Browse Topic: Microscopy

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SM002-testSAE-PP-004499/24/2021
The aim of this study is to develop the simple approach to produce iron-tin (Fe-Sn) intermetallic compound for EV battery anode materials. Intermetallic FeSn2 compound was synthesized by two step method. Mechanical alloying of Fe and Sn element powders with equal atomic ratio was performed for 25 h. The mechanically alloyed powders compacts were processed via liquid phase sintering, in which the powders compacts were heated at different temperatures and for 10 min. The experimental materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and thermal analysis techniques. The FeSn2 compound was formed during liquid phase sintering. However, the reaction between Fe and Sn was incomplete under the investigated sintering time of 10 min.
Mutagaana, Festo
Plating, LeadAMS2414G (Current)8/9/2021
This specification covers the requirements for electrodeposed lead on metal parts.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
TERMINALS, LUG AND SPLICES, CONDUCTOR, CRIMP STYLE, COPPER, INSULATED, RECTANGULAR TONGUE, TIN WHISKER RESISTANT FOR THIN WALL WIRE, TYPE II, CLASS 1 FOR 105 °C TOTAL CONDUCTOR TEMPERATUREAS7928/9C (Current)8/3/2021
AE-8C2 Terminating Devices and Tooling Committee
TERMINALS, LUG AND SPLICES, CONDUCTOR, CRIMP STYLE, COPPER TERMINAL, LUG, CRIMP STYLE, COPPER, INSULATED, RING TONGUE, FOR THIN WALL WIRE, TIN WHISKER RESISTANT, TYPE II CLASS 1 FOR 105 °C TOTAL CONDUCTOR TEMPERATUREAS7928/8B (Historical)5/28/2021
AE-8C2 Terminating Devices and Tooling Committee
Plating, Nickel-Thallium-Boron or Nickel-Boron Electroless DepositionAMS2433D3/10/2021
This specification covers the requirements for an electroless nickel-thallium-boron or nickel-boron, deposit on various substrates.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
TERMINALS, LUG AND SPLICES, CONDUCTOR, CRIMP STYLE, COPPER, INSULATED, RECTANGULAR TONGUE, TIN WHISKER RESISTANT FOR THIN WALL WIRE, TYPE II, CLASS 1 FOR 105 °C TOTAL CONDUCTOR TEMPERATUREAS7928/9B (Historical)2/26/2021
AE-8C2 Terminating Devices and Tooling Committee
TERMINALS, LUG AND SPLICES, CONDUCTOR, CRIMP STYLE, SPLICE, ELECTRIC, TIN WHISKER RESISTANT (PERMANENT, TYPE II, CLASS 1) FOR 105 °C TOTAL CONDUCTOR TEMPERATUREAS7928/10B (Historical)2/23/2021
AE-8C2 Terminating Devices and Tooling Committee
6.0.102 - FeSnSAE-PP-002582/4/2021
The aim of this study is to develop the simple approach to produce iron-tin (Fe-Sn) intermetallic compound for EV battery anode materials. Intermetallic FeSn2 compound was synthesized by two step method. Mechanical alloying of Fe and Sn element powders with equal atomic ratio was performed for 25 h. The mechanically alloyed powders compacts were processed via liquid phase sintering, in which the powders compacts were heated at different temperatures and for 10 min. The experimental materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and thermal analysis techniques. The FeSn2 compound was formed during liquid phase sintering. However, the reaction between Fe and Sn was incomplete under the investigated sintering time of 10 min.
Mutagaana, Festo
Plating, Chromium Hard DepositAMS2406P (Current)12/30/2020
This specification covers the requirements for electrodeposited hard chromium plate.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
Processing and Property Comparison of High-Temperature Carbon/BMI CompositesF-0076-2020-1634010/5/2020
Bismaleimide (BMI) resins are commonly used in advanced carbon composites for their high service temperature and excellent mechanical properties. In this study, two different BMI resins were compared: 1) formula RS-8HT, a high-cure temperature resin requiring pressurized consolidation, and 2) formula BMI-2, a lower cure temperature resin compatible with vacuum bag only fabrication. The objective was to identify a suitable high-temperature resin system for hybrid aerospace gear application, however, these materials are applicable to a variety of hot-zone parts. Laminates were fabricated from each resin type and characterized by their fiber volume fraction, compression strength vs. temperature, and glass transition temperature (Tg). Optical microscopy was performed to verify laminate quality. It was found that the carbon/RS-8HT laminates were prone to thermally-induced cracking, especially during post-cure. Carbon/BMI-2 laminates were found to attain a high degree of cure and high Tg from a realtively low temperature cure, without crack development. Additionally, the fiber volume fraction of the carbon/BMI-2 laminates, which were fabricated by a vacuum bag only process, were similar to that of the autoclave-processed carbon/RS-8HT laminates.
Waller, Matthew, Koudela, Kevin, McIntyre, Sean
Multicolor Super-Resolution Imaging Made EasyTBMG-373548/1/2020
Scientists at EPFL have developed robust and easy-to-implement multicolor super-resolution imaging. The approach is based on the simultaneous acquisition of two spectral channels followed by spectral cross-cumulant analysis and unmixing. They exploit fluorophore blinking and spectral crosstalk for the generation of additional color channels with super-resolved images.
Aerospace Fluid Power - Contamination Classification for Hydraulic FluidsAS4059F (Historical)5/5/2020
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) defines contamination classes and levels for particulate contamination of hydraulic fluids and includes methods of reporting related data (Appendix A). The contamination levels selected are based on the widely accepted NAS 1638 cleanliness classes. The conversion from NAS 1638 cleanliness class specifications to AS4059 class specifications is defined. The comparison of the NAS 1638 classes to AS4059 classes and levels is provided and are defined and the differences explained (Appendix B). NAS 1638 classes based on weight of particles are not applicable to these classes and are not included. A contamination code has been added to describe the contamination levels of the fluid at the specified particle size ranges.
A-6C1 Contamination and Filtration Committee
TERMINAL, LUG, CRIMP STYLE, COPPER, INSULATED, RING TONGUE, BELL-MOUTHED, TIN WHISKER RESISTANT, TYPE II, CLASS 1, (FOR 105 °C TOTAL CONDUCTOR TEMPERATURE)AS7928/12E (Historical)4/21/2020
AE-8C2 Terminating Devices and Tooling Committee
Development of a Method to Measure Soft Particles from Diesel Type Fuels2020-01-03444/14/2020
Renewable fuels have an important role to create sustainable energy systems. In this paper the focus is on biodiesel, which is produced from vegetable oils or animal fats. Today biodiesel is mostly used as a drop-in fuel, mixed into conventional diesel fuels to reduce their environmental impact. Low quality drop-in fuel can lead to deposits throughout the fuel systems of heavy duty vehicles. In a previous study fuel filters from the field were collected and analyzed with the objective to determine the main components responsible for fuel filter plugging. The identified compounds were constituents of soft particles. In the current study, the focus was on metal carboxylates since these have been found to be one of the components of the soft particles and associated with other engine malfunctions as well. Hence the measurement of metal carboxylates in the fuel is important for future studies regarding the fuel’s effect on engines. The first aim of this study was to create synthetic soft particles from biodiesel. Accelerated aging of fuels with different contaminations such as engine oil and calcium oxide were used to create the synthetic soft particles. The precipitates were collected and analyzed with different techniques such as FTIR and GC-MS, to identify the main components which were then compared with the results of the previous study. Following this, specific attention was given to calcium methyl azelate as it was shown to be found in field fuel filters. A method using GC-MS was developed to be able to estimate the amount of soft particles by measuring calcium methyl azelate. The specified method proved to be adequate for future studies to evaluate the filtration efficiency of different filter materials against soft particles.
Csontos, Botond, Swarga, Shriharsha, Bernemyr, Hanna, Pach, Mayte, Hittig, Henrik
TERMINALS, LUG AND SPLICES, CONDUCTOR, CRIMP STYLE, COPPER TERMINAL, LUG, INSULATED, TIN WHISKER RESISTANT, RING TONGUE, BELL-MOUTHED, TYPE II, CLASS 1 (FOR 150 °C TOTAL CONDUCTOR TEMPERATURE)AS7928/13C (Historical)3/24/2020
AE-8C2 Terminating Devices and Tooling Committee
Investigation of Tensile Behavior of 0.22% Carbon Steel with Notched Specimen Subjected to Corrosive Environment05-13-02-00123/23/2020
Carbon steels are the most versatile load bearing material, and these materials are used in the form of structures, construction, and equipment. The role of environment on these materials under loaded conditions is unique in every application, which requires, through experimental findings, to probe into any failure, which needs, through experimental investigation for future life prediction of, new candidate materials. In the above view it was proposed to investigate the notch effect and different corrosive environment on steel under different loading condition. The methodology of the research experiments briefly included:selection of 0.22% carbon steel; preparation of tensile samples and making notches; exposure of these samples (unloaded) to different environmental conditions; creation of the different controlled corrosive environment in a closed chamber for different time periods; immediately after specified exposure periods the tensile loading experiments were carried out in universal testing machine to obtain tensile properties. In this research we revealed the effect of notch and corrosive environment on the tensile properties of 0.22% carbon steel.
Rizwee, Mumtaz, Ahmad, Md Fuzail
Effects of Helical Carbon Nanotubes on Mechanical Performance of Laminated Composites and Bonded Joints2020-01-00293/10/2020
Most composite assemblies and structures generally fail due to weak interlaminar properties and poor performance of their bonded joints that are assembled together with an adhesive layer. Adhesive failure and cohesive failure are among the most commonly observed failure modes in composite bonded joint assemblies. These failure modes occur due to the lack of reinforcement within the adhesive layer in transverse direction. In addition, the laminated composites fail due to the same reason that is the lack of reinforcement through the thickness direction between the laminae. The overall performance of any composite structures and assemblies largely depends on the interlaminar properties and the performance of its bonded joints. Various techniques and processes were developed in recent years to improve mechanical performance of the composite structures and assemblies, one of which includes the use of nanoscale reinforcements in between the laminae and within the adhesive layer. However, most prior research has been focused on use of straight carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and other nanomaterials in particle forms. The goal of this research was to improve the properties of the adhesive film and the interfacial bonding effectiveness between the laminae. Because CNTs are inert in nature, their interaction with the resin and adhesive polymer molecules is very weak. In this research we have used CNTs with various geometrical configuration (straight and helical geometries) and various weight percentages as additional reinforcements. The objective was to investigate the effectiveness of helical geometries of the CNTs to form interlocking mechanisms with the resin and the traditional microfiber reinforcements to improve the overall performance of the composite structures and assemblies. Single lap joint test specimens and flexural test specimens were prepared based on the ASTM standard D5868-01 and ASTM standard D790 and then tested and analyzed. The experimental results showed that the samples with CNT reinforcements performed considerably better than neat epoxy samples. Among the two different CNT geometries, helical CNTs performed better than the straight CNTs.
Sritharan, Ramanan, Askari, Davood
3D Inductor Technology Expands Microchip CapabilityTBMG-361793/1/2020
Engineers have boosted the performance of 3D inductor technology by adding as much as three orders of magnitude more induction to meet the performance demands of modern electronic devices.
Self-Cleaning, Non-Stick CoatingTBMG-362003/1/2020
Researchers have developed a self-cleaning surface that can repel all forms of dangerous bacteria. The new plastic surface — a treated form of conventional transparent wrap — can be shrink-wrapped onto door handles, railings, IV stands, and other surfaces that can be magnets for bacteria such as MRSA and C. difficile. The treated material is also ideal for food packaging, where it could stop the accidental transfer of bacteria such as E. coli, salmonella, and listeria from raw chicken, meat, and other foods.
Embedded Computer Computer Vision in Medical Technology: Focus on Mobile and eHealth DevicesTBMG-362683/1/2020
Color video technology paired with artificial intelligence holds great development potential for the future optimization of patient care. Mobile systems have an important role to play in this context, and OEMs need solutions that integrate embedded vision and embedded computer technology.
Ultrasound Helps Make 3D Printed Alloys StrongerTBMG-362713/1/2020
A new study shows that high-frequency sound waves can have a significant impact on the inner micro-structure of 3D printed alloys, making them more consistent and stronger than those printed conventionally.
Research on the Renovation of Old Industrial Buildings Based on Nano-Modified Cement Materials05-13-02-00112/27/2020
The restoration and renovation of old industrial buildings has become a key issue in the field of engineering. In this article, the application of nano-materials in concrete was analyzed, nano-modified cement materials with different nano-silica (NS) content were designed, which were divided into group N, group NS1, group NS2, and group NS3, and the compression and fracture resistance, frost resistance, and bond performance of each group were analyzed. The results showed that the addition of NS could improve the compression and fracture resistance of the material. When the age was 28 days and the content of NS was 2%, the compression and fracture resistance of the material were better, 65.48 MPa and 8.34 MPa, respectively; when the freeze-thaw cycle reached 50 times, the mass loss rate and strength loss rate of different NS groups were lower than those of group N. When the content of NS was 2%, the frost-resisting performance was the best; the bond strength of different NS groups was also higher than that of group N, and the higher the content of NS, the higher the bond strength. The experimental results prove the effectiveness of NS in improving the properties of materials and in the restoration and renovation of old industrial buildings, providing some theoretical support for its application and promotion in practice.
Zhan, Zhengguang
Intelligent MicrorobotsTBMG-360042/1/2020
Researchers have developed a microrobot that measures a few micrometers across and resembles a paper bird made with origami. But unlike a paper structure, the robot moves without a visible force. It flaps its wings or bends its neck and retracts its head via magnetism.
Bandage Material Helps Stop Bleeding Without Adhering to WoundTBMG-360202/1/2020
Researchers from ETH Zurich and the National University of Singapore have developed a new kind of bandage that helps blood to clot and doesn’t stick to the wound. This marks the first time that scientists have combined both properties in one material.1
Smartphone System Tests for Lead in WaterTBMG-359902/1/2020
Even small amounts of lead can cause serious health problems. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) standards require lead levels in drinking water to be below 15 parts per billion. Currently available consumer test kits are not sensitive enough to accurately detect lead at that level. A new system has been developed using a smartphone and a lens made with an inkjet printer that can detect lead in tap water at levels commonly accepted as dangerous.
Precision 3D BioprinterTBMG-360572/1/2020
nScrypt Inc. Orlando, FL 407-275-4720
Characterization of Friction Stir Processed Aluminum-Graphene Nanoplatelets Composites05-13-02-00071/23/2020
The present study deals with the investigation on microstructural and mechanical properties of friction stir processed (FSPed) pure Aluminum (Al)-Graphene Nanoplatelets (GNPs) composites. Composite specimens such as castings were made by blending 0.5 wt.%, 1.0 wt.%, 1.5 wt.%, and 2.0 wt.% of GNPs in pure Al matrix using the ultrasonic-assisted stir casting technique (UASCT). Also for enhancement of mechanical properties via grain refinement the friction stir processing (FSP) has been employed, as well as mechanical properties like tensile strength and microhardness were evaluated. Moreover, the microstructural analysis were done using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) examination were also performed for inspecting the changes occurred during synthesis of the fabricated composites after FSP. After FSP, the experimental studies exposed that a uniform plastic deformation of GNPs in the pure Al matrix was achieved with less porosity that is leading to increment in mechanical properties with 11.26% enhancement in tensile strength and 12.17% enhancement in microhardness and thereby proves its potential for diverse engineering applications.
Prakash, P. Bhanu, Krishnamachary, P.C., Varaprasad, K.C.
Comparative Study on the Effect of Different Lubricating Oil Additives on the Tribological Properties of Bearing Steel05-13-01-00021/23/2020
The purpose of this article is to study the antifriction and anti-wear effect of GCr15 bearing steel under paraffin base oil and the base oil with two additives of T405 sulfurized olefin and nano-MoS2 and compare the synergistic lubrication effect of two different additives (MoS2 and T405) in paraffin base oil. The tribological properties of GCr15 bearing steel under different lubrication conditions were tested on a ball-on-disk tribometer. The three-dimensional profile of disk’s worn surfaces and the scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs of corresponding steel balls were analyzed at the same time. The wettability of lubricating oils on the surface of friction pairs and the dispersibility of MoS2 in base oil were characterized. Furthermore, the Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDAX) of the disk’s worn surfaces under the nano-MoS2 base oil were measured by the Field Emission Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope to observe the variation of chemical elements on the worn surface of the disk after tests. The results show that these additives have a good synergistic lubrication effect with the base oil in terms of friction coefficient, wear volume, and surface wettability, and nano-MoS2 is better than T405 as the additive in the base oil. Moreover, active elements such as Mo and S were observed on the worn surface of the friction pair, indicating that the MoS2 additive can form a deposited film on the contact region to achieve antifriction and wear resistance effect.
Xia, Zhaocai, Tang, Wencheng, Li, Kaiyuan, Wang, Hao
Acoustic Interactions Change Materials at the Atomic LevelTBMG-357981/1/2020
When exposed to stress and strain, materials can display a wide range of different properties. Using sound waves, scientists have begun to explore fundamental stress behaviors in a crystalline material that could form the basis for quantum information technologies. These technologies involve materials that can encode information in a number of states simultaneously, allowing for more efficient computation.
Additive Manufacturing of Precision Optics at Micro and NanoscaleTBMG-357631/1/2020
In optical manufacturing, additive manufacturing (AM), as an advanced manufacturing method, has been gaining interest because of its capabilities in the fabrication of extremely complex shapes. Applications of AM in the fabrication of single optical components (e.g. optical crystal) or systems (e.g. the making of an eagle eye) at the microscale or macroscale level have been the focus of recent developments. AM is an especially good fit for products that require a high level of customization.
Implants: Protective Membrane Reduces Tissue BuildupTBMG-357751/1/2020
Scientists have developed a special protective membrane made of cellulose that significantly reduces the buildup of fibrotic tissue around cardiac pacemaker implants, as reported in a recent issue of the journal Biomaterials.1 The protective membrane could greatly simplify surgical procedures for patients with cardiac pacemakers.
Vibration Isolator Steadies Optics for NASA's James Webb Space TelescopeTBMG-358201/1/2020
Spinoff is NASA's annual publication featuring successfully commercialized NASA technology. This commercialization has contributed to the development of products and services in the fields of health and medicine, consumer goods, transportation, public safety, computer technology, and environmental resources.
Suppression of Soot Formation in Quasi-steady Diesel Spray Flame Produced by High-pressure Fuel Injection with Multi-orifice Nozzle2019-01-227012/19/2019
The set-off length (also referred to as the “lift-off length”) is reduced by the re-entrainment of the burned gas by the backward flow surrounding a diesel spray jet produced by a multi-hole nozzle. In the present study, to estimate the equivalence ratio at the set-off length, a means of estimating the amount of burned gas that is re-entrained into the near-nozzle region of the diesel spray jet was established. The results revealed that the suppression of soot formation in quasi-steady diesel spray flames produced by a multi-hole nozzle and a high injection pressure is not attained by reducing the equivalence ratio at the set-off length. Analysis of the amount of soot along the spray axis using a two-color method revealed that the maximum soot amount position appears in a quasi-steady spray flame, after the collapse of the head vortex in which a dense soot cloud is formed. The maximum soot amount position does not change even if the injection pressure varies. The suppression of soot formation by the application of a high injection pressure in an actual diesel engine was found to be caused by the shortening of the residence time in the soot formation region between the set-off length and the maximum soot amount position.
Fuyuto, Takayuki, Mandokoro, Yoshiyuki, Hattori, Yoshiaki, Mashida, Makoto
Studies on Characteristics of Nanoparticles Generated in a Gasoline Direct-Injection Engine2019-01-232812/19/2019
Particles generated from lubricant in a gasoline direct injection (*GDI) engine were investigated in detail with the aim to understand the influence of components in lubricant on the amount of particles generated as well as their size. Analytical approach employed in this study was real-time engine tests combined with X-ray spectroscopic and electron-microscopic analyses. Real-time engine tests where particle number (PN) and particle size distribution were consecutively measured with oil consumption for lubricants with different formulas enabled us to extract information regarding lubricant-derived particles. This can be achieved only when sulfur species in lubricant are used as a “tracer” and thus, sulfur-free fuel possessing low PM Index (i.e., isooctane) needs to be used for the measurements. It was revealed that the size of particles increased with an increase in oil consumption in the vicinity of 10 nm, and such particles were assumed to be mainly generated as a result of combustion of metal-based additives used in lubricant. Moreover, STEM-EDX images strongly indicated that the particles with a ~10 nm diameter are composed of metal oxides, sulfates and/or phosphates with Ca, Mo and/or Zn as a cation. This study clearly suggested that novel molecular design of metal-free lubricant additives for wear-protection, detergent, and dispersant will be a key area to dramatically decrease nanoparticles smaller than ~50 nm which particularly threaten human health.
Tabata, Kunio, Takahashi, Motonobu, Takeda, Kenji, Tsurumi, Kazuya, Kiya, Yasuyuki, Tobe, Shota, Ogura, Akira
Advanced analytical methods for the study of lubricant-derived ash and associated impacts on engine aftertreatment components2019-01-229312/19/2019
Catalytic and non-catalytic engine aftertreatment components, such as the diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC), selective catalytic reduction on filter (SCRF), the gasoline particulate filter (GPF) and the diesel particulate filter (DPF) are complex, multifunctional emissions control technologies that are robustly designed for extended use in harsh automotive exhaust environments. Over the useful component lifetime, lubricant-derived inorganic and incombustible ash accumulates in and/or on the surface of the aforementioned aftertreatment components, resulting in degraded performance and other potential problems. In order to better understand effects of ash in such components, a multiscale analytical approach is necessary, requiring a variety of experimental tools. This paper will briefly present a decade of analytical experience at the Sloan Automotive Laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and at Kymanetics, Inc., specific to the fundamental understanding of the accumulation of lubricant-derived ash in engine aftertreatment components. Several key experimental tools and techniques will be reviewed including focused ion beam milling (SEM), in-situ X- ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), ultra-high resolution X-ray computed tomography (CT), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), environmental scanning electron microscopy with backscattered electrons (ESEM-BSE), and ultra-small angle X-ray scattering (USAXS), among others.
Kamp, Carl Justin, Bagi, Sujay Dilip
Method Speeds 3D Printing of Millimeter-Sized Imaging LensesTBMG-3571512/1/2019
A new method was developed to make a low-cost, high-quality lens quickly using a 3D printer. The technology could be used to create optical imaging lenses, customized contact lenses for correcting distorted vision, or to turn iPhones into microscopes for disease diagnosis.
Bioresorbable Patch Offers New Alternative for Arterial HealingTBMG-3563212/1/2019
When a patient experiences 70 percent or greater stenosis in the carotid artery — a condition that can cause lack of cerebral blood flow, stroke, and in some cases, death — surgeons perform a procedure known as carotid endarterectomy (CEA) to remove the plaque causing the artery stenosis.1,2 The procedure consists of a longitudinal incision made from the common to the internal carotid artery, allowing for removal of the plaque that deposits in the bifurcation.
Facility Focus: National Science FoundationTBMG-3543611/1/2019
After World War II, President Franklin D. Roosevelt envisioned a world with a brighter future than the preceding decades — one in which science and technology could create more productive, more fulfilling lives for all Americans. To plan that scientific future, the nation’s first science agency was created to transition the wartime R&D experience — which yielded new discoveries such as penicillin, radar, and the atom bomb — to peacetime. In 1950, President Harry S. Truman signed the National Science Foundation Act to “promote the progress of science; to advance the national health, prosperity, and welfare; to secure the national defense; and for other purposes” to continue this legacy.
2019 'Create the Future' Manufacturing/Robotics/Automation Category Winner: The HPCI® Joining GunTBMG-3544011/1/2019
Diamond Technology Enables Low-Cost Medical ImagingTBMG-3543511/1/2019
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machines are employed to locate cancerous tumors and aid in the development of treatment plans, while nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) machines are used to examine the atomic-scale structure and chemistry of drug compounds and other molecules. Diamonds are the key to a technique that could provide a very-low-cost alternative to these expensive medical imaging and drug discovery devices.
Characterization of AlSi10Mg Alloy Produced by DMLS Process for Automotive Engine Application2019-28-013410/11/2019
Considerable weight of an automobile is constituted by the engine and there is scope for improvement in fuel efficiency and emission control through optimization of weight in the engine. In this work, AlSi10Mg alloy produced by the direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) is suggested for engine application which is a lightweight aluminum alloy. Mechanical properties like tensile strength, compressive strength, and hardness of both cast and DMLS manufactured alloy are compared followed by analysis of SEM images of tensile test fractured surfaces. Reciprocating wear test is carried out for one lakh cycles at 125°C temperature with SAE 40 grade oil as lubricant. Co-efficient of friction (COF), wear rate of the cast and DMLS manufactured samples are compared. Wear patterns are analyzed using SEM images of the wear tracks.
Arun, Kumaran, Aravindh, Kumaran, Raja, Kumar, Naiju, Chooriyaparambil Damodaran, Thrinadh, Emmidi, Ranka, Shreyas
Optimization of RF Magnetron Sputtering Parameters for Deposition of Zinc Oxide Semiconductor Film at Moderate Temperature of 100°C2019-28-015010/11/2019
Zinc oxide semiconductor thin films are deposited on glass substrate at different RF magnetron sputtering parameters. The deposited films were characterized as a function of substrate - target distance, gas flow ratio, working pressure and RF power. X-ray diffraction, Field emission scanning electron microscopy, and hall measurement were utilized to analyze the effect of the deposition condition on the structure, surface morphology and electrical properties of ZnO thin films. The deposition conditions were optimized to give good quality films suitable for the application of flexible or invisible flat panel display. All the films were deposited at 100°C.
Muthukarappan, Amutha Surabi, Jeyaseelan, Chandradass, Paramathma, Baskara Sethupathi, Park, Seong-Ju
A Comparative Study on Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Al-GNPs Composites Fabricated by Casting Method2019-28-013910/11/2019
This paper describes an investigation on microstructures as well as mechanical properties of pure aluminium graphene nano platelets (GNPs) metal matrix composites prepared via novel based stir casting technique combined with ultrasonic treatment. The proportion of graphene changes from 0.5 to 2.0 wt. % in aluminium with 99% purity. The investigations on composites revealed that Al with combination of 1.0 % graphene composite showcased enhanced mechanical properties with 48.49 % (~49%) increase in tensile strength and 34.53 % (~35%) increase in micro hardness compared to test results of composites produced by traditional stir casting technique. FESEM analysis was done to examine the surface morphology of produced composite and fracture surface of tested composites where as XRD analysis was to inspect the phase analysis of produced composites. It reveals that, through cavitational effect there was a uniform distribution of graphene in aluminium matrix and composites were casted with less porosity due to which there is significant enhancement in mechanical properties compare to composites produced by stir casting technique
Palampalle, Bhanu Prakash, Chinna, Krishnamachary Pattipati, Selvi, Binoj Joseph
Experimental Investigation on Mechanical Properties and Vibration Damping Frequency Factor of Kenaf Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Composite2019-28-016710/11/2019
Kenaf Fiber regarded as industrial crop for different applications. It is one of the most important plants cultivated for natural fibers globally. Natural fibers such as kenaf fibers are getting attention of researchers and industries to utilize it in different composites due to its biodegradable nature. In this present investigation mechanical properties, vibration damping frequency factor and thermogravimetric analysis of kenaf fiber reinforced epoxy composite (KFREC) have been evaluated and reported. The tests were conducted with different weight categories of kenaf fiber such as 20%, 25%, 30% and 35%. The effects of fiber content on tensile, flexural, impact strengths, hardness and thermal decomposition properties of the composite were determined. The failure mechanism and damage features of the KFREC were categorized using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The results indicate that the increase in the fiber content decreases the damping vibration factor (ζ) correspondingly. The lowest value of the damping vibration factor was recorded as 0.033 for 35% weight content of Kenaf fiber in the composite. The maximum value of hardness, tensile, flexural, and impact strengths were noted as 447 BHN, 45.62 MPa, 124 kN and 13.2 J respectively and the effective thermal decomposition range was 378.64 - 442.18 °C for 35% of kenaf weight content KFREC. From the results it is identified that the kenaf fiber at 35% weight content reinforced with epoxy resin will be suitable for structural application in automobiles such as bumper beams, door panels and front modules. In addition to that the light weight nature of the kenaf fiber will help in achieving fuel economy in automobiles.
Rajamanickam, Sathish Kumar, Ravichandran, Vishnuvardhan, Sattanathan, Sivakumar, Ganapathy, Deenadayalan, Arockia Dhanraj, Joshuva
Experimental Investigation of Silicon Carbide Nanoparticles Reinforced Magnesium Alloy (AZ91E) Metal Matrix Composite by Vacuum Stir Casting Method2019-28-016910/11/2019
In the present investigation silicon carbide nanoparticles reinforced magnesium alloy [AZ91E] composites were prepared by vacuum stir casting process in an inert atmosphere. Required amount of silicon carbide nanoparticles with grain size of 50nm was added into AZ91E molten melt with constant stir speed of 600 rpm and vacuum pressure of 1 lpm to obtain magnesium alloy composite containing 0, 5, 7.5 and 10 wt.% SiCp nanoparticles. The prepared composites were subjected to mechanical and microstructure studies. The mechanical properties were found to increase with the addition of silicon nanoparticles compared to unreinforced magnesium alloy. The maximum impact strength, yield strength and tensile strength were found to be 29.13J, 156 MPa and 401.13 MPa respectively. Microstructure studies reveal uniform distribution of silicon carbide in magnesium alloy matrix.
Thangavel, Thirugnana Sambandham, Jeyaseelan, Chandradass, Paramathma, Baskara Sethupathi, Mahadevan, Kannan
Surface Modification of Aluminium Alloy 5083 Reinforced with Cr 2 O 3 /TiO 2 by Friction Stir Process2019-28-017910/11/2019
The surface properties have a vital role in the overall performance of the parts like brake shoe pad and other frame system. The mechanical and residual stress measurements of aluminium alloy 5083 were investigated on friction stir processed plates using the reinforcements of chromium oxide (Cr2O3) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) separately as well as combination of these powders. A comparative study was made to analyze the effects of reinforcements, tool type (cylindrical and threaded), parameters and the volume fraction of the reinforcements. The mechanical properties such as surface hardness and residual stress of the friction stir processed specimens were investigated. The experimental results shows that there was a significant increase in surface hardness (118 HRC) as well as a decrease in residual stress compare to the base metal. This study also reveals that the threaded tool with a reinforcement of Cr2O3 and TiO2 reflected better mechanical properties than the cylindrical tool. The SEM images show that the uniform distribution of reinforcement in the processed zone. The surface-hardened plates can be used in brake shoe pad in automobile brake equipment.
Singh, Adarsh, Rajamurugan, Govindasamy, Krishnasamy, Prabu, Dhanabalan, Dinesh
Banana Stem Based Activated Carbon as Filler in Polymer Composites for Automobile Applications2019-28-009310/11/2019
Activated carbon was produced from a new part of banana plant namely true stem in this current research and used as fillers in polymer composites for automobile application. True stems of banana plants are the main wastes in banana or fruit markets which refer to the remains after banana fruits are removed from the supporting stems. Conversion of raw material into activated carbon particles is done by chemical and heat activation. The raw material used here were dried samples of banana plant’s true stem. This material was heated in a crucible at 400°C and then powdered. These crushed samples were activated using hydrochloric acid at 120°C for 5 hours and finally in a furnace for thermal activation at 700oC for 1 hour. These particles were incorporated as fillers in composites at Proportions of 15%, 25%, 35% and 45%. The activated carbon samples have been characterized by determining its fixed carbon content and bulk density. Scanning electron microscopy was done to analyze the morphology of particles. Mechanical tests were conducted for tensile strength, flexural strength and impact strength. It was observed that there was a decrease in tensile strength, toughness and impact properties as filler proportional percentage increased. The important novelty incorporated in this work is in the conversion of waste banana plant material into a valuable composite filler material for application in automobiles, which otherwise will go simply as scraps.
Ayyaswamy, John Presin Kumar, Sattanathan, Sivakumar, Ramachandran, Balaji, Nadarajan, Mukesh
Manufacturing Process for Aluminum AlloysTBMG-3527410/1/2019
An advanced manufacturing process was developed to produce nano-structured rods and tubes directly from high-performance aluminum alloy powder in a single step. Using a Solid Phase Processing approach, researchers eliminated several steps that are required during conventional extrusion processing of aluminum alloy powders and achieved a significant increase in product ductility (how far a material can stretch before it breaks).
Ceramic Bound Materials: A Suitable Solution for Light Brakes2019-01-21099/15/2019
A ceramic bound matrix has been investigated to be used as a friction material. The materials were produced by means of ceramic technology using frits containing silicates, and ceramic friction modifiers such as tin oxide, zircon, iron oxide, magnesium oxide. Four formulations were tested by means of a tribometer (pin-on-disc tester) using a gray cast iron counterpart. Test section included speeds between 1 and 12 ms-1, and loads between 25 and 400 N. The coefficient of friction of the tested specimens were between 0.7 and 0.4, and exhibited sensitivity to speed at low loads (25 N), while they are quite stables at high loads (400N). The characterization of the tribolayers was carried out by means of scanning electron microscopy. The four developed materials were named A, B, C, and D. They exhibited different wear rates and coefficients of friction. All the materials exhibited sensitivity to speed, while showed a lower sensitivity to load. The coefficient of friction level seems to be suitable for brake applications, oscillating between 0.6 and 0.4, depending on the test section. This kind of materials with further efforts can be possibly useful in future electric vehicles that will not demand large and expensive brakes.
Dante, Roberto C., Cotilli, Edoardo, Conforti, Michael, Cotilli, Mario, Serrano-Posada, José Carlos, Schramm, Tobias, Ostermeyer, Georg-Peter, Dastrù, Marco
Influence of Amount of Phenolic Resin on the Tribological Performance of Environment-Friendly Friction Materials2019-01-21059/15/2019
The binder in friction materials (FMs) plays a very crucial role which binds all the ingredients firmly so that they can function the way they were supposed to do. The type and amount of binder, both are very critical for manipulating the desired performance properties, which mainly include friction and its sensitivity towards operating parameters, wear resistance, counter-face friendliness, noise, vibration etc. Although a lot is reported on the influence of types of resins on tribo-performance of FMs, hardly any paper pertains to paint this on a bigger canvas with more detailed understanding of the amount of resin in FMs on the performance properties. The present study addresses these aspects by developing brake-pads with identical composition but varying in amount (wt. %) of straight phenolic resins (6, 8, 10 and 12) by compensating the difference with barite, a space filler. The ingredients did not contain asbestos, Copper, Zinc, etc. and hence were environment friendly. Tribological performance of the composites was evaluated on a full-scale inertia brake dynamometer following JASO C406 test schedule. With increase in the resin contents, most of the performance properties showed improvement. The performance ranking of pads was done using ‘Multiple Objective Optimizations based on Ratio Analysis (MOORA)’ method based on several conflicting criterions. Worn surface topography of pads was investigated using SEM technique to understand the underlying wear mechanisms.
Kalel, Navnath, Bijwe, Jayashree, Darpe, Ashish
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