Browse Topic: Lead-acid batteries

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Battery TerminologyJ1715/2_202108 (Current)8/9/2021
This document contains definitions currently used in the automotive industry as they relate to energy storage and batteries for starting, lighting, and ignition applications, as well as for hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) and electric vehicles (EVs). It is intended that this document be a resource for those writing other battery, HEV, and EV documents, specifications, standards, or recommended practices. The use of the term “battery” in this document can be assumed to be a rechargeable battery (secondary battery). The terminology may be applied to other industries if desired.
Battery Terminology Committee
Ignition System Measurements ProcedureJ973_202011 (Historical)11/3/2020
This SAE Recommended Practice specifies the design and/or evaluation with the specific equipment, conditions, and methods for distributorless battery ignition systems intended for use in various internal combustion engines including automotive, marine, motorcycle, and utility engine applications. The test procedures listed in this document are limited to measurements performed on a test bench only and do not include measurements made directly on engines or vehicles. This standard is not intended to supply information for battery ignition systems used in aircraft applications of any type.
Ignition Standards Committee
Maintenance of Batteries and Battery Charging and Servicing FacilitiesAIR1898A (Current)9/23/2020
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) covers, and is restricted to, hands-on servicing/ maintenance of industrial lead acid batteries used solely for motive power and exclusively for ground support equipment (GSE). It does not address or pertain to automotive-type SLI (starting-lighting-ignition) batteries or any other types of batteries (such as nickel-cadmium, zinc, or lithium batteries) which may be on-board airport GSE for either motive power or auxiliary uses. Similarly, the battery servicing and charging facilities described herein are those intended exclusively for industrial lead acid batteries.
AGE-3 Aircraft Ground Support Equipment Committee
Battery Industrial, Lead-Acid Type, for Use in Electric Powered Ground Support EquipmentARP1817A (Current)9/23/2020
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) describes an industrial battery, lead-acid type, for use in electric powered ground support equipment.
AGE-3 Aircraft Ground Support Equipment Committee
Recommended Practice for Performance Rating of Lead Acid and Nickel Metal Hydride Electric Vehicle Battery ModulesJ1798/1_202008 (Current)8/3/2020
This SAE Recommended Practice provides for common test and verification methods to determine lead acid and nickel metal hydride electric vehicle battery module performance. The document creates the necessary performance tests to determine (a) what the basic performance of EV battery modules is, and (b) if battery modules meet minimum performance specification established by vehicle manufacturers or other purchasers. Specific values for these minimum performance specifications are not a part of this document.
Battery Standards Testing Committee
Portable Emergency Lighting Systems for Flight Crew MembersARP1798B (Historical)7/14/2020
The purpose of this SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) is to recommend general design and performance characteristics for hand-held portable, emergency lighting systems (note: the portable portion of this system that contains the lamp and reflector will be identified throughout the remainder of this document simply as a “flashlight”) intended for use by crew members of commercial aircraft during any emergency situation, within or outside of the aircraft cabin, where emergency lighting is required.
A-20C Interior Lighting - Test
Step by Step Conversion of ICE Motorcycle to a BEV Configuration2020-01-14364/14/2020
With the mass movement toward electrification and renewable technologies, the scope of innovation of electrification has gone beyond the automotive industry into areas such as electric motorcycle applications. This paper provides a discussion of the methodology and complexities of converting an internal combustion motorcycle to an electric motorcycle. In developing this methodology, performance goals including, speed limits, range, weight, charge times, as well as riding styles will be examined and discussed. Based on the goals of this paper, parts capable of reaching the performance targets are selected accordingly. Documentation of the build process will be presented along with the constraints, pitfalls, and difficulties associated with the process of the project. The step-by-step process that is developed can be used as a guideline for future build and should be used as necessary. During the development and conversion process, the model of the electric motorcycle was developed in Simulink to size the battery pack and the electric motor. This model was also the focus of different design experiments to choose the proper components and subsystems to minimize the development cycle time. The goal of this paper is also to provide guidelines of the conversion process for the future industry as well as the academic arena.
Lawrence, Matthew D., Siavoshani, Saeed
Main Features of Forming the Transmission of an Active Multi-Link Road Train2020-01-04274/14/2020
The development of the economy and the associated growth in trade both within the country and international transport, the associated construction and development of transport routes using elements of intelligent transport systems constantly require increasing the efficiency of trunk transportation. In addition, the development of new economic regions with an undeveloped road network is impossible without high-capacity motor vehicles and cross-country ability. To achieve these goals, the creation of active road trains, including multi-link ones, based on non-traditional technical solutions, is required. The idea of using multi-link trains in the system of intercity and international transportation is not new. However, at the present stage of development of automotive technology requires rethinking and use of new achievements of science and technology. At present, the process of changing the design of land vehicles, qualitatively changing their structure and composition of the main power devices based on the integration of electronic, electrical, hydraulic, pneumatic and mechanical elements and significantly increasing the role of electronics and control systems, i.e. widespread introduction of mechatronic systems and modules in the design of a road train. The article describes some aspects of constructing the transmission of active road trains based on the mechatronic modular principle. Materials of the article are based on the results of theoretical and experimental studies conducted by the authors and with their participation. In this article, the term “mechatronics” is understood as a synthesis of electromechanics and microelectronics, combined by a common control and optimized according to system-wide criteria.
Belousov, Boris, Haritonchik, Sergey, Keller, Andrei, Bakhmutov, Sergey, Berdnikov, Alexey, Alyukov, Sergei, Alyukov, Alexander
History and Prospects for Electric Vehicles and Electric Bikes: Pathway to Sustainable Carbon Free Energy and Transportation2020-01-09744/14/2020
The Electric Transportation Revolution (ETR) began with the General Motors USA EV1 project and Yamaha Japan Pedal Assist System (PAS) electric bike, both in 1993. Worldwide EB annual sales are 40 million with 300 million on the road, mostly in China. Mandates and government incentives influence the EV market, customer demand drives EB growth. The EPA CO2 endangerment finding is forcing the auto industry to invest in EVs to help limit Mankind Made Carbon Dioxide Climate Change, MMCDCC, which is based on theoretical computer models that calculate global temperature. Measured temperature data, revised by modelers, used to validate these models has been challenged and so reported. Historical climatology data shows that Natural Climate Change, NCC, is more likely the CC cause. Known periodic variations of the sun’s orbit changes solar radiance and causes NCC. More CO2 in the atmosphere produces more plant growth, more food, thus CO2 is a beneficial gas. We propose a long term pathway to eliminate CO2 as an issue for energy and transportation. Fossil fuels may be depleted in 200 years. During this period, transition worldwide to nuclear power and hydrogen for electricity and transportation is necessary. Nuclear fuels will be used forever as uranium extraction from seawater is now possible and is replenished by runoff from land. Nuclear electricity will produce hydrogen from electrolysis of water for vehicle use. Power plants and vehicles will thus not produce CO2. With this prospect of sustainable carbon free electricity and vehicle fuel, the humanitarian thing to do today is to continue to use fossil fuels for both domains, in order to provide affordable heat in cold winters and cooling in hot summers which occurs in some regions of the world today until nuclear options are developed. This all is likely NCC as it has been for hundreds of millions of years on planet earth, and not MMCDCC.
Jamerson, Frank E.
Storage Batteries for Start-Stop OperationsJ3012_202002 (Current)2/10/2020
This SAE recommended practice applies to 12 V lead-acid storage batteries that are designed specifically for start-stop operations in on-road passenger vehicles or light trucks. Included are definitions of terms, general testing requirements, key performance characteristics, and life testing. Properties not unique to start-stop batteries should be tested according to SAE J537 or other applicable testing protocols.
Start-Stop Battery Committee
Replacement of a 50cc Two-stroke Engine with an Electric Powertrain2019-32-06231/24/2020
As global regulations look to create a dramatic reduction in CO2 emission and other forms of pollution, companies with products that rely on engine technology must be ready to take on the electrification challenge. Applications that remain using two-stroke engine technology continue to exist due to their very high power density requirements. However, their history of higher pollution compared to four-stroke engines makes them a target to be regulated out of existence. Such high power two-stroke applications include high performance off-road motorcycles. In this type of product, electrification can solve not only pollution challenges but market challenges, such as ridership and public perception. By addressing the core problems presented by the two-stroke engine and turning challenges into opportunity, a strong attraction is created to convert a two-stroke engine motorcycle to an electric vehicle. With Automotive electric vehicle technology paving the way, the basis for cost effective electric motorcycle powertrain is explored for a 50cc off-road motorcycle application. The 50cc engine and motorcycle represent a special product where size, performance, and cost have a high sensitivity. The 50cc product also represents an area of great opportunity for the product as it is connected to the youth riding segment that establishes the future of motorcycle riding. With both strong opportunity and strong challenges, the electrification solution for a 50cc application provides broad justification for mass market adoption across the motorcycle industry. Challenges will be presented towards a OEM level product where design change is to be minimized without compromising performance. Various challenges include system design, packaging, supply chain, product lifecycle, competition readiness, safety, and cost. Opportunities will be discussed in the context of how the electrified powertrain can create a better product for the rider and solve challenges to enable the next generation of motorcycling. These opportunities include manufacturing advantages, environmental harmony, and new features.
Beeker, Jesse
Balancing Strategy for a Battery Applied in HEV Based on Bi-directional Flyback Converter and Outlier Detection2019-36-02421/13/2020
Dissipative cell balancing generates heat during its operation. Current techniques do not guarantee optimal balance of battery pack energy, requiring a high-cost Battery Management System (BMS) solution and wasting energy in the form of heat. Mild Hybrid Electric Vehicles uses the combustion engine to recharge the battery. Therefore, this feature requires a BMS balancing system capable of optimizing battery capacity and still be energy efficient. In this way, a non-dissipative balancing system would be interesting, especially if an algorithm works with the former non-dissipative balancing method, which efficiently determines which cells are unbalanced. In this paper, a methodology is proposed to perform non-dissipative balance of lithium-ion cells. This method considers which cells inside a certain range are considered balanced and cells outside this range are considered unbalanced. The range is given by the median of the cells terminal voltage summed with a threshold defined by experimental tests. Due the non-dissipative method presented herein is conceived through Flyback topology, the cells above this range are discharged and their extra energy is employed to charge the lowest charged cells, which were below the range. Simulation results which after the first 5 hours of balancing, the maximum difference does not exceed 1% and the standard deviation 0.5% until the end of the simulation, reducing SOC standard deviation by more than 33 times in one day operation. This result shows the strategy is promising to make a more efficient balancing mechanism for Mild Hybrid Electric Vehicles.
Marques, Felipe L. R., Aranha, Juliana C. M. S., Padela, Fernando F., Rosolem, Maria de Fátima N. C., Beck, Raul F.
Real World Energy Efficiency Calculation for e-Rickshaws - A Comparative Study (Lead Acid Vs Lithium Ion Battery Vehicles)2019-28-248611/21/2019
E-Rickshaws are receiving considerable attention as a sustainable passenger transportation in Indian mobility space. As per the recent reports, more than 1.5 million e-rickshaws are currently operating in the country. These are quieter, cleaner and convenient mode for last mile connectivity and are typically used for short distance (<10 Km) commutation. For owners, these vehicles offer value in terms of affordability and operating cost. Challenge for manufacturers is to design a vehicle which balances the requirements of both passengers and owners. Energy efficiency (Energy consumption per Km) influences such critical decisions. There is always a difference between the catalog value and actual on-road Energy efficiency figures and therefore it's important to really understand owner requirements w.r.t. market where vehicle is going to be operated. In this study, we collected data for different types of E-rickshaws in real world scenarios in city operations and determined the energy efficiency of these vehicles. Also, we attempted to compare energy efficiency figures with different battery chemistry (Lead acid and Lithium Ion vehicles). The data can provide deep insights from design and business perspective.
Jain, Nishit, Gupta, Smit
Recommended Practice for Performance Rating of Electric Vehicle Battery ModulesJ1798_201911 (Current)11/13/2019
This SAE Recommended Practice provides for common test and verification methods to determine Electric Vehicle battery module performance. The document creates the necessary performance standards to determine (a) what the basic performance of EV battery modules is; and (b) whether battery modules meet minimum performance specification established by vehicle manufacturers or other purchasers. Specific values for these minimum performance specifications are not a part of this document.
Battery Standards Testing Committee
Design Considerations and Analysis of Electric Microcar for Cities2019-28-016110/11/2019
Increasing concerns about environmental issues, such as global warming and pollutant emissions have made increase in energy efficiency and emission reduction a primary concern for automobiles. In addition, the compounding effects of adding personal vehicles, increasing density of road traffic and intensifying parking difficulties are indirectly promoting proliferation of small-size vehicles in large cities. Hence, there is a need to develop a microcar with zero emission. Thus, electric microcar is probably the simplest, green and energy efficient vehicle that relatively affordable and easily maneuverable in cities. However, a careful analysis is required in order to properly evaluate the propulsion system component sizing, vehicle dimension, performance and weight. This paper mainly focuses on design options and modeling of electric microcar using hub motors followed by analysis. A two seater electric microcar analytical model using MATLAB has been carried out for sizing of powertrain elements. CAD modeling of tubular frame chassis using solid works followed by analysis using ANSYS is also carried out. A successful deployment of an electric microcar is need of the hour to meet the requirements of rapid urbanization and achieve national energy security.
Shaik, Amjad, Tappa, Raju, Kannan, Prashanth, Bhaskar, Pavan Bharadwaja, Talluri, Srinivasa Rao
The Methane Fuel Based Turbocharged Direct Injection Engine in a Hybrid Powertrain - An Efficient Synergy2019-24-02019/9/2019
There is no doubt that the modern internal combustion engine (ICE) is approaching its theoretical limits in terms of efficiency. Owed to the fact that the conversion of fuel-bound chemical energy into effectively usable power by combustion is largely defined by the fuel properties, the combustion process and the implicit phenomenon of abnormal combustion is a governing factor that limits further efficiency increases. However, the use of a knock-resistant fuel such as methane is leading to a significant raise in the average combustion pressure and total engine efficiency. In turn this requires a base engine architecture that is specially designed to cater the increased thermal and mechanical requirements so that the positive fuel properties can be fully exploited. Furthermore, an improvement of the energy balance is achieved by utilizing the kinetic energy stored in the vehicle by means of electrical recovery. In consequence, a positive synergy can be observed when mating this type of internal combustion engine to a hybrid powertrain. This hybrid powertrain consists of a P2 hybrid module containing an offset 48V electrical machine and a disconnecting clutch which permits the vehicle to be driven purely electrical, embedded in a board-net comprising an integrated 12V/48V battery solution to address package and complexity reduction requirements. In the light of fuel economy and cost efficiency, the 48V mHEV approach reveals as the most appropriate approach. Following this approach, the study presented in this paper reveals that a CO2 improvement of approximately 35% percent (WLTP) can be achieved while in parallel driveability and user experience can be maintained or even be elevated.
Stoffels, Harald, Weber, Carsten, Graf, Friedrich, Lauer, Stefan, Ehrhard, Jan, Moretti, Manuel, Neveling, Matthias
Q&A19AUTP09_159/1/2019
Few battery experts in the mobility industry can match the engineer/entrepreneur spirit of Subash Dhar. In a career spanning nearly 40 years, Dhar is co-inventor of over 45 patents and patent applications in the field of advanced batteries and fuel cell technologies. He led the team that developed and commercialized the nickel-metal hydride technology used in the Toyota Prius and has served in leadership positions at XALT Energy, Ener-1, EnerDel, and Ovonic. Dhar, a chemical engineer, recently founded a new company, American Battery Solutions, Inc., focused on module and pack engineering, assembly, and battery-systems integration. He's aiming for EV customers in the transportation, industrial-, and commercial-vehicle sectors who are seeking expertise at low and medium volumes. With $50 million in capital backing from NY-based KCK Group, Dhar purchased foundational assets from Bosch's North American battery-systems business, including a testing lab, a 172,000 square-foot plant in Ohio, and the lease on a 40,000 square-foot plant complex in Lake Orion, Michigan.
Hybrid and EV First and Second Responder Recommended PracticeJ2990_201907 (Current)7/29/2019
xEVs involved in incidents present unique hazards associated with the high voltage system (including the battery system). These hazards can be grouped into three categories: chemical, electrical, and thermal. The potential consequences can vary depending on the size, configuration, and specific battery chemistry. Other incidents may arise from secondary events such as garage fires and floods. These types of incidents are also considered in the recommended practice (RP). This RP aims to describe the potential consequences associated with hazards from xEVs and suggest common procedures to help protect emergency responders, tow and/or recovery, storage, repair, and salvage personnel after an incident has occurred with an electrified vehicle. Industry design standards and tools were studied and where appropriate, suggested for responsible organizations to implement. Lithium ion (Li-ion) batteries used for vehicle propulsion power are the assumed battery system of this RP. This chemistry is the prevailing technology associated with high voltage vehicle electrification today and the foreseeable future. The hazards associated with Li-ion battery chemistries are addressed in this RP. Other chemistries and alternative propulsion systems including hydrogen fuel cells are not considered in this version of SAE J2990. Recommendations for hazards associated with hydrogen vehicles can be found in SAE J2990/1.
Hybrid - EV Committee
High Frequency Impedance and Electromagnetic Interference Suppression of Lithium-Ion Power Battery Pack2019-01-10604/2/2019
When electric vehicle speeds up or slows down, rapidly changing current and voltage (di/dt and du/dt) would occurs in its lithium-ion power battery. In this way, the impedance of power battery would changes with parasitic parameters because that the ion transport in electrolytes would influence diffusion effect and polarization effect of battery. Thus, the lithium-ion battery cannot be regarded as ideal component in high frequency, which could cause unpredictable problem in electromagnetic interference (EMI). However, most previous studies took lithium-ion power batteries as disturbed objects or transmission routes, which ignore the electromagnetic interference of battery itself. Based on it, this paper analyses the internal mechanism of EMI in lithium-ion power battery, and simulates the distribution of electromagnetic field as well as it corresponding interference suppression measures. Firstly, the test platform for parameter extraction of battery cell is built. The parasitic parameters are extracted through testing. The high-frequency equivalent circuit of power battery is consequently established. Secondly, peripheral circuit of lithium-ion battery (DC/AC system) is established to obtain the current at DC bus, which would be imported to an electromagnetic simulation tool as excitation source to conduct co-simulation of field and circuit for distribution of electromagnetic field in battery. Thirdly, the lithium-ion battery pack is optimally designed in EMI. The structure and parameters of the filter are selected according to energy distribution frequency band of EMI signal. Results of simulation and testing turn out that the designed filter could decrease EMI effectively.
Zhang, Ji, Lv, Yu
Technical Information Report on Automotive Battery RecyclingJ2974_201902 (Current)2/11/2019
This document will focus on the language used to describe batteries at the end of battery or vehicle life as batteries are transitioned to the recycler, dismantler, or other third party. This document also provides a compilation of current recycling technologies and flow sheets, and their application to different battery chemistries at the end of battery life. At the time of document authorship, the technical information cited is most applicable to Li-ion battery type rechargeable energy storage systems (RESS), but the language used is not to be limited by chemistry of the battery systems and is generally applicable to other RESS.
Battery Standards Recycling Committee
Low Cost EV Platform for Three Wheeler Electrification Development2019-26-01201/9/2019
This paper presents the FEV low cost EV platform intended to provide a modular and scalable platform for 2 and 3 wheelers that is robust and meets the desired performance characteristics. To enable this, we use a dedicated vehicle control unit (VCU) that is running FEV’s matured model library called PERSIST. The platform makes use of the inherent advantage of being a small scale vehicle that can be used with lower sized components or reduced set of components without compromising on safety. The electric vehicle platform will have modularly developed components and associated software and hardware with standardized interfaces. The electric power train includes support for standardized lithium ion batteries and a low cost vehicle control unit. This is required to not only safe guard the system overall but also be able to optimize the driving range, enhance drivability and to provide the driver with a more stable and secure interface for operating the vehicle. The expected rapid growth in the space demands that such platform based solutions are developed in order to cater to a variety of small and low speed electric vehicle applications. The paper will provide an overview of the algorithms used as well as the design decisions made for developing the platform. As a first application for the platform, FEV has developed an electric 3 wheeler, with performance characteristics matching or exceeding conventional 3 wheelers on road, with a top speed of 65 km/h and a driving range of 90km. The approach is focused on building a production intent level of vehicle and hence can also be readily applied on the existing 3 wheelers on the road as a retrofit solution. The paper will provide details on the electric 3 wheeler in IDC, real world conditions as well as the long term driving characteristics. The system design, component sizing, simulation activities are explained. The simulation results are compared with the real world data. The paper will also discuss the integration effort involved and provide a costing perspective for all the components for the electrified drivetrain.
Kumaran, Ajith, Ahmad, Sarah, Chanumolu, Raviteja, Sadekar, Gaurav, Joshi, Mohan, Sharma, Vijay
Limbs Related Handicap Drivable Non-Commercial Electric Shuttle Vehicle2018-28-00557/9/2018
The main objectives of this work are to develop an Electric Vehicle to empower physically challenged drivers to some extent and women motorist. The vehicle was designed to be driven by people with orthopaedic limps related problem by using Autodesk Inventor software. Many features were provided to support the physically challenged person such as a ramp for the driver to board the vehicle and steering, acceleration and braking control was also provided for a single hand to manoeuvre the car. The vehicle has the capacity to seat up to six passengers and is propelled with 1200 watts (BLDC) motor which was aided by four 12 V and 100 Amps DC battery. The car exhibited a mileage of 72 kilometres per complete charge on trial run with the driver alone riding the vehicle. This work is mainly dedicated to movement disabled in our society.
Elsen, Renold, Kaliyaperumal, Dhamodaran
Life Cycle Analysis Comparison of Electric and Internal Combustion Engine Based Mobility2018-28-00377/9/2018
Policy makers, especially in the European Union, are pushing towards an early transition to electric mobility, with the internal combustion engine supposed to be phased out by 2030. With a world population projected to exceed 10 billion peoples by 2050, the electric car mobility still lacks the significant development needed to become a real alternative to the internal combustion engine based mobility. Resources availability, and environmental, energetic and economic downfalls, are currently largely underrated or simply unassessed. It is unclear how many will be able to afford to purchase and recharge an electric vehicle in this new world.
Boretti, Alberto
Industry Review of xEV Battery Size StandardsJ3124_201806 (Current)6/12/2018
This Technical Information Report (TIR) will review the global industry battery size standards for xEV vehicles to provide guidance on available cell sizes for engineers developing battery powered vehicles. The TIR will include a review of the sizes and standards that are currently being developed or used for cylindrical cells, pouch (or polymer) cells, and for prismatic can cells. The lithium-ion cell will be the focus of this survey, but module and pack level size standards, where available, will also be included.
Battery Cell Size Standardization Committee
Comprehensive Life Test for 12 V Automotive Storage BatteriesJ2801_201805 (Current)5/7/2018
This SAE Standard applies to 12 V, flooded and absorptive glass mat lead acid automotive storage batteries of 200 minutes or less reserve capacity and cold crank capacity greater than 200 amperes. This life test is considered to be comprehensive in terms of battery manufacturing technology; applicable to lead-acid batteries containing wrought or cast positive grid manufacturing technology and providing a reasonable correlation for hot climate applications. This document is intended as a guide toward standard practice, but may be subject to change to keep pace with experience and technical advances.
Starter Battery Standards Committee
Modularized Simulation Tool to Evaluate Battery Solutions for 12 V Advanced Start Stop Vehicles2018-01-04464/3/2018
The 12 V advanced start stop systems can offer 5-8% fuel economy improvement over a conventional vehicle. Although the fuel economy is not as high as those of mild to full hybrids, its low implementation cost makes it an attractive electrification solutions for vehicles. As a result, the 12 V advanced start stop technology has been evolving fast in recent years. On one hand, battery suppliers are offering a variety of energy storage solutions such as stand-alone lead acid, stand-alone LFP/Graphite, dual batteries of lead acid parallel with NMC/LTO, LMO/LTO, NMC/Graphite, and capacitors, etc. For dual battery solutions, the architecture also varies from passive parallel connection to active switching. On the other hand, OEM are considering to leverage a lot more use out of traditional 12 V SLI (start, light, and ignition) for functions such as power steering, air conditioning, heater, etc. Depending on battery architecture and vehicle functioning design, the energy management strategy can easily become complicated. Since many variables are involved in the design of 12 V advanced start stop systems, an integrated simulation tool with a couple of modularized models including vehicle, batteries, and performance characterization have been developed. The modularized tool would help to evaluate many aspects of the design from motor size selection, power network management, battery evaluation, testing standardization. As a specific demonstration, in this work, we use the tool to compare three chemistries: stand-alone AGM, stand-alone LFP, and dual batteries of lead acid and LTO for different driving cycles including NEDC, WLTP, FTP72, and HWFET as function of motor size.
Zhang, Zhenli, Jin, Zhihong, Watson, Thomas
Development of Battery Management System for Hybrid Electric Two Wheeler2018-01-04304/3/2018
The use of Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV) will become imperative to meet the emission challenges. HEV have two power sources-fossil fuels driven I.C. Engine and the battery based drive. Battery technologies have seen a tremendous development, and therefore HEV’s have been benefited. Even as the battery capacities have improved, maintaining and monitoring their health has been a challenge. This research paper uses open-source platform to build a BMS. The flexibility in the implementation of the system has helped in the rapid prototyping of the system. The BMS system was evaluated on a scaled-down electric toy car for its performance and sustainability. The BMS was evaluated for reverse polarity, protection against overcharge, short-circuit, deep discharge and overload on lead acid battery. It also includes temperature monitoring of the batteries. This proposed system is evaluated on the in-house HEV two-wheeler. The initial results are promising. A dedicated android smartphone application is developed for BMS which continuously monitors battery voltage, current, battery temperature, battery state of charge (SOC) and battery health. The system measures current, voltage and temperature accurately up to 1.5%, 1% and ±0.5 °C respectively. The result of state of charge given by BMS at particular voltage is in agreement with the standards of Battery Council International with maximum error of 0.5%.
Bagul, Yogesh, Ingale, Manish, Wani, Kiran, Patil, Sanjay A
Development of a 48 V P0 Demonstration Vehicle with eBooster® Air Charging2018-01-04184/3/2018
The design of a demonstration vehicle is presented where improvements to the electrical and air induction systems are made which provide increased performance with improved fuel economy. This is made possible by a 48 V architecture which enables the deployment of new components, specifically a belted motor generator unit (MGU) and electrically-driven compressor (eBooster®). The synergy between these components enables energy efficient means to collect regenerated energy and provide added torque, faster engine response, and extended engine off operation among a list of added features. Control features and strategy are highlighted along with simulation and vehicle test data. Resultant performance and fuel economy benefits are reviewed which support the contention of 48 V being a cost effective architecture to enable CO2 reduction relative to a higher voltage hybrid.
Mohon, Sara, Van Maanen, Keith, Liu, Xiaobing, Keller, Philip, Griffen, Matthew, Negandhi, Varun
Life Test for Heavy-Duty Storage Batteries (Lead Acid Type only)J2185_201801 (Current)1/24/2018
This SAE Standard applies to lead-acid 12 V heavy-duty storage batteries as described in SAE J537 and SAE J930 for uses in starting, lighting and ignition (SLI) applications on motor vehicles and/or off-road machines. These applications have some of the following characteristics: a High levels of power are required to start the vehicle’s internal combustion engine. The need to supply this power limits the maximum depth of discharge to a fraction of the total capacity of the battery. The battery must be maintained at a charge level sufficient to perform this primary function by vehicle’s voltage-regulated charging system. b The vehicle’s engine powers a voltage regulated charging system that limits the charging voltage when spinning at sufficient speed and when total loads do not exceed its output limits. c The battery is subject to deeper discharging than a typical automotive application as a result of the following conditions: High daily hours of use High numbers of starts per day Electrical loads often exceeding charging system output (at idle) Batteries will be classified into two types for this life test. Type 1 applies to BCI group sizes typically with reserve capacity (RC) rating of 250 minutes or less. Type 2 applies to larger batteries typically with reserve capacity greater than 250 minutes.
Starter Battery Standards Committee
Making the case for battery-electric fleet power17TOFHP12_0312/1/2017
Battery systems edge closer to a tipping point as commercial and heavy-duty fleets broaden their application. Battery-electric power is drawing more and more applications to commercial and heavy-duty fleets as the zero-emission technology edges closer to a tipping point. “We're not at critical mass in any market yet with battery-electric,” said Rick Herndon, Chief Executive Officer of Voltabox of Texas Inc., a manufacturer of Li-ion battery systems. One market undergoing dramatic change is commuter buses. “All the big players recognize they have to have electric, especially for municipal applications,” he said. Herndon and other technology experts spoke with Truck & Off-Highway Engineering during The Battery Show and Electric & Hybrid Vehicle Technology conferences in Novi, MI.
Buchholz, Kami
Electrified forklifts go big17TOFHP12_0412/1/2017
Hoist Liftruck brings full electrification to some of the biggest forklift trucks, motivated only in part by regulatory pressures. Early in 2018, Hoist Liftruck Manufacturing will begin delivery of what it terms the “Next Generation of Hoist Electric Vehicles.” These include its TE-Series, PE-Series, Neptune Electric Series and FR-E Series, all battery-electric versions of existing diesel-powered forklift and terminal trucks. While electrified forklift trucks have always been more than a fad, this latest development by the company is interesting because of the mix of motivations. They meet new regulations while growing more cost-effective for higher-end applications. “We are especially excited about rolling out the PE-Series,” said Stu Jacover, Vice President, Strategy and Development for Hoist Liftruck. The P and PE series use pneumatic tires. The heaviest lift in the P-Series lifts up to 125,000 lb (56,700 kg). The heaviest PE-Series battery-electric lift hauls up to 36,000 lb (16,330 kg), often used in port, lumber and oil and gas applications. The PE-Series will meet the Zero Emissions regulations that certain ports have mandated to be phased in by 2020, notably the Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach.
Morey, Bruce
Advanced Management System for Lithium-ion Batteries in Hybrid Inverters Optimized for Photovoltaic Systems Connected to the Grid2017-36-00476/22/2017
One main feature of the power demand profile is it varies time to time and its price changes accordingly. During the peak the less cost-effective and flexible power supplies must complement the base-load power plants in order to supply the power demand. Conversely, during the off-peak period when less electricity is consumed, those costly power plants can be stopped. This is a scenario which Energy Storage System (ESS) and photovoltaic (PV) generation plants could add flexibility and cost reduction to the customers and utilities. These aspects are only achieved due to the ESS, which enables the optimal use of energy produced by the photovoltaic modules through load management and discharge of the battery in the most convenient times. The battery, which for performance reasons is produced of lithium-ion technology, is an essential component of reliability and availability of PV systems and it is crucial to have a tool to identify its operational parameters, for example, State-of-Health (SoH) and State of Charge (SoC) in order to detect early failures, and allows the adoption of preventive/corrective maintenance and replacement. Therefore, advanced modeling is required and these models are part of the Battery Management System (BMS). The BMS is an embedded electronic system which accurately monitor and control the main parameters of the battery. As the central part of the BMS, advanced physics-based models need be embedded to offer more robust operation of the storage system. All these features allow the system to accomplish with safety and performance necessary for the application. This paper presents the results of the development of an energy management intelligence (BMS), methods for parameters estimation based on advanced modeling of battery and packaging of high-performance lithium-ion cells that were selected from results obtained in laboratory tests. Also it will be presented topologies and configurations of hybrid inverters currently studied in the academy, showing how its features are based on the union of grid-tie inverters and UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply). The results obtained in the laboratory show the current state of project development. The BESS proposed is useful for PV systems maximizing the usefulness of solar panels and offering a variety of backup electricity supply solutions. The use of this system can extend the battery life, helps in the prediction for exchange of batteries and increase the system reliability.
Marques, Felipe Lima dos Reis, Santos, Sender Rocha dos, Junior, Mauro Fernando Basquera, Nascimento, Thiago Chiachio do, Beck, Raul Fernando, de Fátima Negreli Campos Rosolem, Maria, Figueiredo, Ricardo Souza, Pereira, Rogério Valentim
WX Subsystem Weather StationTBMG-268765/1/2017
The WX Subsystem Weather Station was designed for use as part of the Weather Instrumentation (WX) Subsystem for the Constellation Program (CxP) to be implemented in the Launch Complex 39B at Kennedy Space Center. The weather stations need to be rugged, robust, and reliable. Although this equipment is not to be located in hazardous zones, it is still required to withstand harsh environmental conditions typical of the launch environment. Health management considerations are incorporated in the design so the user can be notified remotely when sensors, power supplies, dataloggers, etc. require service or maintenance.
The Safe Handling of High Voltage Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Components within the Global Vehicle Recycling Industry2017-01-12753/28/2017
Global sales of electric and hybrid vehicles continue to grow as emission legislation forces vehicle manufacturers to build cleaner vehicles, with some 8 million already in service. Hybrid and Electric vehicles contain some of the most complex systems ever used in the automotive field, sophisticated and unique electric hybrid systems are added to modern motor vehicles which are already quite complex. As these vehicles reach the end of their lives they will be processed by the global vehicle recycling industry and the high voltage components will be reused, recycled or re-purposed. This paper explores safe working practices for businesses involved in a global marketplace who are completing battery disabling, removal, disassembly, storage and shipping; includes the various technologies and safe working practices along with some of the legal restrictions on dismantling, storage and shipping of high voltage batteries around the world. The paper will also explore how detailed safety, dismantling, storage and shipping information is currently made available to the vehicle recycling community and how this can be improved in the future to enhance the safety of people handling, dismantling, storing and shipping high voltage electric and hybrid components.
Hobbs, David, Ossenkop, Charles, Latham, Andy
Modeling and Experiment Validation of the DC/DC Converter for Online AC Impedance Identification of the Lithium-Ion Battery2017-01-11983/28/2017
The lithium-ion battery plays an important role in saving energy and lowering emissions. Many parameters like temperature have an influence on the characteristic of the battery and this phenomenon becomes more serious in an electric vehicle. In this paper, the application of a boost DC/DC converter to the battery system of high power for online AC impedance identification is proposed. The function of the converter is to inject a current excitation signal into the battery at work and the normal output current is drawn by a load. Through analyzing the average state space equations and deriving the small signal model of the converter, the gain function is deduced of the fluctuated current signal against the fluctuated duty cycle which controls the converter. The control algorithm is designed and the system model is verified using Matlab/Simulink with respect to the disturbance current signal generation, the gain function and its variation with frequency range. Then the converter is designed and implemented to conduct the experiment on a power battery of 175Ah and the nominal voltage is 100V. The measured AC impedance of several single cells is presented and it demonstrates the feasibility of applying this DC/DC converter to the practical electric vehicle.
Hong, Po, Jiang, Hongliang, Li, Jian qiu, Xu, Liangfei, Ouyang, Minggao
Manage and Optimize Power System to Maximize Steering Assist and Stop-Start Availability2017-01-11763/28/2017
Auto stop-start (Engine stop-start, ESS) has become a widely used feature to reduce fuel consumption and CO2 emissions particularly in congested cities. Typically, vehicles equipped with such systems include two DC power sources that are coupled in parallel: a primary and a secondary power source. The primary power source supplies energy to the starter to crank the engine, while the secondary power source supplies energy to the rest of the vehicle electric loads. During an auto-stop event, a controllable switch decouples the two power sources. Moreover, operating current, voltage and the State of Charge (SOC) are monitored to ensure enough energy for the next auto-start event. When any of these operating parameters are below the threshold values, the controllable switch opens to isolate the two batteries and then the engine is automatically started. This paper introduces a strategy to control the power usage of the Electric Power Assist Steering (EPAS) system for enhanced stop-start availability, optimal steering/EPAS assist, maximum fuel economy savings and minimum CO2 emissions. The algorithm predicts the energy demand by the customer and determines the next engine state based on the above mentioned criteria. The power system architecture uses a Lead Acid battery (Lead Acid, AGM and/or Enhanced) in parallel to a Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery. Such architecture combines the advantages of the two technologies and supplies the required vehicle power over a wider operating range of ambient conditions. Moreover, the Li-Ion has voltage characteristics that are similar to the lead acid battery, and hence there is no need for any adjustments between the two power supplies. Measured data and results assure the ability of the introduced strategy to optimize between engine auto-stop/start and the EPAS assist.
Khafagy, Hafiz S.
Modeling and Validation of 12V Lead-Acid Battery for Stop-Start Technology2017-01-12113/28/2017
As part of the Midterm Evaluation of the 2017-2025 Light-duty Vehicle Greenhouse Gas Standards, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) developed simulation models for studying the effectiveness of stop-start technology for reducing CO2 emissions from light-duty vehicles. Stop-start technology is widespread in Europe due to high fuel prices and due to stringent EU CO2 emissions standards beginning in 2012. Stop-start has recently appeared as a standard equipment option on high-volume vehicles like the Chevrolet Malibu, Ford Fusion, Chrysler 200, Jeep Cherokee, and Ram 1500 truck. EPA has included stop-start technology in its assessment of CO2-reducing technologies available for compliance with the standards. Simulation and modeling of this technology requires a suitable model of the battery. The introduction of stop-start has stimulated development of 12-volt battery systems capable of providing the enhanced performance and cycle life durability that it requires. Much of this activity has involved advanced lithium-ion chemistries, variations of lead-acid chemistries, such as absorbed-glass-mat (AGM) designs, and lead-carbon formulations. EPA tested several AGM batteries that are used in OEM start-stop systems. The purpose of this testing was to develop an equivalent circuit model for integration into EPA's ALPHA vehicle simulation model. Testing was performed at the Battery Test Facility (BTF) at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory (NVFEL) in Ann Arbor, Michigan. The Duracell batteries referenced are model number SLI49AGM with a rating of 92 Ah and the X2 Power batteries referenced are model number SLI34-78AGMDP with a rating of 68 Ah. Both batteries are 6 cell 12 volt using AGM technology. For compatibility with the voltage specifications of the BTF equipment, tests were performed on two batteries connected in series (nominal 24 volts). This paper presents the development and validation of the lead-acid battery model. The battery model is a standard equivalent circuit model with two Resistance-Capacitance (RC) blocks. Resistances and capacitances were calculated using test data from a Duracell 92Ah lead-acid battery which is aftermarket equipment for the Chevrolet Malibu. The lead-acid battery library in the ALPHA model was validated with data obtained from Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) from their chassis dynamometer testing of the 2010 Mazda 3 Hatchback i-Stop [9] and 2010 VW Golf TDI Diesel Bluemotion [10]. The simulated battery voltages, currents, and state of charge (SOC) are in excellent agreement with the vehicle test data on a number of drive schedules.
Lee, SoDuk, Cherry, Jeff, Safoutin, Michael, McDonald, Joseph
Model-in-the-Loop Testing of SOC and SOH Estimation Algorithms in Battery Management Systems2017-26-00941/10/2017
With the increasing application of the lithium ion battery technology in automotive industry, development processes and validation methods for the battery management system (BMS) have drawn more and more attentions. One fundamental function of the BMS is to continuously estimate the battery’s state-of-charge (SOC) and state-of-health (SOH) to guarantee a safe and efficient operation of the battery system. For SOC as well as SOH estimations of a BMS, there are certain non-ideal situations in a real vehicle environment such as measurement inaccuracies, variation of cell characteristics over time, etc. which will influence the outcome of battery state estimation in a negative way. Quantifying such influence factors demands extensive measurements. Therefore, we have developed a model-in-the-loop (MIL) environment which is able to simulate the operating conditions that a BMS will encounter in a vehicle. Due to the high flexibility of this MIL environment, BMS developers are able to investigate quantitatively the influence from the individual or combined factors on their SOC and SOH estimation algorithms. In addition, exemplary test results are introduced to show how this MIL environment provides valuable data and insights to evaluate the accuracy and the robustness of one representative battery algorithm, and to reduce the function development time and costs.
Li, Shi, Stapelbroek, Michael, Pfluger, Jan
Vehicle`s Generator Design Through Out Virtual Load Balance Analysis2016-36-051010/25/2016
The Vehicle`s Load Balance should have robust assessment before design release phase, in order to guarantee that it achieves the best optimized design to support product features and requirements, meeting cost expectation and avoiding later changes that usually have significant impact to the program. The focus of this paper is to demonstrate that a complete Load Balance Evaluation can be performed using computational methods avoiding physical prototypes that are usually a significant cost during product development.
Ferreira, Joao F. Vendramini, Vilasboas, Felipe R.C.
Recommended Practice for Packaging of Electric Vehicle Battery ModulesJ1797_201608 (Current)8/2/2016
This SAE Recommended Practice provides for common battery designs through the description of dimensions, termination, retention, venting system, and other features required in an electric vehicle application. The document does not provide for performance standards. Performance will be addressed by SAE J1798. This document does provide for guidelines in proper packaging of battery modules to meet performance criteria detailed in J1766.
Battery Cell Size Standardization Committee
Model-Based Evaluation of Chemistry Selection for Dual Energy Storages for 12V Advanced Start-Stop Vehicles2016-01-12094/5/2016
Passively parallelizing two energy storage systems, one is energy type and the other is power type, requires minimal modifications of auto makers and thus a cost-effective method to enable advanced start stop technology. Traditional lead acid battery, lithium-ion battery, capacitor, are all candidate chemistries for dual energy storage solutions. However due to the dual nature of the technology the open circuit potential, resistance, and some other control variables should match in order to achieve optimal performance. In this work we use coupled equivalent circuit model and electrochemical model to study a few options of dual systems, namely the lead acid with NMC/LTO, lead acid with LFP-Graphite, and lead acid with capacitor. A few charging and discharging pulses are designed and simulated to evaluate the regen receiving capability and cranking capability of different chemistries. Also a driving cycle is simulated for different battery combinations to characterize their fuel economy, heat generation, SOC range.
Zhang, Zhenli, Jin, Zhihong, Wyatt, Perry
Challenges and Solutions for Hardware in the Loop Simulation - HILS Validation of Battery Management and Battery Monitoring System Modules2016-01-12024/5/2016
With the advent of hybrid and electric cars battery monitoring systems and battery management systems have become bundled with more and more sophisticated algorithms and specifications. The validation of these systems are a head ache for OEMs and Tier ones considering the massive battery, high voltage and the current involved with the real loads directly or in directly connected to them. This paper is aimed at providing an intuitive explanation of these challenges and solutions which employ HILS for the component level validation of the above units. . Conventional validation for these systems produce test results much later in the embedded product development life cycle which calls for an additional over head of cost, resource, time and effort. A Proposed solution is to find the accuracy of SOC, SOH estimation algorithm in the battery monitoring sensor which usually will be clamped to the real battery itself. This paper uses physical measurement methods to estimate the SOC and SOH and compare it with the value reported by ECU. The HILS test bench makes use of real battery, a programmable DC power supply to charge the battery at required rates, a DC Electronic load to discharge the battery at required currents, a programmable temperature chamber to enclose the entire test setup, a HILS simulator with relevant IO cards and protocol simulations, algorithms in simulator to control all these hardware counter parts and a test automation tool. The Test bench has the battery management ECU also connected to it, which decides when to charge or discharge the battery. This solution is proven to be more cost efficient and productive as compared to the validation where battery is emulated.
Khan, Jihas
Storage BatteriesJ537_201604 (Historical)4/5/2016
This scope is from the XML edited in CMS.
Starter Battery Standards Committee
Automotive Battery Recycling Identification and Cross Contamination PreventionJ3071_201604 (Current)4/5/2016
This SAE Battery Identification and Cross Contamination Prevention document is intended to provide information that may be applicable to all types of Rechargeable Energy Storage System (RESS) devices. It is important to develop a system that can facilitate sorting by chemistry. The recycler is interested in the chemistry of the RESS. This is true for the recyclers of Lead Acid, Lithium Ion, Nickel Cadmium etc. Thus recyclers of RESS will receive RESS from automotive, commercial, and industrial applications. These RESS have the potential to be contaminated with a RESS of an incompatible chemistry. It is recognized that mitigation methods to reduce or eliminate the introduction of incompatible chemistries into a given recycling stream would also benefit safety and the environment.
Battery Standards Recycling Committee
A Method for Estimating the Improvement in Fuel Economy, for a Vehicle with Intelligent Alternator Control, and Application in Connected Car Systems2016-01-00104/5/2016
Micro hybrid Systems are emerging as a promising solution to reduce the fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in emerging markets, where the strict emission requirements are being enforced gradually. Micro hybrid Systems reduce the fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in a conventional vehicle with 12 V electrical system, by optimizing the electrical energy generation, storage, and distribution, with functions like Intelligent Alternator Control, Engine Stop/Start, and Load Management. With the advent of Connected Car Systems, information about the vehicle is seamlessly provided to the customer not just through the Human Machine Interface systems within the vehicle, but to other mobile devices used by the customers. In a vehicle with Micro Hybrid System, as the key feature is fuel efficiency improvement, it becomes essential to provide the information of improvement in fuel efficiency, in addition to the fuel consumption, so that the user appreciates the effectiveness of the system. However, real time mapping of the improvement, with respect to a base vehicle is challenging. In this paper, influence of Intelligent Alternator Control system functions, on the fuel economy returned by the vehicle are discussed, before the concept developed for the estimation of improvement in fuel economy. For the estimation of improvement in fuel economy, a novel concept was developed in which the alternator input torque is estimated under the influence of the IAC system, and the engine torque demand is estimated to arrive at an estimate of the total fuel consumption. A virtual base alternator model is implemented for comparing and estimating the improvement in the fuel economy. The concept was validated under controlled conditions and estimations were found to be accurate up to 63%.
Athani, Gopal, Dongare, Kapil, Gavarraju, Srinivasa Raju, Kulkarni, Shashi, Yerraguntla, Prasad
A Novel Approach to Enhance Stop/Start Battery Life in a Vehicle with Micro Hybrid System Functions2016-01-00074/5/2016
Micro Hybrid Systems are essentially first step towards the electrification of the powertrains. They are aimed at improving the fuel efficiency of the conventional gasoline and diesel power trains with conventional 12 V electrical system, and thus reduce the CO2 emissions as well. Various technologies like Engine Stop-Start, Intelligent Alternator Control, and Electrical Energy Management Systems are included in the bracket of micro hybrid systems. These system functions demand a totally different approach for managing the SLI battery, which is a total departure from the conventional approach. Particularly, the Alternator Shutdown function of Intelligent Alternator Control maintains a calibrated average level of State of Charge, which is typically around 80%, to ensure that the battery can accept more current, during the energy recuperation, which indirectly improves fuel economy. However, continuous operation under partially discharged condition, results in the sulfation in the battery which is the main reason for the ageing of the battery. Symptoms of ageing include permanent loss of capacity, increase in internal resistance, etc. This paper discusses a novel approach of ensuring the life of the battery in the altered operating conditions of a Micro Hybrid System. A Charge Refresh Cycle is implemented in the Battery Management System, which periodically performs a refresh charge on the battery to ensure that the battery is not affected due to partially discharged conditions, without having to disconnect the battery from the vehicle, and without the need of a visit to a service station. This is achieved by implementing a timer and an engine start counter, based on which the control signals for the refresh charge are triggered. The system not only ensures the performance of the battery, but also ensures the return of designed life of the battery. The function was validated under controlled conditions on several samples of batteries, and it was observed that the battery life is restored back to the designed life.
Athani, Gopal, Dongare, Kapil, Balusu, Rajesh, Gupta, Subhabrata, Gavarraju, Srinivasa Raju
Development of Output Voltage Adjusting Control Based on ADAS Map Information in Low-Voltage DCDC Converter System for HEV Fuel Efficiency2016-01-12364/5/2016
One of the ways to improve the fuel efficiency of the HEV (Hybrid and Electric Vehicles) is to optimize automotive electric system. In order to achieve this, the LDC (Low voltage DC-DC Converter) variable voltage was controlled. Using the ADAS (Advanced Driver Assistance System) map, the charge-discharge behaviors of 12V lead-acid battery was predicted during driving so that, the battery could be charged efficiently. In this study, the feedback control system for 12V battery discharging was designed to compromise between the 12V battery SOC (State of Charge) and the driving conditions at different traffic points. In contrast to earlier approaches, this experimental result indicates that the LDC variable voltage control based on ADAS is able to reduce the LDC average output power by 17.1% therefore, increasing fuel efficiency and ensuring the durability of the 12V battery.
PARK, Jun Yeon, Lee, Hojoong
CO 2 Emissions Reduction via 48V Active Engine-Off Coasting2016-01-11524/5/2016
Global CO2 reduction by 2021, according to some projections, will be comprised of multiple vehicle technologies with 7% represented by hybrid and electric vehicles (2% in 2014) [1]. Other low cost hybrid methods are necessary in order to achieve widespread CO2 reduction. One such method is engine-off coasting and regenerative braking (or recuperation) using a conventional internal combustion engine (ICE). This paper will show that a 48V power system, compared to a 12V system with energy storage module for vehicle segments B, D and E during WLTP and NEDC, is much more efficient at reducing CO2. Passive engine-off coasting using 12V energy storage shows a CO2 benefit for practical real world driving, but, during NEDC, multiple sources of friction slow the vehicle down to the extent that the maximum benefit is not achieved. By adding active engine-off coasting at the 48V level the CO2 emissions for NEDC are improved by decreasing the rate of deceleration with a 48V electric motor for propulsion. Also important, which will be explored in more detail, are the necessary power dimensions for the major components for different electrical load profiles.
Brown, Alan, Nalbach, Marc, Kahnt, Sebastian, Korner, André
Sensitivity Analysis of the Total Cost of Ownership for Electric Feeder Bus Using Various Types of Energy Storage2016-01-17213/27/2016
Urban Mobility is one of the most critical issues at the present. Public transport in connection with feeder bus system is proposed to be one of the main solution. Chulalongkorn University has a fleet of electric feeder bus in operation for a few years now. The fleet service is, however, to be improved because of current limitations in battery energy capacity and long battery charging time. This paper aims to examine the total cost of ownership (TCO) of the electric feeder buses using various types of energy storage. The results on the sensitivity analysis highlight the major parameters that exert strong influence in the TCOs. The fast charging system using supercapacitor battery bus shows the lowest TCO for the present bus fleet. The travel distance (km/year) and operational years were illustrated to be the top two parameters that exert major influence towards the TCO.
Nilprapunt, Wachira, Sripakagorn, Angkee
Electric Vehicles Batteries Modeling Analysis Based on a Multiple Layered Perceptron Identification Approach2015-36-01429/22/2015
A reliable battery state estimation management system in electric vehicles greatly depends on the validity and generalizability of battery models. This paper presents a Li-ion and Lead Acid batteries neural model. This model does not consider battery details, bringing universality, which is suitable for parameters estimation of all battery kinds. The final model proposes describe the dynamic contributions due to open-circuit voltage, polarization time constants, electrochemical hysteresis, effects of temperature, state of charge and state of health.
dos Santos, Sender Rocha, de Sousa, Thais Tóssoli, de Tarso Peres, Paulo, de Fátima Negreli Campos Rosolem, Maria, França, Alex Pereira
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