Browse Topic: Carbon dioxide

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Mitigating Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Diesel Engines through the Application of Physical Adsorbents2025-01-500802/13/2025
Graphical Abstract Abstract The world is targeting zero-emission standards by promoting flexi-fuel-based vehicles. In the automotive industry, IC engine-powered vehicle has a good market. Either IC or flexi-fuel engines are considered the safest mode of transport, one tedious problem needs to be addressed is their toxic exhaust emissions from those engines. However, there are many aftertreatment systems available to control HC, CO2, NOx, and PM emissions. To control CO2 emissions there is no aftertreatment system available. Physical adsorbents such as activated carbon and zeolite are going to be used in this work to reduce emissions from exhaust gases. Zeolite has a greater affinity toward NOx emission, and activated carbon has greater potential to capture HC and carbon dioxide emissions. Initially computational studies were carried out to evaluate back pressure developed in adsorbent chamber. Analysis was carried out by varying conical length of the adsorbent chamber (68 mm, 75 mm
Subramanian, MohanKumar, Muthiya, Solomon Jenoris, Pachamuthu, Senthilkumar, Naveena, B. E., Divya, G. S., Praveen Kumar, M. V.
automation test jms - titleSAE-PP-0947202/05/2025
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Rickard, Christopher
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SintzADMIn, Jeneane, Gatts, Joshua, GattsCurator, Josh, GattsCurator2, Josh, GattsCurator2, Josh
3D-Printed Reactor Core Makes Solar Fuel Production More EfficientTBMG-5219312/01/2024
In recent years, engineers at ETH Zurich have developed the technology to produce liquid fuels from sunlight and air. In 2019, they demonstrated the entire thermochemical process chain under real conditions for the first time, in the middle of Zurich, on the roof of ETH Machine Laboratory. These synthetic solar fuels are carbon neutral because they release only as much CO2 during their combustion as was drawn from the air for their production. Two ETH spin-offs, Climeworks and Synhelion, are further developing and commercializing the technologies.
testing exclusion rulesSAE-PP-0945111/05/2024
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SintzADMIn, Jeneane
Cost Effective Pathways Toward Highly Efficient and Ultra-Clean Diesel Engines, Part II: Air-handling and Exhaust Aftertreatment2024-26-004401/16/2024
Following global trends of increasingly stringent greenhouse gas (GHG) and criteria pollutant regulations, India will likely introduce within the next decade equivalent Bharat Stage (BS) regulations for Diesel engines requiring simultaneous reduction in CO2 emissions and up to 90% reduction in NOx emission from current BS-VI levels. Consequently, automakers are likely to face tremendous challenges in meeting such emission reduction requirements while maintaining performance and vehicle total cost of ownership (TCO), especially in the Indian market which has experienced significant tightening of emission regulation during the past decade. Therefore, it is conceivable that cost effective approaches for improving existing diesel engines platforms for future regulations would be of high strategic importance for automakers. In this second of a two-part article, several component levels advancements are discussed including both engine and the aftertreatment system (ATS). For engine, role of
Kumar, Praveen, Shah, Ashish, Lago, Rafael, Echeverri Marquez, Manuel, Cleary, David, Gothekar, Sanjeev, Thipse, Sukrut S
Comparison of Different Energy Carrier’s WTW Emission Factors and Their Role For Meeting Net Zero Climate Targets Aligned With Science Based Target Initiatives – An Extension For India Market2024-26-007701/16/2024
Global climate change is a threat and limiting global temperatures to 1.5 ⁰C is a challenge which is known to everyone. However, it is possible to avoid the worst consequences by taking scientifically defined paths. Science Based Target (SBT) is one such joint initiatives which provide companies with clearly defined path to reduce emissions in line with Paris agreement. In Europe collaboration of European Commission’s Joint Research Centre (JRC), OEMs and Refineries have come forward to understand the impact of different energy carriers on energy usage and CO2 emissions on WTW (Well-to-Wheel) basis. Outcome of such a study would result in emission factors (gCO2eq/unit fuel or energy consumed) for various energy carriers. This activity outcome when coupled with strong understanding on specific country’s future potential and roadmap in alternate fuels or energy carriers and together with presence of strong data analytics capabilities of OEM to track their sold products usage in
Dev, Subhanker, Johansson, Monica
Optimised Air Management System for Heavy Duty Hydrogen Engines2024-26-017101/16/2024
Many Indian cities are amongst the most polluted cities in the world. Transport sector is identified as one of the major contributors to air pollution. Following the global trend Government of India is also promoting Near Zero Emission fuels with zero CO2 emissions as a way forward to solve the emission problem. With it's policies like Green Hydrogen Mission GOI plans to accelerate the adoption of Hydrogen as fuel in the country. These initiatives have created a breakthrough in development of Hydrogen ICE's by the Indian OEM's. Hydrogen ICE have NOx emissions as the most prominent engine out emissions. NOx emission in Hydrogen engines are very sensitive to operating lambda where after a certain threshold lambda the emissions rise significantly. Therefore the air management system pays a very important role in the hydrogen engine performance & NOx emissions. The study evaluates the various options in turbo charging system for heavy duty Hydrogen engine. As first step 1 stage Variable
Emran, Ashraf, Jagodzinski, Bartosch, Sreedharan, Sajil N, Paranjape, Sumeet, Garg, Shivam, Wagh, Sachin, Sharma, Vijay
Data driven decisions to calculate CO2 emission for materials derived from estimated vehicle weight2024-26-015901/16/2024
Change in the gross weight of the car due to change in Special Accessories (SA)/parts/different materials can drastically alter the overall CO2 emission readings. Each carline has multiple variants offered to the customers. Each variant additionally has different code rules associated with them further increasing the customizability. This requires a system to predict the estimated gross weight of the cars to calculate the CO2 emission accurately. Carlines, which are already in production phase, have certified weights associated with them. For each variant of the car, there is a specific weight threshold, which governs the emission certification of it. However, carlines, which are in development phase, have yet to certify for CO2 emission. This makes it very difficult to identify customizability options for development variants. Any change in the part/accessory can make the variant exceed the weight threshold, thus, making it difficult to offer alternatives. The idea is to help the
Majumder, Kuntal, Pundir, Manish, Pathak, Arindam, Kumar, Rahul
E-drive System Selection Criterion for EV Commercial and Passenger Vehicles Segments2024-26-025301/16/2024
Electric Vehicles are one of the promising technologies to curb the climate change by reducing CO2 emissions significantly. Electric vehicle component selection is a complex process which has to fulfil multiple requirements with trade-off between Performance & Efficiency, Efficiency & cost, Performance & NVH, etc. Hence, it's a challenge to select right E-Drive comprising Motor and overall gear ratio to meet EV program targets. This study focuses on criterion used for selecting an E-Drive system comprising Motor, MCU and overall gear ratio for Electric Vehicles in Commercial and Passenger segments. The automotive market in India is analysed and the most popular vehicles in CV and PV segments with comparable Kerb Weights have been identified; Small Commercial Vehicle (SCV), and Compact SUV. The criterion is based on vehicle performance, design, cost, and NVH and efficiency requirements. The simulations are done to estimate motor torque/power requirements & overall gear ratio meeting the
Shendge, Raman Suresh, Jadhav, Vaibhav V., Warule, Prasad, Wani, Kalpesh
Industrialization of the Commercial Hydrogen Engine till 20252024-26-016701/16/2024
India striving for carbon neutrality influences futures powertrain architecture of commercial vehicles. The use of CO2-free drives as battery electric have been demonstrated for various applications. The productivity still is a challenge due to missing high power charging infrastructure or limited range. This draws the attention to the use of sustainable fuels due to lower refueling times. The hydrogen engine got highest attention in the last couple of years. For markets as the EU the driver for hydrogen is the CO2 emission reduction, whereas for markets as India hydrogen offers the additional opportunity for more independence from fossil imports. Different OEMs all over the world have converted diesel engines to hydrogen operation with strong focus on performance and emission demonstration, so far with limited technology readiness of different key components. As of a strong market pull, AVL will show how to ensure SOP readiness in 2025 by effective use of simulation, verification
Arnberger, Anton
Cost Effective Pathways Toward Highly Efficient and Ultra-Clean CI Engines, Part I: Combustion System Optimization2024-26-003701/16/2024
Following global trends of increasingly stringent greenhouse gas (GHG) and criteria pollutant regulations, India will likely introduce within the next decade equivalent Bharat Stage (BS) regulations for Diesel engines requiring simultaneous reduction in CO2 emissions and up to 90% reduction in NOx emission from current BS-VI levels. Consequently, automakers are likely to face tremendous challenges in meeting such emission reduction requirements while maintaining performance and vehicle total cost of ownership (TCO), especially in the Indian market which has experienced significant tightening of emission regulation during the past decade. Therefore, it is conceivable that cost effective approaches for improving existing diesel engines platforms for future regulations would be of high strategic importance for automakers. In this first of a two-part article, cost effective means of improving the combustion process in a Diesel engine to reduce engine-out emissions, specifically of NOx and
Shah, Ashish, Kumar, Praveen, Sari, Rafael, Cleary, David, Gothekar, Sanjeev, Thipse, Sukrut S
Lightweight potential and crash performance of friction stir welded Tailored Blanks2023-01-122006/26/2023
In former papers methods to join different aluminium or different steel sheets having same thicknesses are presented using the friction stir welding process with flat tools. In order to increase the lightweight potential, the Materials Testing Institute of the University of Stuttgart, developed a novel variant of the friction stir welding process, enabling the joining of aluminium and steel sheets of different thicknesses. Compared to the conventional welding method, the difference relates to the stir welding tool used, which consists of a stepped welding pin and allows combined lap-and-butt joints to be produced. Potential applications for this innovative joining technology include lightweight components for car bodies. In this context, this paper aims to demonstrate the lightweight potential and the crash performance of Tailor Welded Blanks (TWBs) made from DX54(1 mm) and AL6016 - T4 (2 mm). For this purpose, possible parts of a car body that can be replaced with these TWBs were
Bachmann, Maximilian
Methods for the Holistic Evaluation of the eFuel Influence on Gasoline Engine Combustion2023-01-121006/26/2023
The proportion of new registrations with battery-electric and hybrid powertrains is rising steadily. This shows the strong trend in the automotive industry away from conventional powertrains with internal combustion engines. The aim is to reduce the transport sector's contribution to CO2 emissions. However, it should be noted that this only applies when renewable energy is used. Studies show the relevance of the sytem boundaries under consideration, which makes the application of Life Cycle Assessment indispensable. According to these studies, the various types of powertrains differ only slightly in their greenhouse gas impact. Rather, the energy supply chain plays a significant role. Moreover, a ban on combustion engines would lead to an additional increase in cumulative CO2 emissions. An important aspect on the way to sustainable mobility solutions is addressing the existing fleet. The approximately 1.25 billion vehicles that are predominantly powered by internal combustion engines
Villforth, Jonas, Vacca, Antonino, Bargende, Michael, Kulzer, Andre
Comparison of conventional vs reactivity-controlled compression ignition diesel-hythane dual-fuel combustion: An investigation on engine performance and emissions at low-load2023-01-120306/26/2023
The exponential rise in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions into the environment is one of the major concerns of international organisations and governments. As a result, lowering carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) emissions has become a priority across a wide range of industries, including transportation sector, which is recognised as one of the major sources of these emissions. Therefore, cleaner powertrain technologies, such as the use of alternative fuels and combustion modes in internal combustion engines, are required. Dual-fuel operation with high substitution ratios using low carbon and more sustainable fuels can be an effective short-term solution. Hythane, a blend of 20% hydrogen and 80% methane, could be a potential solution to this problem. In this research, two alternative diesel-hythane dual-fuel modes, namely conventional dual-fuel (CDF) combustion and reactivity-controlled compression ignition dual-fuel (RCCI DF) combustion, were experimentally evaluated and compared to
Longo, Kevin, Wang, Xinyan, Zhao, Hua
Experimental Analysis of Pressure Pulsation Noise Phenomenon in a CNG-Powered Passenger Vehicle2025-01-011205/05/2023
Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) engine has proved itself to be a worthy replacement for conventional fuels like gasoline & diesel in heavy commercial and passenger transport applications all over the world. Natural gas can be used to reduce carbon dioxide emissions while the global distribution of natural gas allows energy independence for regions with gas rather than oil reserves. In India, infrastructure development of CNG distribution and stringent emission regulations have increased the interest shown by Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEM) to concentrate towards development of CNG vehicles in every segment. From noise & vibration perspective, CNG powered vehicles are expected to maintain the same level of cabin refinement as their fossil fuel equivalents. However, one of the major challenges associated with CNG vehicles is the excitation due to additional components like CNG Pressure Regulator, Injector et al. The operational metallic / pulsation noises are generally higher as
Chatterjee, Joydeep, Ravindran, Mugundaram
Experimental analysis on development of algae based catalytic convertor for ecofriendly environment2022-28-048111/18/2022
Due to increased use of automobiles in some of the major cities had resulted in serious concerns about urban air quality caused by engine exhaust gas emissions and also more harmful species derived from them via photochemical reactions. The three main exhaust gas pollutants derived from exhaust emissions are hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides. Engine modifications are not alone sufficient to control them therefore the catalytic systems are introduced to do this. But the biggest limitation of regular catalytic convertor is the use of precious metals like platinum, titanium, palladium etc. in this article an algae based catalytic convertor is fabricated and experimentally tested. The conducted analysis and experiments shows that algae based catalytic convertor is indeed a best substitute to the regular catalytic convertor. The CO2 emission was reduced from 0.9 vol % to 0.2 vol % and the CO emission was reduced from 14.22 vol % to 0.68 vol%.
Lucas, Annagowsalya
Utilizing Machine Learning Algorithms in a Data-Driven Approach to the Prediction of Vehicle Battery State of Charge with BMW i3 Datasets2022-01-508810/17/2022
The state of charge (SoC) in an electric vehicle must be assessed and projected for any scenario, using the array of data points that can be extracted from a vehicle. In this paper, we explored the utility of data-driven approaches to SoC prediction that do not rely upon any internal or equation-based understanding of the device operation. We leveraged three unique machine learning algorithms to predict the battery SoC using data from other features of electric vehicles. We leveraged a publicly available dataset describing vehicle parameters and trip details for 70 trips in EV BMW™ i3 (60 ah) vehicles and evaluated aforementioned machine learning algorithms for predicting SoC percentage. We utilized a data processing technique (delta and stagger) to extract different perspectives from each trip record and demonstrated that machine learning techniques can be effectively used to predict battery SoC for a wide range of driving conditions and trip parameters.
Puri, Shreya
testing collections assignmentSAE-PP-0303407/08/2022
blah blah blah collections
Rickard, Christopher
The Short-flight Alternative22AVEP04_0804/01/2022
The Budget Airline Car is an EV alt-shuttle seating six adults, with luggage storage in each door. Short-haul airline flights can be a great convenience for travelers, but they produce more CO2 emissions - about 250 g/km per person - than any other form of passenger transportation, including compact EVs and electric trains. That's about 25% more emissions than long-haul flights, because short-hop flying uses proportionately more fuel at takeoff and landing. Could an automotive alternative offer a solution? That is what Car Design Research (CDR), a U.K.-based consultancy, set out to investigate, working with design associates Yichen Shu in China and Aditya Jangid in India. The resulting concept is the Budget Airline Car, one of six new passenger-vehicle types that CDR director Sam Livingston and his team feel would be enabled by new mobility technologies.
Kendall, John
Efficiencies greater than 55% are experimentally demonstrated using an oxygen-enriched oxidizer in a six stroke engine2022-01-050903/29/2022
Criteria emissions (CO, Pb, NOx, UHC, PM, and SOx) from internal combustion engines have been greatly reduced since the 1970s; however, the greenhouse gas CO2 emissions have remained substantial. CO2 emissions are demonstrated to be significantly reduced through improved thermal efficiency. Improved thermal efficiency has been achieved experimentally through using an oxygen-enriched oxidizer, a six stroke engine cycle, enhanced radical formation, heat recovery and recycle, lean combustion, and high levels of exhaust gas recirculation. Thermal efficiencies greater than 55% are demonstrated. This technology is able to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions from a vehicle by greater than 24% mass of carbon dioxide per distance traveled. According to Statistica.com, the average new car sold in the EU in 2019 emitted 122 grams of CO2 per kilometer. These emissions could be reduced to less than 93 grams of CO2 per kilometer using this technology. Savings in fuel consumed are considerable and
Jung, Philip Owen
The effectiveness of traditional knock mitigation strategies to increase load on a DI H2 engine2022-01-057103/29/2022
One way to reduce a vehicles tailpipe CO2 emissions is to use a fuel with a higher hydrogen to carbon ratio. The use of pure hydrogen result in near-zero tailpipe CO2 emissions. However the use of hydrogen in pre-mixed spark-ignition combustion systems results in abnormal combution event. The fast burn-rate of hydrogen can result in high-frequency pressure oscillations while the low motor octane number (MON) leads to pre-ignition as load increases. End-gas knock is also observed at relatively low loads with pure hydrogen. In this study, lean operation, EGR operation and water injection are used to mitigate some of the combustion challenges associated with pure H2 combustion. Data was collected on a 115 mm bore 1.3 liter single-cylinder research engine operating at 12:1 geometric compression ratio. Hydrogen was injected through a side-mounted direct injector at 100 bar rail pressure. The results are compared to port-fuel injected compressed natural gas.
Conway, Graham
Numerical and experimental fatigue investigation on a battery support plate for the pure electric vehicle2022-01-029303/29/2022
As the international community strengthens the control of carbon dioxide emissions, electric vehicles have gradually become a substitute for internal combustion engine vehicles. The battery pack is one of the most important components of electric vehicles. The strength and fatigue performance of the battery support plate not only affect the performance of the vehicle but also concern the safety of the driver. In the present study, the frequency domain fatigue life of the battery support plate estimation is virtually performed on a full-scale finite element model and verified by a random vibration test. Then, with the RMS stress as the optimization objective, the frequency domain fatigue topology optimization of the battery pack support plate was carried out. The results show that the optimized structure is not only lighter in weight, but the stress at dangerous locations is significantly reduced, and the fatigue life meets the performance requirements.
Liu, Zhe, Gao, Yunkai, Chen, Jiaju, Xie, Furong, wang, Xiaozhao
Conversion of Carbon dioxide into useful acids and byproducts2022-01-022003/29/2022
Carbon dioxide capturing is necessary to prevent the change in climatic conditions and global warming. This study includes the capturing of carbon dioxide and the conversion of the captured carbon dioxide into useful commercial products. The study has been conducted in the exhaust gases of the highly used 1 ton split air conditioner in domestic applications. The equipment includes the carbon dioxide measuring device at the inlet and outlet. The exhaust gases coming out of the air conditioner are being measured by a digital flow meter and this ensures the mass flow rate of the gases into the unit. The processing unit has been enclosed with a polyvinyl chloride sheet to prevent exposure to the outside environment. In the presence of water two electrodes has been deployed for the conversion of carbon dioxide to carbonic acid and formic acid. For this a protective experimental container has been placed in the vicinity of the air conditioner outlet. The flow rates of the gases into the
B, Prabakaran, Chinni, Venkata Sai Sandeep
Modeling of gasoline particulate filter regeneration: sensitivity of numerical solutions2022-01-067903/29/2022
Gasoline Direct-Injection (GDI) engine technology improves vehicle fuel economy toward future targets and simultaneously decreases CO2 emissions. The main drawback of this technology is the increased emission of particulates (when compared to their indirect injection-based technology counterpart). Thus, aftertreatment devices such as Gasoline Particulate Filters (GPFs) are today considered the most promising and practically adoptable solution to limit PM/PN out of GDI exhaust. The particulate filter traps soot particles resulting from fuel combustion and prevents their release into the atmosphere. Soot oxidation (also known as regeneration) is required at regular intervals to clean the filter, maintain a consistent soot trapping efficiency, and avoid the formation of soot plugs in the GPF channel. In this paper, starting from a multiphysics GPF model accounting for mass, momentum, and energy transport developed in our laboratory, a sensitivity analysis is carried out to choose the best
Levine, Kelsey, Pozzato, Gabriele, Onori, Simona
An investigation of the degradation of biodiesel blends in a heavy-duty diesel engine test 2022-01-062803/29/2022
One way to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from the current heavy-duty vehicles fleet is to replace fossil fuel with renewable fuel. This can be done by blending into the standard diesel fuel with so-called drop-in fuels. However, problems such as insoluble impurities may arise when the fuels are mixed. These precipitates, known as soft particles, can cause deposits in the fuel system, i.e., injectors and fuel filters, reducing the engine´s performance. The most used drop-in fuel today is biodiesel which is blended to different levels. To better understand how soft particles are formed in the vehicle´s fuel system, the degradation of biodiesel blends in the engine has been investigated. This study explores biodiesel blends´ degradation process by comparing the incoming fuel with the return fuel from a modern diesel engine to investigate how the fuel is affected by this process. The engine was run using different blends of biodiesel fuel. To investigate the degradation of the biodiesel
Pach, Mayte, Hittig, Henrik, Ramden, Alida, Bernemyr, Hanna
Novel Micro bowls combustion chamber piston for Diesel engines2022-01-054103/29/2022
Pollution is a major concern in India, Government has moved to BS-VI emission norms in 2020 across the country directly from BS-IV skipping BS-V. Exhaust emissions are the non-useable gaseous waste products produced during the combustion process. "Exhaust gas" is the standard term used to describe the waste gas from internal combustion engines. In addition to harmless products such as water vapor, carbon dioxide and nitrogen, engine exhaust also contains pollutants, which are harmful to humanity and the environment: carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC) and nitrogen oxide (NOx). Exhaust emission can be controlled broadly into two category, 1) Before Combustion: Air fuel control equipment. 2) After combustion: After treatment equipment. In these both areas, much of work has been done so far to achieve BS-VI emissions. However, one spot left out, meeting of these two categories is combustion chamber. In this paper, novel approach has been tried out, whether after treatment cost can be
Hipparagi, Shivanand Guruling
Experimental evaluation and VECTO simulations of a hybrid electric bus2022-01-080703/29/2022
New heavy-duty vehicles are simulated with the Vehicle Energy Consumption Calculation Tool (VECTO) to certify their fuel consumption and CO2 emissions in the European Union. VECTO is planned to be utilized also for the certification of vehicles with hybrid electric powertrains, in all topological configurations spanning from P0 to P4 parallel systems as well as series hybrids. A development version of VECTO able to simulate these configurations is already available and was used for this study. In this work we have collected available measurement data from a specific P2 hybrid bus which was run in WHVC on the dyno as well as on the road and a vehicle model was created in VECTO. The VECTO Hybrid Controller was evaluated by comparing the measured and simulated decisions on utilizing the available power sources (fuel/stored electric energy), on regenerating braking and on gear shifting, on a step by step base as well as on a cycle average CO2 emissions result. The results show a good fit
Bitsanis, Evangelos, Broekaert, Stijn, Tansini, Alessandro, Fontaras, Georgios
Perspectives and limitations of a fully electric 48 Volts propulsion architecture2022-01-080103/29/2022
In the context of CO2 emissions reduction, investigations are currently made in various directions among the automotive sector: internal combustion en gine efficiency improvement, downsizing, electrification, vehicle weight reduction. Meanwhile, a new type of ve hicle is emerging in the automotive sector. This study analyses the perspectives and limitations of a low volt age electric vehicle (<60V), with only two people ca pacity. One of the main challenges of this new type of vehicle is to identify the bestsuited powertrain ar chitecture, given the different constraints and needs (power, mass, acceleration, range, etc.). With the ad vantage of reducing the safety constraints linked to high voltage applications, but with the expense of higher currents when power level increases, a proper power train components sizing is mandatory, therefore limit ing the advantages of such architecture. To better eval uate the evolution of the powertrain parameters, a sim ulation tool has been built to
Miliani, El Hadj, El Ganaoui-Mourlan, Ouafae, Couillandeau, Matthieu, TBATOU, Ayoub, JIPA DRAGAN, Vlad Costin, Guia, Mateus
Development of Multiple Injection Strategy for Gasoline Compression Ignition High Performance and Low Emissions in a Light Duty Engine2022-01-055203/29/2022
Increasing regulatory demand to reduce CO2 emissions has led to a focus on the development of novel combustion modes such as gasoline compression ignition (GCI). It has been shown by others that GCI can improve the overall engine efficiency while achieving soot and NOx emissions targets. In comparison with diesel fuel, gasoline has a higher volatility and has more resistance to autoignition, therefore, it has a longer ignition delay time which facilitates better mixing of the air-fuel charge before ignition. In this study, a GCI combustion system has been tested using a Hyundai 2.2L engine as part of a US Department of Energy funded project. For this purpose, a multiple injection strategy was developed to improve the pressure rise rates and soot emission levels for the same engine out NOx emissions. The effect of start of injection timing and fuel quantity split between injections are reported for double and triple-injection strategies with impact on cylinder pressure and heat release
Zyada, Antowan, Zoldak, Philip, Naber, Jeffrey
Comparison and analysis of real-driving emissions with different processing methods and driving behaviors from a light-duty gasoline vehicle 2022-01-068403/29/2022
Real driving emission (RDE) tests are influenced by factors such as data processing methods, driving behaviors, and environmental conditions. Therefore, being able to effectively identify test influence factors is particularly important for RDE emissions-based calibrations. In order to investigate the correlation between data processing methods, driving behaviors and vehicle emissions, the moving average window (MAW) method and cumulative averaging (CA) method were used to compare and analyze the RDE test data of a light-duty gasoline vehicle under different driving modes in this study. The results showed that in MAW method, carbon monoxide (CO) emissions of urban and total trips calculated by using the front to back window division order were slightly lower compared to the back to front window division order, with an average reduction of 4.68% and 6.33%, respectively. For carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, the order of window division had the opposite effect as for CO emissions. For
Huang, Rong, Ni, Jimin, Shi, Xiuyong, Wang, Qiwei, Cheng, Zhenxu, Quan, Yifeng, Huang, Jinquan
Comparative Analysis on Fuel Consumption Between Two Online Strategies for P2 Hybrid Electric Vehicles: Adaptive-RuleBased (A-RB) vs Adaptive-Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (A-ECMS)2022-01-089403/29/2022
Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) represent one of the main technological options for reducing vehicle CO2 emissions, helping vehicle (car) manufacturers (OEMs) to meet the stricter targets which are set by the European Green Deal for new passenger cars at 80 g CO2/km by 2025. The optimal power-split between the internal combustion engine (ICE) and the electric motor is a new challenge since it depends on many unpredictable variables. In fact, HEV improvements in fuel economy and emissions strongly depend on the energy management strategy (EMS) on-board of the vehicle. Dynamic Programming approach (DP), direct methods and Pontryagin’s minimum principle (PMP) are some of the most used methodologies to optimize the HEV power-split. In this paper two online strategies are proposed: an Adaptive-RuleBased (A-RB) and an Adaptive-Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (A-ECMS). At first, a description of the P2 HEV model is made. Second, the two sub-optimal strategies are described in
Giardiello, Giovanni, Gimelli, Alfredo, de Nola, Francesco, Pipicelli, Michele, Parascandolo, Francesco, Santoro, Dario, Sessa, Bernardo, Troiano, Antonio
High Strength Aluminum Bearing Alloy with Increased Fatigue Resistance2022-01-041103/29/2022
Aluminum-tin alloy lined bimetals have traditionally been utilized in rod and main bearing applications in light duty gasoline engines due to their combination of strength with soft-phase properties, such as embeddability and conformability. The load carrying capability of aluminum-tin alloys can be further increased by applying a polymer overlay, but recent advances in engine design, to improve efficiency and reduce CO2 emissions, have resulted in maximum specific load requirements beyond the performance limits of current aluminum-tin products. In these instances, the standard option would be to specify a lead-free bronze-based bearing solution, which has increased strength, but necessitates greater weight and brings a significant cost disadvantage over aluminum products. To address these problems, MAHLE have developed a high strength aluminum lined bimetal for use with a polymer coating, which offers a significant advantage in load carrying capability over traditional aluminum-tin
Campbell, Sylvia, Morais, Paulo, Stearns, John
Potential towards CI engines with lower NOx emissions through calibration optimization and low-carbon fuels2022-01-061403/29/2022
The use of electric vehicles will continue to increase as the technology advances, and governments adopt policies that favor their adoption. However, by some projections, the phase-out of the Internal Combustion Engines (ICEs) will occur later than 2050 (the target year to achieve Net Zero emissions), making imperative the continuous improvement of ICEs with strategies that can be -directly or with minor modifications- applied to existing vehicle platforms to improve efficiency and reduce GHG emissions to help achieve Paris climate targets. Low carbon fuels (LCF) as diesel substitutes for light and heavy duty vehicles are currently being considered as a promising alternative to reduce well-to-wheel (WTW) CO2 emissions by taking advantage of the carbon offset their synthesis pathway can promote, which could capture more CO2 than it releases into the atmosphere. Additionally, some low carbon fuels, like OMEx blends, have non-sooting properties that can significantly improve the NOx-soot
Garcia, Antonio, Monsalve-Serrano, Javier, Villalta, David, Guzmán Mendoza, María, Durrett, Russell, Vassallo, Alberto, Gaillard, Patrick
Efficiencies greater than 55% are experimentally demonstrated using oxygen-enriched oxidizer in a six stroke engine2022-01-051503/29/2022
Criteria emissions (CO, Pb, NOx, UHC, PM, and SOx) from internal combustion engines have been greatly reduced since the 1970s; however, the greenhouse gas CO2 emissions have remained substantial. CO2 emissions are demonstrated to be significantly reduced through improved thermal efficiency. Improved thermal efficiency has been achieved experimentally through using an oxygen-enriched oxidizer, a six stroke engine cycle, enhanced radical formation, heat recovery and recycle, lean combustion, and high levels of exhaust gas recirculation. Thermal efficiencies greater than 55% are demonstrated. This technology is able to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions from a vehicle by greater than 24% mass of carbon dioxide per distance traveled. According to Statistica.com, the average new car sold in the EU in 2019 emitted 122 grams of CO2 per kilometer. These emissions could be reduced to less than 93 grams of CO2 per kilometer using this technology. Savings in fuel consumed are considerable and
Jung, Philip Owen
Conductive Electric Road System for Heavy-duty Truks2022-01-015603/29/2022
Total CO2 emissions in the world have risen to approximately 37.8 billion tons (FY2016), with the motor vehicle sector accounting for 5.9 billion tons, or 16% of the total. A large portion of that is attributable to cargo vehicles (trucks and buses). To achieve CO2 emissions reduction in this motor vehicle sector to zero, it is necessary to introduce vehicles that are powered only by electric motors and that do not carry fossil fuels; in other words, electric vehicles (EV) and fuel cell vehicles (FCV). At present, however, EVs face a number of major issues. The principal issues are their range, installed battery capacity, and energy replenishment (support for ultra-rapid charging) as well as the installation of infrastructure for it. Given this background, the technology developed here applies conductive charging from the side for heavy-duty trucks on an Electric Road System (ERS). The results from the design, prototype fabrication, and road testing of this technology show that it
Tajima, Takamitsu
Comparative Analysis of Protection Systems for DC Power Distribution in Electrified Vehicles2022-01-015303/29/2022
Electric transportation has the potential of mitigating CO2 emissions and reduce fuel needs. One of the challenges for the growth of this industry is limited range and efficiency of the vehicles associated with battery storage systems and electric drive technology. High voltage systems are expected to increase efficiency and then vehicle mileage, however this increases the severity of the fault conditions, especially in case of short circuit. Melting fuse is commonly used for the purpose of protection in electrified vehicles, while it is effective and reliable, there are several shortcomings such as lack of precision, effect of ambient temperature, bulky, interruption time depending on the fault condition etc. Additionally, the on-board DC power distribution system (PDS) is characterized by low impedance, in this environment fuses are not able to limit the fault current leading to damage of electronics and hazard for the battery pack. Thus, advanced protection systems such as pyro
Bavishi, Harsh, D'Arpino, Matilde, Ramesh, Prashanth, Guezennec, Yann, Colbert, Ian
Multiscale method to modeling and simulation of the hybrid joints2022-01-038603/29/2022
Cars are responsible for around 12% of total EU emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), the main greenhouse gas. Since 2009, EU legislation sets mandatory emission reduction targets for new cars. For 2025, EU fixed the limit of CO2 emissions of cars in 75g/km. One of the ways to reduce CO2 emissions of the vehicles is weight reduction thru the replacing metals with lighter materials, as natural materials, composite materials and light alloys. A new trend of today is of realizing hybrid structures constituted from metals and composite. In this case, the main question for hybrid material design is how to join dissimilar materials? In this work CRF explain the activities developed in some research project that answer this question with an laser welding technology between a thermoplastic CFRP and a high performance steel. With this technology, the materials are joint by melting the thermoplastic substrate with a laser without added adhesive at interface. In particular, this work explain the
Basso, Matteo
Photocatalytic Cabin IAQ System to Eliminate Viruses Encountered in a Conditioned Space2022-01-022103/29/2022
In a photocatalytic air purifier system, the catalyst that cleans the air is typically titanium dioxide and it is energized by ultraviolet (UV) light. When UV light shines on the titanium dioxide, electrons (negatively charged particles inside atoms) are released at its surface. The electrons interact with water molecules (H2O) in the air, breaking them up into hydroxyl radicals (OH·), which are highly reactive, short-lived, uncharged forms of hydroxide ions (OH−). These small, agile hydroxyl radicals then attack bigger organic (carbon-based like virus) pollutant molecules, breaking apart their chemical bonds and turning them into harmless substances such as carbon dioxide and water. The author has been conducting research in these systems for the past 4 years to eliminate living organic germs, bacteria; pathogen, etc. from the cabin air. An HVAC system has been developed by using a filter impregnated by titanium di-oxide (TiO2) with UV lights to improve and maintain cabin air quality
Mathur, Gursaran
An investigation of bio/synthetic fuel blends on a multi-cylinder compression ignition engine2022-01-053103/29/2022
Oxygenated, low energy-density fuels have the potential to reduce engine-out NOx and soot emissions. Additionally, synthetic fuels can provide a pathway to reach carbon neutral utilization of hydrocarbon-based fuels in IC engines. Oxymethylene dimethyl ether (OME) is one such synthetic, low energy density fuel, derived from sustainable sources that in combination with conventional fossil fuels with higher energy content, has the potential to reduce NOx emissions below the US and EU VI legislative limits while maintaining ultra-low soot and CO2 emissions. The objective of this work is to investigate and compare the performance, emissions and efficiency of a modern multi-cylinder diesel engine under conventional high temperature combustion (HTC) with 3 different fuels; 1) 10% OME fuel, blended with conventional ultra-low sulphur diesel (OME10), 2) EU bio-diesel, made from vegetable oils with 10% renewable energy source (RES) content (EU B10), and conventional diesel in North America (B0
Asad, Usman, Ramos, Manuel, Tjong, Jimi
High Efficiency HD Hydrogen Combustion Engines: Improvement Potentials for Future Regulations2022-01-057003/29/2022
Hydrogen engines offer the possibility of a carbon neutral transportation – a focal point of current propulsion development activities especially for EU and US future concepts. From today's point of view, hydrogen can play an important role in this regard as it is a carbon-free fuel, no CO2 emissions are produced during its combustion process. Besides, it can be well used for lean burn combustion leading to very low NOx emissions, a key benefit in combination with an optimized after-treatment system for future ultra-low NOx legislations of heavy-duty (HD) engines. Comprehensive investigations using single-cylinder tests and model-based development approach are performed aiming the definition of a high efficiency hydrogen engine concept. An optimization regarding compression ratio and engine calibration (regarding AFR, EGR rates and optimal combustion phase) is carried out while considering knocking. In a next step, efficiency improvements potentials resulting from the turbocharger
Rezaei, Reza, Kovacs, David, Hayduk, Christopher, Delebinski, Thaddaeus
METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO CONTROL HC AND CO EMISSIONS DURING COLD CONDITIONS2022-01-054403/29/2022
Diesel Engines are known for its low fuel consumption and at the same time for higher emission formation (NOx, HC, CO and SOOT). Meeting Emission and CO2 targets simultaneously become tough challenge for the Combustion Engineer. HCCI and PCCI combustion concepts allow the reduction of NOx and Soot simultaneously to very low levels with help of Exhaust gas re-circulation (EGR) while maintaining the CO2 emissions advantage of a diesel Engine But due to the low Combustion temperatures, HC and CO will rise drastically, especially when the catalyst bed temperature is not enough to reach light-off temperature to initiate the after-treatment process. This condition will become serve in Lower Engine temperatures (Cold condition) due to the heterogeneous nature of Diesel Combustion and also affects the BSFC of an Engine. At first multiple injection strategies (Pilot quantity and Pilot separation) has been studied to control both HC and CO by increasing the global combustion temperature. In
Mutta, Surendranath
Study of Pre-chamber Jet Combustion Behavior using a Small Two-stroke Optically Accessible Engine2022-32-007601/09/2022
A small 2-stroke engine can be an effective power source for an electric generator mounted on a series hybrid electric vehicle. In recent years, a technology referred to as pre-chamber jet combustion has attracted attention as a means of enhancing thermal efficiency by improving mixture ignitability. In this study, experiments were conducted to investigate differences in combustion behavior between the application of spark-ignited (SI) combustion and pre-chamber jet combustion to a small, two-stroke engine. The experimental equipment used was a two-stroke, single-cylinder, optically accessible engine with a displacement of 63.3 cm3. Differences between conventional SI combustion and pre-chamber jet combustion were examined by means of in-cylinder pressure analysis, in-cylinder combustion visualization and image processing software. The diameter of the connecting orifice of the pre-chamber was varied between two types. The results revealed that the combustion time and indicated mean
DEUSHI, Takato, NAKA, Takuma, TSUJIGUCHI, Tatsuya, IIJIMA, Akira, YAMAGUCHI, Shiro, KUROIWA, Minoru, ETO, Kuniyoshi
testing a new preprint from start to finishSAE-PP-0048610/20/2021
and uploading a new version of the PDF
SintzADMIN, JenEANE, rao, sumana, SintzUSER, Jeneane, rao, sumana, rao, sumana, rao, sumana
2.0.105 - Piston Sealing System Structure Design for Automobile's Lightweight Auto-TransmissionSAE-PP-0048210/19/2021
Current automobile's auto-transmission has problems of defects and cost reduction because of welding process and very complicated assembly process due to individualized transmission piston and sealing components. Also, size and heavy weight of transmission piston components are the source of low mileage because they are made of aluminum, steel material. In this study, therefore, we perform structure design for piston sealing system which integrates piston and sealing material for automobile's lightweight auto-transmission. Also performed stress analysis through finite element analysis to secure required suitable strength when internal pressure is applied after assemble.
Mutagaana, Festo
e2e workflow 10/19SAE-PP-0048010/19/2021
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SintzADMIN, JenEANE
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