytic Reduction Technique for NOx Reduction2021-28-028710/01/2021
The present study focuses on the significance of thermal barrier coated piston on the performance of diesel engine and also the emission characteristics. The test engine piston was covered with a NiCrAlY bond coat of 50 µm thick and a top coat of 250 µm thick with a mixture of 93% of ZrO2, 3 % of Y2O3, 2 % of Gd2O3 and 2% Nd2O3 which is coated onto the target surface by following the plasma spray technique. The experimentation was conducted in a 4-stroke 1-cylinder diesel engine using diesel, mahua (MB 100) and Jatropha (JB 100) fuels with and without coating. The selective catalytic reduction (SCR) technique was adopted for the present study to reduce NOx emissions. The outcomes obtained from this analysis show that the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of a coated engine got increased by 11% and the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) was reduced by 12 % with a coated piston compared to the standard piston. In coated engines with SCR, the hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO
Gangula, Vidyasagar reddy, R L, krupakaran, Tarigonda, Hariprasad, Doddipalli, Raghurami Reddy
Development of an all speed governed Diesel-CNG dual fuel engine for farm Applications2021-26-010109/22/2021
This paper discusses the development of an all speed governed diesel-natural gas dual fuel engine for agricultural farm tractor. A 45 hp, 2.9 liters diesel-natural gas dual fuel engine with a novel closed loop secondary fuel injection system was developed. A frugal approach was followed for conversion, without any modification of the base mechanical diesel fuel injection system. The overall cost impact due to dual fuel conversion was kept minimum, while meeting performance and emissions at par with base diesel operation. Additional cost on gas injection system is redeemed by cost savings on diesel fuel. The dual fuel technology developed by Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd., substitutes on an average approximately 40% of diesel with compressed natural gas, while meeting the mandated agricultural tractor emission norms for dual fuel and meeting all application requirements. The governing performance of the tractor was found to be superior than base diesel tractor. A prototype dual fuel tractor
Raj, Ashwin S, Nagarajan, Vigneshwaran, NISSANGI, JOY KUMAR, Elango, Viknesh, Rajamani, Parthiban, S K, RAVINDRA
A durable and efficient Cu Zeolite based SCR catalyst for cold start and high temperature DeNOx applications2021-26-019009/22/2021
Typical diesel engine-out emissions consist of hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), particulate matter (PM) & oxides of nitrogen (NOx). The HC and CO emissions are oxidized by a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC), placed upstream, closer to the exhaust manifold. The DOC is often followed by a diesel particulate filter (DPF), which entraps and combusts PM. The NOx is often controlled by a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst. An SCR catalyst commonly uses NH3 to reduce the NOx to N2. Vanadium-based SCR catalysts have been widely used for many years. More recently, Cu-Zeolite based SCR (Cu-ZSCR) has gained much attention primarily due to the potential environmental hazards of vanadium and a wider temperature window of effective operation. The SCR reaction is facilitated by the presence of NO2 at lower exhaust gas temperatures by means of the so-called "fast" reaction. However, this is only advantageous up to about 300°C. At higher temperatures, the contribution of NO2 is
Muthusamy, Vishnuvarthan, Kallakkavumkal, Ajith, Gaur, Kanishka, Raman, Ritwik, Kumar, Arvind, Rajan, Bosco, Bartley, Gordon, Trigunayat, Alok
Transient Emission Characteristics of a Light Duty Commercial Vehicle Powered by a Low Compression Ratio Diesel Engine2021-01-118109/21/2021
Adopting a low compression ratio (LCR) is a viable approach to meet the stringent emission regulations since it can simultaneously reduce the oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) emissions. However, significant shortcomings with the LCR approach include higher unburned hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions and fuel economy penalties. Further, poor combustion stability of LCR engines at cold ambient and part load conditions may worsen the transient emission characteristics, which are least explored in the literature. In the present work, the effects of implementing the low compression ratio (LCR) approach in a mass-production light-duty vehicle powered by a single-cylinder diesel engine are investigated with a major focus on transient emission characteristics. The experimental investigations were conducted in a chassis dynamometer with the stock compression ratio of 18:1 followed by the reduced compression ratio of 14:1, and the results are quantified for
Vellandi, Vikraman, Krishnasamy, Anand, Ramesh, A
Homogeneous Charge with Direct Multi-Pulse Injection - A Promising High Efficiency and Clean Combustion Strategy for Diesel Engines2021-01-115609/21/2021
Extensive experimental investigations done over a decade in different engine types demonstrated the capability of achieving high efficiency along with low levels of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and soot emissions with low temperature combustion (LTC) modes. However, the commercial application of LTC strategies requires several challenges to be addressed, including precise ignition timing control, reducing higher unburned hydrocarbon (UHC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions. The lower exhaust gas temperatures with LTC operation pose severe challenges for after-treatment control systems. Among the available LTC strategies, Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI) has emerged as the most promising strategy due to better ignition timing control with higher thermal efficiency. Nevertheless, the complexity of engine system hardware due to the dual fuel injection system and associated controls, high HC and CO emissions are the major limiting factors in RCCI. Homogeneous Charge with
chaurasiya, rishabh, Krishnasamy, Anand
Experimental Investigations on Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition with Oxygenated Alternative Fuel Blends to Reduce Unburned Hydrocarbon Emissions2021-01-120309/21/2021
For controlling oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) emissions from diesel engines, various fuel and combustion mode modification strategies are investigated in the past. Low temperature combustion is an alternative combustion strategy that reduces both NOx and PM emissions through premixed lean combustion. Dual fuel reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) is a promising LTC strategy with better control over start and end of combustion because of reactivity and equivalence ratio stratification. However, the unburned hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions are significantly higher in RCCI especially at part load conditions. The present work intends to address this shortcoming by utilizing oxygenated alternative fuels. Considering the limited availability and higher cost, complete replacement of conventional fuels with alternative fuels is not feasible currently. Based on this premise, oxygenated alternative fuel blends, viz. methanol and Karanja
Nemade, Pushpak, Krishnasamy, Anand
Fuel Injection Strategies for Improving Performance and Reducing Emissions of a Low Compression Ratio Diesel Engine2021-01-116609/21/2021
The present work investigates the effects of lowering the compression ratio (LCR) from 18:1 to 14:1 and optimizing the fuel injection parameters across the operating range of a mass production light-duty diesel engine. The results were quantified for a regulatory Indian drive cycle using a one-dimensional simulation tool. The results show that the LCR approach can simultaneously reduce the oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and soot emissions by 28% and 64%, respectively. However, the unburned hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions increased significantly by 305% and 119%, respectively, with a 4.5% penalty in brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC). Hence, optimization of fuel injection parameters specific to LCR operation was attempted. It was evident that advancing the main injection timing and reducing the injection pressure at low-load operating points can significantly help to reduce BSFC, HC and CO emissions with a slight increase in the NOx emissions. On the contrary
Vellandi, Vikraman, Krishnasamy, Anand, Ramesh, A
Effect of Injection Parameters on the Premixed Charge Compression Ignition Combustion in a Small-Bore Light Duty Diesel Engine – A CFD Study2021-01-117409/21/2021
Premixed charged compression ignition (PCCI) is a promising low temperature combustion strategy for achieving simultaneous reduction of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and soot emissions in diesel engines. However, early direct injection results in significant penalty in fuel economy, high unburned hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions, especially in small-bore diesel engines. In the present work computational fluid dynamic investigations are carried out in a small-bore diesel engine using a commercial CFD software, CONVERGE. The computational models are validated with experimental results at two different load conditions, 20% and 40% of rated load. The validated models are used to carry out parametric investigations on the effects of fuel injection parameters, namely start of fuel injection timing, injection pressure and spray cone angle on PCCI combustion. The fuel-air equivalence ratio, temperature and emission contours are used to get more insight into the effect of fuel
Pradeep, V, Krishnasamy, Anand
Real Driving Emissions Procedure Development for Brazilians Conditions: FTP-75, Ethanol and Others2021-01-060804/06/2021
RDE regulation in Brazil for Light Duty Vehicles will be made effective after Jan/2022. Brazil has some specific conditions and it is necessary to adapt the European RDE procedure in order to attend them: ozone as main pollutant, more than half LDV fleet are flexfuel, able to burn gasoline and ethanol biofuel but with high VOC emission, main big cities altitude close to 1,000 m and high road grade and type approval laboratory cycle based on FTP-75. The objective of this paper is to share advances and concerns about the work of Brazilian specialists in RDE Brazil procedure development. Some changes have already been introduced in the RDE procedure, but some concerns are coming to light, as the correct representativeness of FTP-75 as reference cycle, high ethanol emission at cold start below 20°C, tendency to high hydrocarbon and CO emission when driving at high positive altitude gain and temperatures higher than 30°C.
Forcetto, Andre, Abrantes, Rui de, Vieira, Rodrigo
Parametric Study to Optimize Gasoline Compression Ignition Operation under Medium Load-Conditions2021-01-046004/06/2021
Gasoline compression ignition (GCI) pertains to high efficiency lean burn compression ignition with gasoline fuels, where ignition is controlled by mixture’s auto-ignition chemistry as well as local mixture strength. The presented GCI combustion strategy is based on a multi-mode combustion strategy at various operating conditions. This study presents a part of work on the development of an optimum combustion strategy at medium loading condition for commercial gasoline fuel with research octane number (RON) = 91. The single cylinder engine with a compression ratio (CR) = 16 features a centrally mounted multi-hole injector with a spark plug at a distance from the injector under shallow pent-roof combustion chamber design. The design of combustion chamber and piston was previously optimized based on CFD numerical analysis. The experimental study at medium load condition (IMEP = 6 bar) investigated the effect of fuel injection strategy, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and re-breathing on
Raman, Vallinayagam, Viollet, Yoann, Sim, Jaeheon, Badra, Jihad, Chang, Junseok
Determination of Efficiency Losses in Entry Ignition Engines2021-01-044104/06/2021
In 2020, Cheeseman (SAE Paper 2020-01-1314) introduced Entry Ignition (EI) as a potential engine combustion process to rival traditional Spark Ignition (SI) and Compression Ignition (CI). The EI process premixes fuel with compressed air, which then enters a hot cylinder at top dead center, autoigniting upon entry. The original proposed concept for an engine separates the compression and expansion processes allowing for it to be modeled as a 2-stroke Brayton cycle. Theoretically, an EI engine allows for higher compression ratios than SI engines with less emissions than CI engines. However, the original EI engine analysis made several assumptions that merit further investigation. First, the original analysis did not look at the temperatures and pressures in the air/fuel mixing chamber to ensure that it does not autoignite prior to entering the cylinder. Second, the analysis did not account for the large amount of heat transfer associated with keeping half the end-gas in the cylinder
Mittal, Vikram, Novoselich, Brian
Investigation and 1D Modelling Approach on Scavenging Air Post-Oxidation inside the Exhaust Manifold of a DISI Engine2021-01-059904/06/2021
The introduction of real driving emission measurements increases the need of improved transient engine behavior while keeping the emissions to a minimum. A possible way of enhancing the transient engine behavior is the targeted usage of scavenging. Scavenging is realized by an inlet- and exhaust-valve overlap. Fresh scavenging air flows directly from intake manifold through the cylinder into the exhaust manifold. Therefore, the mass flow at the turbine increases and causes a reduced turbo lag, which results in a more dynamic engine behavior. The unburned oxygen causes a decrease of the three-way catalyst (TWC) conversion rate. To keep the TWC operation close to stoichiometry, a rich combustion is performed. The rich combustion products (most notably carbon monoxide) mix in the exhaust manifold and react with oxygen so that the conversion rate of the TWC is ensured. In order to investigate the potential and risks of this engine operating strategy, a reliable 1D engine model is necessary
Przewlocki, Jan, Tromellini, Rodolfo, Grill, Michael, Chiodi, Marco, Bargende, Michael
Comparison of Emissions Measurement Methods based on Chassis Dynamometer Testing2021-01-061104/06/2021
Engine and vehicle tailpipe emissions can be measured in laboratories equipped with engine dynamometers and chassis dynamometers, respectively. In addition to laboratory testing, there is an increase in interest to measure on-road vehicle emissions using portable emissions measurement systems in order to determine real-driving emissions. Current methods to quantify engine, vehicle tailpipe, and real-driving emissions include the raw continuous, dilute continuous, and dilute bag measurement methods. Although the dilute bag measurement method is robust, recent improvements to the raw and dilute continuous measurement methods can account for the time delay between the probe tip and analyzer in addition to gas transport dynamics in order to reliably recover the tailpipe concentration signals. These improvements significantly increase the reliability of results using the raw and dilute continuous measurement methods, making them possible alternatives to the bag method. This paper
Vais, Joseph, Iyer, Suresh
7.0.104 - Managing Distributed Systems Development through Model-Based E/E-Architecture DesignSAE-PP-0028002/04/2021
This paper sketches a model based E/E-architecture analysis and design process for the development of distributed in-vehicle systems. Together with a model based system development, the sketched analysis and design process results in a cost-effective E/E-architecture which fulfills all the requirements for the developed in-vehicle system. As an example scenario, the integration of a new feature into a car, which requires integrating a new distributed function into the existing E/E-architecture of the car, is shown.
Lname, Fname
Infrared Detectors Enhance Night-Vision CamerasTBMG-3799711/01/2020
Like some snakes use infrared to “see” at night, similar “viper” vision could improve the sensitivity of night-vision cameras. Researchers have developed detectors that enable more information to be extracted from the object in the dark. When looking at a person at night through night-vision goggles, the person’s infrared signature is visible. The person may have a hidden weapon that emits a different wavelength of infrared light but it cannot be seen even with a presently available, cryogenically cooled camera.
Combustion Characteristics, Performance and NO x Emissions of a Heavy-Duty Ethanol-Diesel Direct Injection Engine2020-01-207709/15/2020
Diffusive combustion of direct injected ethanol is investigated in a heavy-duty single cylinder engine for a broad range of operating conditions. Ethanol has a high potential as fossil fuel alternative, as it provides a better carbon footprint and has more sustainable production pathways. The introduction of ethanol as fuel for heavy-duty compression-ignition engines can contribute to decarbonize the transport sector within a short time frame. Given the resistance to autoignition of ethanol, the engine is equipped with two injectors mounted in the same combustion chamber, allowing the simultaneous and independent actuation of the main injection of pure ethanol and a pilot injection of diesel as an ignition source. The influence of the dual-fuel injection strategy on ethanol ignition, combustion characteristics, engine performance and NOx emissions is evaluated by varying the start of injection of both fuels and the ethanol-diesel ratio. The results are compared against two baselines
Giramondi, Nicola, Jäger, Anders, Mahendar, Senthil Krishnan, Erlandsson, Anders
Optical Characterization of Methanol Sprays and Mixture Formation in a Compression-Ignition Heavy-Duty Engine2020-01-210909/15/2020
Methanol is not a fuel typically used in compression ignition engines due to the high resistance to auto-ignition. However, conventional diesel combustion and PPC offer high engine efficiency along with low HC and CO emissions, albeit with the trade-off of increased NOx and PM emissions. This trade-off balance is mitigated in the case of methanol and other alcohol fuels, as they bring oxygen in the combustion chamber. Thus methanol compression ignition holds the potential for a clean and effective alternative fuel proposition. Most existing research on methanol is on SI engines and very little exists in the literature regarding methanol auto-ignition engine concepts. In this study, the spray characteristics of methanol inside the optically accessible cylinder of a DI-HD engine are investigated. The liquid penetration length at various injection timings is documented, ranging from typical PPC range down to conventional diesel combustion. Three matched engine operating conditions are
Matamis, Alexios, Lonn, Sara, Tuner, Martin, Andersson, Oivind, Richter, Mattias
Influence of Butanol and Nano Titanium Oxide into Non Edible Cotton Seed Oil Biodiesel on the Performance of CI Engine2020-01-213409/15/2020
Nonedible oil biodiesels and alcohols are the available renewable resources (liquid fuels) to reduce the dependency of diesel to fuel compression ignition engine. This experimental investigation is to study the performance of compression ignition engine fueled with blends of non-edible cottonseed oil biodiesel and butanol with the assistance of nano Titanium oxide in various proportions. Initially, a solubility and property testing of various proportions of biodiesel and butanol were performed to obtain an optimal blend possessing similar properties in comparison to that of diesel. This optimal blend was ultrasonicated with nano titanium oxide (0-100ppm). The addition of titanium oxide nano into biodiesel butanol blends was attractive and it improved the essential properties. Results of the property testing showed that 35% butanol can be blended with biodiesel to obtain blend possessing similar properties in comparison to that of diesel. In-cylinder peak pressure and thermal efficiency
B, Prabakaran
Numerical Methods on VVA and VCR Concepts for Fuel Economy Improvement of a Commercial CNG Truck2020-01-208309/15/2020
Natural gas has been used in spark-ignition (SI) engines of natural gas vehicles (NGVs) due to its resource availability and stable price compared to gasoline. It has the potential to reduce carbon monoxide emissions from the SI engines due to its high hydrogen-to-carbon ratio. However, short running distance is an issue of the NGVs. In this work, methodologies to improve the fuel economy of a heavy-duty commercial truck under the Japanese Heavy-Duty Driving Cycle (JE05) is proposed by numerical 1D-CFD modeling. The main objective is a comparative analysis to find an optimal fuel economy under three variable mechanisms, variable valve timing (VVT), variable valve actuation (VVA), and variable compression ratio (VCR). Experimental data are taken from a six-cylinder turbocharged SI engine fueled by city gas 13A. The 9.83 L production engine is a CR11 type with a multi-point injection system operated under a stoichiometric mixture. For minimizing optimal valve strategy selections and
Sok, Ratnak, Takeuchi, Kazuki, Yamaguchi, Kyohei, Kusaka, Jin
Experimental Investigation of Injection Strategies to Improve Intelligent Charge Compression Ignition (ICCI) Combustion with Methanol and Biodiesel Direct Injection2020-01-207209/15/2020
Applications of methanol and biodiesel in internal combustion engines have raised widespread concerns, but there is still huge scope for improvement in efficiency and emissions. The brand-new combustion mode, named as Intelligent Charge Compression Ignition (ICCI) combustion, was proposed with methanol-biodiesel dual fuel direct injection. In this paper, effects of injection parameters such as two-stage split-injections, injection timings, injection pressure and intake pressure on engine combustion and emissions were investigated at IMEP = 8, 10, and 12 bar. Results show that the indicated thermal efficiency up to 53.5% and the NOx emissions approaching to EURO VI standard can be obtained in ICCI combustion mode. Compared with the single direct injection for methanol, two-stage split-injection for methanol can form more precise and adaptive stratifications of concentration and reactivity which significantly increases the Ppeak and HRRmax in the cylinder and further reduces HC and CO
Huang, Guan, Li, Zilong, Zhao, Wenbin, Zhang, Yaoyuan, Qian, Yong, He, Zhuoyao, Lu, Xingcai
Influence of Injection Timing on Equivalence Ratio Stratification of Methanol and Isooctane in a Heavy-Duty Compression Ignition Engine2020-01-206909/15/2020
CO2 is a greenhouse gas that is believed to be one of the main contributors to global warming. Recent studies show that a combination of methanol as a renewable fuel and advanced combustion concepts could be a promising future solution to alleviate this problem. However, high unburned hydrocarbon (UHC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions can be stated as the main drawback in low load operations when using methanol under advanced combustion concepts. This issue can be mitigated by modifying the stratification of the local equivalence ratio to achieve a favorable level. The stratifications evolved, and the regimes that can simultaneously produce low emissions, and high combustion efficiency can be identified by sweeping the injection timing from homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) to partially premixed combustion (PPC). Understanding how the stratification of the local equivalence ratio for methanol evolves during the sweep is essential to gain these benefits. Thus, the current
Aziz, Amir, Xu, Leilei, Garcia, Antonio, Tuner, Martin
Augmentation of Energy, Exergy and Emission Performance of Gas Turbine Engines Used for Ship Propulsion2020-01-202809/15/2020
Majority of prime movers for ship propulsion used currently are diesel engines mainly because of their elevated efficiency and their ability to run on residual oil. But in view of the increasing awareness for pollution control and stricter environmental regulations, gas turbine cycle can be regarded as a suitable alternative to propel large ships for cargo and military purpose. However during summer and in hot and humid climates, an increase in ambient temperature and ambient relative humidity is observed to adversely affect the performance of gas turbine (GT). In such circumstances, integration of inlet air cooling to GT cycle can be considered as a suitable alternative. The present paper discusses the possibility of using a vapor absorption inlet air cooled gas turbine cycle as a prime mover for marine application. A parametric study of the effect of compressor pressure ratio, turbine inlet temperature, ambient relative humidity and ambient temperature on energy, exergy and exhaust
Mohapatra, Alok Kumar, Panigrahi, Nabnit, Das, Amar Kumar
Exhaust Emissions from a City Bus Fuelled by Oxygenated Diesel Fuel2020-01-209509/15/2020
The benefits associated with the use of oxygen-containing diesel fuels in passenger cars are quite well described in the literature. This work describes the results of an 18-meter EEV city bus fueled with diesel fuel with the addition of 10% v/v of triethylene glycol dimethyl ether. This compound was chosen because it was effective in reducing exhaust emissions from light duty diesel vehicles. Emission tests (CO, HC, NOx and PM) of the city bus were performed over SORT (Standardized On-Road Tests) cycles using portable exhaust gas analyzers - PEMS. Significant differences in the emission of exhaust components were observed in individual SORT cycles. The level of road emissions reduced as the traffic smoothness increased, i.e. from the SORT 1 to SORT 3 cycle. The largest reduction in bus emissions associated with the use of the oxygenated additive (triethylene glycol dimethyl ether) applies to carbon monoxide and ranges from 50% for the SORT 3 cycle up to 90% for the SORT 1. For the
Kozak, Miloslaw, Lijewski, Piotr, Fuc, Pawel
Blending Behavior of Hydrocarbon and Oxygenate Molecules to Optimize RON and MON for Modern Spark-Ignition Engines (SI)2020-01-214509/15/2020
Gasoline blending is known to be complicated, because individual gasoline fractions with different octane numbers, Research Octane Number (RON) or Motor Octane Number (MON) do not always blend linearly. Instead, they may blend non-linearly, in a synergistic or antagonistic manner. Even though RON and MON are regulated properties, linear and non-linear octane blending is not a broadly understood topic. The target in the developing process of a modern SI engine is to have 100% combustion efficiency which would lead to the reduction of hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions. Therefore, the properties of gasoline, especially RON and MON, need to be optimized to ensure proper ignition in the engine and prevent harmful autoignition reactions. There are hundreds of hydrocarbons in gasoline which have different octane numbers (ON). The explanations for these variations are the structural differences in hydrocarbon molecules that influence on their reactivity. For instance, longer n
Knuutila, Lotta, Kaario, Ossi, Larmi, Martti, Santasalo-Aarnio, Annukka, Karvo, Anna, Kiiski, Ulla
Ecological Comparison of Domestic Travel by Air and Road Transport2020-01-213709/15/2020
The article describes issues related to the impact of transport means on the environment. These issues are currently very popular due to the increasing public awareness of the negative environmental and health effects associated with air pollution. The authors estimated specific emissions in passenger-kilometers, considering a domestic travel by air and road transport. The analyzed route is located between the Polish cities: Gdansk and Cracow. The selected route is long by domestic travel standards, but in that travel distance, the road transport is still competitive to the air transport. Selected means of transport belong to popular representatives in their classes. As a road vehicle, the authors selected a modern passenger car powered by a spark ignition engine, meeting the Euro 6 emission standard. Among the passenger aircrafts, an object which belongs small jet aircrafts, propelled with Rolls-Royce Tay 611C jet engines was selected. As the strength of this article, it is important
Nowak, Mateusz, Jasiński, Remigiusz
The Influence of Fuel Composition and Renewable Fuel Components on the Emissions of a GDI Engine2020-37-002506/30/2020
Investigations were performed, in which the emission behavior of renewable and conventional fuels of different composition and renewable fuel components was observed. The influence of the start of injection on the emissions at WOT was investigated. This shows how much wall and valve wetting as well as the available evaporation time affects the mixture formation of the different fuels. Further, the air fuel ratio in an operating point for catalytic converter heating, with medium engine temperatures, was varied. This shows the ability of evaporation of the fuels at engine warm-up conditions and sub-stochiometric λ-values. The studied fuels were four fuel mixtures of significantly different composition of which three were compliant with the European fuel standard EN 228. A RON 98 in-field fuel, a Euro 6 reference fuel, an Anti-Spark-Fouling (ASF) fuel (designed for minimum soot production) and a potentially completely renewable, thus CO2-neural, fuel, which is designed by Dr. Ing. h.c. F
Albrecht, Michael, Deeg, Hans-Peter, Schwarzenthal, Dietmar, Eilts, Peter
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