Browse Topic: Hydrogen storage

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Hybrid Drivetrain Design Using a Power Curve Heuristic Method2022-01-079403/29/2022
Emerging electrified powertrains benefit from efficient conversion and regenerative braking by storing energy in batteries rather than liquid or gaseous fuels. The downside of batteries, however, is that they're heavy and expensive compared to Diesel or Hydrogen fuel. A hybrid drivetrain, compared to a purely electric vehicle, can provide many of the same benefits with a much smaller battery. A heuristic is proposed to design hybrid vehicle architectures which achieve high energy efficiency while minimizing the mass and cost of onboard components. The heuristic uses vehicle power-energy curves to size motor, battery, engine, fuel cell, and hydrogen storage components to meet the required peak power and total energy storage requirements for various commercial vehicles configured as parallel, series, or powersplit hybrids. Commercial vehicles have distinct duty cycles to which a hybrid system must be closely tailored. The heuristic design method is verified using a vehicle drivetrain
Miller, Eric
Technical Paper
Mahle's hydrogen focus spans fuel cells, ICEs21TOFHP02_0802/01/2021
Hydrogen fuel cell (HFC) technology is gaining momentum in the mobility sector, with substantial volume expected by 2025 to 2030, according to Dr. Marco Warth, director of corporate advanced engineering mechatronics at Mahle. The iconic cylinder-systems supplier for diesel and gasoline engines is now a major player in the industry's investigation of hydrogen as a future transport fuel. Dr. Warth sees the company's work as laying a cornerstone on which rests CO2-neutral mobility. Having established a broad spectrum of products for fuel cell systems, Mahle is monitoring potential hydrogen applications for combustion engines. An R&D project that could be beneficial to both is a carbon-fiber gaseous hydrogen tank with a plastic liner that would increase hydrogen storage density and save production costs.
Birch, Stuart
Magazine Article
Mahle amps up electrification R&D, battery-cooling capability20TOFHP12_0712/01/2020
Best known for pistons and other reciprocating components inside internal combustion engines (ICE), Stuttgart-based Tier 1 Mahle claims it is keeping the R&D throttle wide open to cement its role in propulsion's electrified future. Laying out its near-term development vision via a virtual event in October, CEO Jörg Stratmann and engineering lead Martin Berger reiterated the continuing role ICE will play, augmented via hybrid and fuel-cell technologies in larger commercial applications. According to Stratmann, Mahle's technology group is maintaining its extensive R&D investments despite the COVID crisis, and that it is expanding its global footprint in key development areas including battery systems and hydrogen applications. These include a hydrogen infrastructure testing installation begun at its headquarters in Stuttgart, and an expanding battery R&D facility scheduled to open in December 2020 in Suzhou, China, which will focus on solutions specifically for the Chinese market.
Seredynski, Paul
Magazine Article
Unsettled Technology Domains for Pathways to Automotive DecarbonizationEPR202001407/22/2020
Replacing fossil-fueled vehicles with battery-electric ones is a risky strategy. It is likely to be limited by the supply of metals critical to battery and solar cell production, and the investment required in decarbonized electricity. Using hydrogen to store renewable energy would greatly reduce efficiency, further increasing the investment required to decarbonize the electricity supply. The lowest technical risk and most economical pathway to decarbonization is reducing private car use. Shorter journeys would be made by walking and cycling – also known as “active travel” – with public transport used for most longer journeys.Realizing this cultural change in transport behavior will first require comprehensive networks for safe and enjoyable active travel, which separate walking and cycling. All locations should connect to either a fully segregated cycleway or traffic calmed roadways with a maximum speed of 30 kph. Active travel investment can save money due to improved public health
Muelaner, Jody Emlyn
Research Report
Fueling Protocols for Light Duty Gaseous Hydrogen Surface VehiclesJ2601_202005 (Current)05/29/2020
SAE J2601 establishes the protocol and process limits for hydrogen fueling of vehicles with total volume capacities greater than or equal to 49.7 L. These process limits (including the fuel delivery temperature, the maximum fuel flow rate, the rate of pressure increase, and the ending pressure) are affected by factors such as ambient temperature, fuel delivery temperature, and initial pressure in the vehicle’s compressed hydrogen storage system. SAE J2601 establishes standard fueling protocols based on either a look-up table approach utilizing a fixed pressure ramp rate, or a formula-based approach utilizing a dynamic pressure ramp rate continuously calculated throughout the fill. Both protocols allow for fueling with communications or without communications. The table-based protocol provides a fixed end-of-fill pressure target, whereas the formula-based protocol calculates the end-of-fill pressure target continuously. For fueling with communications, this standard is to be used in
Fuel Cell Standards Committee
Technical Standard
Fueling Protocols for Light Duty Gaseous Hydrogen Surface VehiclesJ2601_202005-TEST-REC (Historical)05/29/2020
SAE J2601 establishes the protocol and process limits for hydrogen fueling of vehicles with total volume capacities greater than or equal to 49.7 L. These process limits (including the fuel delivery temperature, the maximum fuel flow rate, the rate of pressure increase, and the ending pressure) are affected by factors such as ambient temperature, fuel delivery temperature, and initial pressure in the vehicle’s compressed hydrogen storage system. SAE J2601 establishes standard fueling protocols based on either a look-up table approach utilizing a fixed pressure ramp rate, or a formula-based approach utilizing a dynamic pressure ramp rate continuously calculated throughout the fill. Both protocols allow for fueling with communications or without communications. The table-based protocol provides a fixed end-of-fill pressure target, whereas the formula-based protocol calculates the end-of-fill pressure target continuously. For fueling with communications, this standard is to be used in
Fuel Cell Standards Committee
Technical Standard
Hydrogen Fuel Cell Buses: Modelling and Analysing Suitability from an Operational and Environmental Perspective2020-01-117204/14/2020
In response to the need to decrease greenhouse gas emissions, the current trend in the transport sector is a greater focus on alternative powertrains. More recent air quality concerns have seen controlled zero emission zones within urban areas. As a result, there is growing interest in hydrogen fuel cell electric buses (FCEBs) as a zero local emission vehicle with superior range, operational flexibility and refuelling time than other clean alternatives e.g. battery electric buses (BEBs). This paper details the performance and suitability analysis of a proposed Wrightbus FCEB, using a quasistatic backwards-facing Simulink powertrain model. The model is validated against existing prototype vehicle data (Mk1), allowing it to be further leveraged for predictions of an advanced future production vehicle (Mk2) with next generation motors and fuel cell stack. The modelled outputs are used for a comparison of the FCEB performance to an equivalent BEB on industry standard drive cycles, as well
Doyle, Darryl, Harris, Andrew, Chege, Steve, Douglas, Lucinda, Early, Juliana, Best, Robert
Technical Paper
Toyota unveils rear-drive FCEV Mirai, plug-in RAV419AUTP11_1511/01/2019
As part of an electrified stable primed for the 2019 Los Angeles Auto Show (LAAS), Toyota will display its all-new Mirai fuel-cell electric vehicle (FCEV) and the upcoming plug-in hybrid version of its RAV4 compact SUV. The two 2021 models will further pad the Japanese company's already market-leading six hybrid offerings (12 if the premium Lexus brand is included). On top of previously announced plans for a “major battery electric vehicle (BEV) rollout,” Toyota also announced an extension of its hybrid battery warranties. The second-gen Mirai FCEV - unveiled as a “concept” at a recent media event but appearing in near-production form - will debut as a sleek, rear-wheel-drive (RWD), 4-door, 5-passenger sedan. Toyota says it's targeting a 30% increase in driving range compared to the first-gen Mirai, with the additional range achieved via an improved (and quieter) fuel-cell stack and increased hydrogen storage capacity. The current front-wheel drive (FWD), 4-pasenger Mirai launched in
Seredynski, Paul
Magazine Article
Powering back to the FUTURE19AUTP04_0404/01/2019
Rotaries, gas turbines, hybrids-even nukes! Propulsion tech from the past, present, and beyond the horizon is revealed at the SAE Mobility History display at WCX'19. Credit Leonardo DaVinci for creating what many historians believe was the first depiction of a self-powered vehicle. It was powered by springs. And in the centuries since then, engineers have found increasingly complex and interesting solutions for vehicle propulsion. Steam came first. Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot's 1769 steam tractor is generally believed to be the first self-propelled road vehicle. By the 1830s, steam carriages carried passengers on roadways in Britain. During this period another technology was emerging: in the 1830s, American blacksmith Thomas Davenport's experiments with electricity and electromagnetism led him to patent an electric motor. When battery technology finally caught up with this vision in the 1880s, the recipe for the first electric cars was born.
Brooke, Lindsay, Anden, Erika
Magazine Article
Hyundai Nexo out-spaces Toyota and Honda FCVs19AUTP01_1801/01/2019
The 2019 Hyundai Nexo is a distinctively-styled and luxurious compact SUV based upon Hyundai's first fully dedicated fuel-cell electric vehicle (FCEV) platform. A technological flagship for Hyundai, the front-wheel-drive Nexo is the most refined fuel-cell (FC) offering to date and also trumps the Toyota Mirai and Honda Clarity via a trendier and more practical SUV format. Like its two Japanese competitors, the Korean offering will face the same geographically limited availability until hydrogen refueling infrastructures catch up with these long-range electrified platforms.
Seredynski, Paul
Magazine Article
Aircraft electric propulsion technology review – A shift from turbofan to the ethrust era2018-36-009609/03/2018
Following the electrification trend observed in the automotive industry, the idea of an electric propulsion aircraft has also drawn attention and investments from a range of aviation industry stakeholders (including the world's largest aerospace companies) focused on both fuel burning reduction and environmental performance improvement (greenhouse gases (GHG), pollutants and noise emissions) potential of electric propulsion technology. Electric propulsion has the potential to provide more efficient, cleaner, quieter and more profitable aviation services, with potential benefits to both airlines and passengers. Furthermore, with its inherent quiet feature, it has also the potential to lead to a reassessment of the role of airports along the world cities, as well as revitalize regional short-haul flights and helps the launch of air service into underserved regions around the world. From a technical perspective , the aviation propulsion electrification strategy might involves the
Barbosa, Fábio Coelho
Technical Paper
Passive Metal Hydride Module Concept for Enhanced Low-Temperature Catalyst Performance2018-01-500105/04/2018
A technology concept applicable to stoichiometric and lean burn engine operation-a metal hydride (MHx) module for the generation of H2 via reaction with gaseous H2O-was evaluated for the introduction of low levels of H2 (ca. 500 ppmv) into internal combustion engine exhaust for the enhancement of catalyst performance at low temperatures, such as during cold-start. Projected MHx module packaging volume, replacement frequency, and costs over the lifetime of a light duty vehicle are excessive, and considered prohibitive to technology viability.
Bradford, Michael C.
Technical Paper
Development of New Hydrogen Fueling Method for Fuel Cell Motorcycle2017-01-118403/28/2017
A new hydrogen fueling protocol named MC Formula Moto was developed for fuel cell motorcycles (FCM) with a smaller hydrogen storage capacity than those of light duty FC vehicles (FCV) currently covered in the SAE J2601 standard (over than 2kg storage). Building on the MC Formula based protocol from the 2016 SAE J2601 standard, numerous new techniques were developed and tested to accommodate the smaller storage capacity: an initial pressure estimation using the connection pulse, a fueling time counter which begins the main fueling time prior to the connection pulse, a pressure ramp rate fallback control, and other techniques. The MC Formula Moto fueling protocol has the potential to be implemented at current hydrogen stations intended for fueling of FCVs using protocols such as SAE J2601. This will allow FCMs to use the existing and rapidly growing hydrogen infrastructure, precluding the need for exclusive dispensers or stations.
Handa, Kiyoshi, Yamaguchi, Shigehiro, Minowa, Kazuya, Mathison, Steven
Journal Article
Zero-Emissions Electric Aircraft: Theory vs RealityTBMG-2524108/14/2016
Many different electrically propelled aircraft have been or are soon to be flying. Recently a zero-emissions electric aircraft, Solar Impulse, flew around the world with zero fuel. However, an electric aircraft with the payload and range of a B-777 and having zero-emissions is a few more decades in the future.
Magazine Article
Enhancing Lithium Ion Batteries with HydrogenTBMG-2370201/01/2016
Scientists at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) say that lithium ion batteries can operate longer as well as faster when their electrodes are treated with hydrogen. Lithium ion batteries (LIBs) are a class of rechargeable battery types in which lithium ions move from the negative electrode to the positive electrode during discharge and back when charging.
Magazine Article
Field Validation of the MC Default Fill Hydrogen Fueling Protocol2015-01-117704/14/2015
Appendix H of the SAE J2601 standard defines a development hydrogen fueling protocol named the MC Default Fill, which builds upon the foundation of the table based protocol, utilizing the same assumptions, boundary conditions, and process limits as the current standard. The MC Default Fill facilitates the following beyond the table based protocol: 1) the potential to provide faster, more consistent fueling times for fuel cell electric vehicle customers, and 2) the ability to continuously and dynamically adjust to a wide range of dispenser fuel delivery temperatures, allowing for more flexibility in station design. Computer simulations and laboratory bench tests were previously conducted and documented, validating the function and operation of the protocol. Through the application of the MC Default Fill to a commercial hydrogen dispenser, and by conducting a large number of fills on multiple hydrogen storage systems under a wide range of operating conditions, this paper will document
Mathison, Steven, Handa, Kiyoshi, McGuire, Timothy, Brown, Tyler, Goldstein, Todd, Johnston, Michael
Journal Article
Can Toyota's Mirai be the next Prius?14AUTD12_0212/02/2014
Toyota's first fuel-cell car has a range of 300 miles, fills up in 5 minutes, and accelerates from 0 to 60 mph in about 9 seconds. A decade and a half ago, low gasoline prices and rebounding car sales did nothing to stop Toyota from introducing its fuel-saving Prius hybrid-electric vehicle. During those years the Prius, whose name means “to go before,” pioneered an entirely new green-car category while it burnished the company's environmental credentials. Hybrid-electric propulsion has now gone fully mainstream, with total U.S. sales of hybrids topping 3 million in late 2013. Today, with fuel prices sagging and auto sales rising, the Japanese carmaker is again attempting to open up a whole new green-car segment with its first hydrogen fuel-cell production vehicle, the Mirai. Whether the Mirai, which means “future” in Japanese, presages Prius-like success is hotly debated.
Ashley, Steven
Magazine Article
Validation and Sensitivity Studies for SAE J2601, the Light Duty Vehicle Hydrogen Fueling Standard2014-01-199004/01/2014
The worldwide automotive industry is currently preparing for a market introduction of hydrogen-fueled powertrains. These powertrains in fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) offer many advantages: high efficiency, zero tailpipe emissions, reduced greenhouse gas footprint, and use of domestic and renewable energy sources. To realize these benefits, hydrogen vehicles must be competitive with conventional vehicles with regards to fueling time and vehicle range. A key to maximizing the vehicle's driving range is to ensure that the fueling process achieves a complete fill to the rated Compressed Hydrogen Storage System (CHSS) capacity. An optimal process will safely transfer the maximum amount of hydrogen to the vehicle in the shortest amount of time, while staying within the prescribed pressure, temperature, and density limits. The SAE J2601 light duty vehicle fueling standard has been developed to meet these performance objectives under all practical conditions. It defines the fueling
Schneider, Jesse, Meadows, Graham, Mathison, Steven R., Veenstra, Michael J., Shim, Jihyun, Immel, Rainer, Wistoft-Ibsen, Morten, Quong, Spencer, Greisel, Manfred, McGuire, Timothy, Potzel, Peter
Journal Article
Validation of the Localized Fire Test Method for On-Board Hydrogen Storage Systems2014-01-042104/01/2014
The localized fire test provided in the Global Technical Regulation for Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles gives two separate test methods: the ‘generic installation test - Method 1′ and the ‘specific vehicle installation test - Method 2′. Vehicle manufacturers are required to apply either of the two methods. Focused on Method 2, the present study was conducted to determine the characteristics and validity of Method 2. Test results under identical burner flame temperature conditions and the effects of cylinder protection covers made of different materials were compared between Method 1 and Method 2. The following results were obtained: (1) Methods 1 and 2 produced nearly identical results when the minimum temperature profile in the GTR test procedure was followed in both cases. (2) A steel protection cover on the cylinder significantly lowered cylinder surface temperatures during the fire test until activation of the thermal pressure relief device (TPRD). (3) A thermoplastic cover on the
Sato, Kenji, Tamura, Yohsuke, Takeuchi, Masayuki, Maeda, Kiyotaka, Ohtsuka, Noriaki
Journal Article
Overcoming the Range Limitation of Medium-Duty Battery Electric Vehicles through the use of Hydrogen Fuel-Cells2013-01-247109/24/2013
Battery electric vehicles possess great potential for decreasing lifecycle costs in medium-duty applications, a market segment currently dominated by internal combustion technology. Characterized by frequent repetition of similar routes and daily return to a central depot, medium-duty vocations are well positioned to leverage the low operating costs of battery electric vehicles. Unfortunately, the range limitation of commercially available battery electric vehicles acts as a barrier to widespread adoption. This paper describes the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's collaboration with the U.S. Department of Energy and industry partners to analyze the use of small hydrogen fuel-cell stacks to extend the range of battery electric vehicles as a means of improving utility, and presumably, increasing market adoption. This analysis employs real-world vocational data and near-term economic assumptions to (1) identify optimal component configurations for minimizing lifecycle costs, (2
Wood, Eric, Wang, Lijuan, Gonder, Jeffrey, Ulsh, Michael
Journal Article
Finite Element Analysis of Composite Over-wrapped Pressure Vessels for Hydrogen Storage2013-01-247709/24/2013
This paper presents 3D finite element analysis performed for a composite cylindrical tank made of 6061-aluminum liner overwrapped with carbon fibers subjected to a burst internal pressure of 1610 bars. As the service pressure expected in these tanks is 700 bars, a factor of safety of 2.3 is kept the same for all designs. The optimal design configuration of such high pressure storage tanks includes an inner liner used as a gas permeation barrier, geometrically optimized domes, inlet/outlet valves with minimum stress concentrations, and directionally tailored exterior reinforcement for high strength and stiffness. Filament winding of pressure vessels made of fiber composite materials is the most efficient manufacturing method for such high pressure hydrogen storage tanks. The complexity of the filament winding process in the dome region is characterized by continually changing the fiber orientation angle and the local thickness of the wall. The research work presented in this paper
William, Gergis W., Shoukry, Samir, Prucz, Jacky, Evans, Thomas
Journal Article
Ultra-Compact Power System for Long-Endurance Small Unmanned Aerial Systems2012-01-217710/22/2012
Air-launched Small Unmanned Aerial Systems (SUASs) provide critical information to warfighters, but are currently limited by the power and energy available from small electric propulsion systems. This paper describes proof-of-concept testing of a novel power system for SUASs. The power system comprises a compact hydrogen generator and a hydrogen PEM fuel cell. The hydrogen generator uses ammonia borane (AB) as a solid chemical hydrogen storage material and heats the AB to produce hydrogen through thermal decomposition. The innovative ignition and control process generates highly pure hydrogen on-demand from a system that is very compact, lightweight, and rugged. We built a proof-of-concept hydrogen generator and used it to supply hydrogen to a small PEM fuel cell. The proof-of-concept generator used prototypical AB, heat source, control scheme, and purification media to absorb trace amounts of ammonia, borazine, and carbon monoxide (CO). The hydrogen generator operated as expected
Izenson, Michael, Magari, Patrick, Bieszczad, Jerry, Kiwada, George
Journal Article
Polymer-Electrolyte Fuel Cells for UAV Applications Providing Solutions to Revolutionize UAVs2012-01-216110/22/2012
Over the past decade, fuel cell systems have begun to appear as both primary and auxiliary power sources for aircraft. Fuel cells enable quiet electric aircraft with endurances that exceed equivalent battery powered vehicles, but have been limited to efficient fixed-wing aircraft due to low fuel cell power-to-weight ratios. This paper begins by discussing polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEFC) advancements at United Technologies Corporation (UTC) that have resulted in a significant increase in both the power-to-weight and power-to-volume ratios of fuel cell systems. As a result of these advances, UTC PEFC systems can now enable longer endurance missions for smaller UAVs as well as be considered for electric aircraft requiring vertical takeoff and landing capability. The move into vertical takeoff for electric aircraft is of particular interest as capabilities such as hover, perch and stare, and runway independence are enabled. As a demonstration of the technology, a proof-of
Moffitt, Blake A., Zaffou, Rachid
Technical Paper
Innovative Dense Lightweight Design for On-Board Hydrogen Storage Tank2012-01-206109/24/2012
The hydrogen economy envisioned in the future requires safe and efficient means of storing hydrogen fuel for either use on-board vehicles, delivery on mobile transportation systems or high-volume storage in stationary systems. The main emphasis of this work is placed on the high -pressure storing of gaseous hydrogen on-board vehicles. As a result of its very low density, hydrogen gas has to be stored under very high pressure, ranging from 350 to 700 bars for current systems, in order to achieve practical levels of energy density in terms of the amount of energy that can be stored in a tank of a given volume. This paper presents 3D finite element analysis performed for a composite cylindrical tank made of 6061-aluminum liner overwrapped with carbon fibers subjected to a burst internal pressure of 1610 bars. As the service pressure expected in these tanks is 700 bars, a factor of safety of 2.3 is kept the same for all designs. The results indicated that a stress reduction could be
William, Gergis W., Shoukry, Samir, Prucz, Jacky
Technical Paper
Design of a Series-Parallel Plug-in Hybrid Sedan through Modeling and Simulation2012-01-176809/10/2012
EcoCAR 2: Plugging In to the Future is a three-year design competition co-sponsored by General Motors and the Department of Energy. Mississippi State University has designed a plug-in hybrid powertrain for a 2013 Chevrolet Malibu vehicle platform. This vehicle will be capable of 57 miles all-electric range and utility-factor corrected fuel economy of greater than 80 miles per gallon gasoline equivalent (mpgge). All modifications are designed without sacrificing any of the vehicle's utility or performance. Advanced modeling, simulation, and Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) simulation capabilities are being used for rapid control prototyping and vehicle design to ensure success in the following years of the competition.
Doude, Matthew, Molen, G. Marshall, Brown, William, Hoop, Joshua, Moore, Jonathan, Dickerson, William
Journal Article
Development of a Vehicle-Level Simulation Model for Evaluating the Trade-Off between Various Advanced On-Board Hydrogen Storage Technologies for Fuel Cell Vehicles2012-01-122704/16/2012
One of the most critical elements in engineering a hydrogen fuel cell vehicle is the design of the on-board hydrogen storage system. Because the current compressed-gas hydrogen storage technology has several key challenges, including cost, volume and capacity, materials-based storage technologies are being evaluated as an alternative approach. These materials-based hydrogen storage technologies include metal hydrides, chemical hydrides, and adsorbent materials, all of which have drawbacks of their own. To optimize the engineering of storage systems based on these materials, it is critical to understand the impacts these systems will have on the overall vehicle system performance and what trade-offs between the hydrogen storage systems and the vehicle systems might exist that allow these alternative storage approaches to be viable. To gain a better understanding of the interactions that exist between various materials-based hydrogen storage systems and the vehicle system as well as the
Thornton, Matthew, Brooker, Aaron, Cosgrove, Jonathon, Veenstra, Michael, Pasini, Jose Miguel
Technical Paper
Chemical Hydrides for Hydrogen Storage in Fuel Cell Applications2012-01-122904/16/2012
Due to its high hydrogen storage capacity (up to 16% by weight for the release of 2.5 molar equivalents of hydrogen gas) and its stability under typical ambient conditions, ammonia borane (AB) is a promising material for chemical hydrogen storage for fuel cell applications in transportation sector. Several systems models for chemical hydride materials such as solid AB, solvated AB and alane were developed and evaluated at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) to determine an optimal configuration that would meet the 2010 and future DOE targets for hydrogen storage. This paper presents an overview of those systems models and discusses the simulation results for various transient drive cycle scenarios.
Devarakonda, Maruthi, Brooks, Kriston, Ronnebro, Ewa, Rassat, Scot, Holladay, Jamie
Technical Paper
Heterocycles for Use in Electronic DevicesTBMG-1420103/01/2012
Synthesis of heterocyclic aromatic compounds has been pursued for a long time by chemists in order to analyze their properties and potential applications in biomedical and materials sciences including electronic devices such as organic light emitting devices (OLEDs) and in hydrogen storage.
Magazine Article
Long Term Hydrogen Vehicle Fleet Operational Assessment2011-01-229909/13/2011
The U. S. Army Tank Automotive Research, Development and Engineering Center (TARDEC) National Automotive Center (NAC) owns a fleet of ten Hydrogen Hybrid Internal Combustion Engine (H2ICE) vehicles that have been demonstrated in various climates from 2008 through 2010. This included demonstrations in Michigan, Georgia, California and Hawaii. The fleet was consolidated into a single location between July 2009 and April 2010. Between July of 2009 and January of 2011, data collection was completed on the fleet of H2ICE vehicles deployed to Oahu, Hawaii for long-term duration testing. The operation of the H2ICE vehicles in Hawaii utilized standard operation of a non-tactical vehicle at a real-world military installation. The vehicles were fitted with data acquisition equipment to record the operation and performance of the H2ICE vehicles; maintenance and repair data was also recorded for the fleet of vehicles. Over the year-long demonstration, the vehicles were driven by a wide range of
Eick, Steven, Parker, Rene, Whiting, Greg
Technical Paper
Thermography to Inspect Insulation of Large Cryogenic TanksTBMG-1082309/01/2011
Thermography has been used in the past to monitor active, large, cryogenic storage tanks. This approach proposes to use thermography to monitor new or refurbished tanks, prior to filling with cryogenic liquid, to look for insulation voids. Thermography may provide significant cost and schedule savings if voids can be detected early before a tank is returned to service.
Magazine Article
Thermodynamic Study on the Solubility of NaBH 4 and NaBO 2 in NaOH Solutions2011-01-174108/30/2011
Extensive research has been performed for on-board hydrogen generation, such as pyrolysis of metal hydrides (e.g., LiH, MgH₂), hydrogen storages in adsorption materials (e.g., carbon nanotubes and graphites), compressed hydrogen tanks and the hydrolysis of chemical hydrides. Among these methods, the hydrolysis of NaBH₄ has attracted great attention due to the high stability of its alkaline solution and the relatively high energy density, with further advantages such as moderate temperature range (from -5°C to 100°C) requirement, non-flammable, no side reactions or other volatile products, high purity H₂ output. The H₂ energy density contained by the system is fully depend on the solubility of the complicated solution contains reactant, product and the solution stabilizer. In this work, an approach based on thermodynamic equilibrium was proposed to model the relationship between the solubility of an electrolyte and temperature, and the effect of another component on its solubility. The
Shang, Yinghong, Chen, Rui
Technical Paper
Thermography to Inspect Insulation of Large Cryogenic TanksTBMG-TB-01082308/22/2011
Thermography has been used in the past to monitor active, large, cryogenic storage tanks. This approach proposes to use thermography to monitor new or refurbished tanks, prior to filling with cryogenic liquid, to look for insulation voids. Thermography may provide significant cost and schedule savings if voids can be detected early before a tank is returned to service.
Magazine Article
Cryogenically Fueled Dynamic Power SystemsAIR999A (Current)08/03/2011
In this report, "Cryogenically Fueled Dynamic Power Systems" include all open cycle, chemically fueled, dynamic engine power systems which utilize cryogenic fuels and oxidizers. For nearly all practical present day systems, this category is limited to cryogenic hydrogen or hydrogen-oxygen fueled cycles with potential in future, more advanced systems for replacement of oxygen by fluorine. Excluded from the category are static cryogenic systems (e.g., fuel cells) and chemical dynamic power systems which utilize earth storable propellants.
AE-7C Systems
Information Report
Development of Fuel Cell Hybrid Vehicle in TOYOTA2011-39-723805/17/2011
The outline of the TOYOTA FCHV-adv is described in this paper. The TOYOTA FCHVadv achieved an approximately 25 percent improvement in vehicle fuel efficiency and about 1.9 times the amount of usable hydrogen in comparison with the previous model. These improvements have enabled almost 2.5 times longer practical cruising range, more than 500 km. The freeze start capabilities of the FCHV-adv were improved by modifying the FC stack and control system. As a result, the FCHV-adv has been capable of starting at a temperature of -30°C. In the future, TOYOTA intends to improve durability and reduce costs.
Kojima, Koichi, Shinobu, Sekine
Technical Paper
Research into All Solid Secondary Lithium Battery2011-39-723405/17/2011
It may be possible to simplify the structure and control systems of a lithium-ion battery by replacing the conventional liquid electrolyte with a solid electrolyte, resulting in higher energy density. However, power performance is a development issue of batteries using a solid electrolyte. To increase battery power performance, in addition to lithium ionic conductivity within the bulk of the electrolyte, it is also necessary to boost the lithium ionic conductivity at the interface between the electrode active material and the electrolyte, and to boost electron and lithium ionic conductivity within the cathode and anode active material. This research studied the mechanism of resistance reduction by electrode surface modification. Subsequently, this research attempted to improve electron conductivity by simultaneously introducing oxygen vacancies and carrying out nitrogen substitution in the crystalline structure of the Li4Ti5O12 anode active material.
Kohama, Keiichi, Kawamoto, Koji, Tsuchida, Yasushi, Miki, Hidenori, Iba, Hideki
Technical Paper
Effect of Control Strategy on the Performance of a Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Auto Rickshaw2011-01-117404/12/2011
The basis for this paper is a project whose objective is to examine the feasibility of converting a diesel powered auto rickshaw to fuel cell/battery hybrid electric operation. One of the most important factors that influences the performance of hybrid vehicles is the energy management and power distribution between the different energy sources. This paper examines the impact of the control strategy on performance. The optimization of the energy management system is a supervisory control problem. One of the most popular cost functions for optimization involves the sum of fuel consumption and equivalent fuel consumption from the battery state of charge (SOC), commonly referred to as the equivalent consumption minimization strategy (ECMS). In this paper, a modified ECMS is tested together with three different management control strategies on a model of a fuel cell hybrid electric rickshaw using a realistic drive cycle. The 1 st tested was a fuel cell load following strategy in which the
Abu Mallouh, Mohammed, Al-Marouf, Mohamad, Surgenor, Brian, Peppley, Brant
Technical Paper
Development of the Methodology for FCV Post-crash Fuel Leakage Testing Incorporated into SAE J25782010-01-013304/12/2010
This paper explains the new methodology for post-crash fuel leakage testing of Fuel Cell Vehicles (FCVs) and other hydrogen vehicles utilizing compressed hydrogen storage systems. This methodology was incorporated into SAE J2578 that was revised and published in January, 2009. The new methodology is based on the concept in FMVSS 303 that specifies post-crash fuel leakage test method and criteria for CNG vehicle and adopted some modifications. Specifically, the following items are addressed: (1) Allowable leakage can be accurately evaluated in test even with large size tank that obtains only small pressure drop when a given amount of leakage occurs. A new method to deal with the influence of measurement errors was devised. (2) Even though only one option of test gas and initial filling pressure is accepted in FMVSS 303, new methodology for hydrogen system allows helium and hydrogen at reduced pressure as alternatives in addition to hydrogen at service pressure. Test with hydrogen at
Kinoshita, Naoki, Chang, Tommy, Scheffler, Glenn
Journal Article
Templated Synthesis of Aluminum Nanoparticles for Stable Energetic MaterialsTBMG-777104/01/2010
Reactive nanoparticles as energetic materials have received much recent attention for a variety of existing and/or potential applications. Among more extensively investigated are nanosized (sub-100-nm) aluminum (Al) particles. Their large specific surface area and energy density, when coupled or mixed with oxidative species, make them unique combustible additives in propellant formulations. Nanoscale Al particles are also studied as high-capacity hydrogen storage materials. Therefore, significant effort has been made in the development of synthetic methodologies for Al nanoparticles of desired properties.
Magazine Article
Fuel-Cell-Powered Vehicle With Hybrid Power ManagementTBMG-667801/01/2010
NASA Glenn Research Center has developed a hybrid electric utility vehicle that is powered by hydrogen-burning PEM fuel cells operating with a metal hydride hydrogen-storage unit. This vehicle utilizes ultracapacitors - rather than batteries - for storing electric energy.
Magazine Article
Chemochromic Hydrogen Leak DetectorsTBMG-TB-00538407/09/2009
{ntb_intro_text}Because hydrogen is odorless and colorless and poses an explosion hazard, there is an emerging need for sensors to quickly and accurately detect low levels of leaking hydrogen in fuel cells and other advanced energy-generating systems in which hydrogen is used as fuel. Simple, color-changing sensors have been invented.{/ntb_intro_text}
Magazine
Fuel-Cell Power Systems Incorporating Mg-Based H2 GeneratorsTBMG-TB-00539206/30/2009
{ntb_intro_text}Two hydrogen generators based on reactions involving magnesium and steam have been proposed at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory as means for generating fuel (hydrogen gas) for motor vehicles. The generators would make it unnecessary to rely on expensive, heavy, bulky, or unsafe hydrogen storage systems previously developed.{/ntb_intro_text}
Magazine
Chemochromic Hydrogen Leak DetectorsTBMG-529106/01/2009
At NASA, hydrogen safety is a key concern for space shuttle processing. Leaks of any level must be quickly recognized and addressed due to hydrogen’s lower explosion limit. Chemochromic devices have been developed to detect hydrogen gas in several embodiments. Because hydrogen is odorless and colorless and poses an explosion hazard, there is an emerging need for sensors to quickly and accurately detect low levels of leaking hydrogen in fuel cells and other advanced energy-generating systems in which hydrogen is used as fuel.
Magazine Article
Chemochromic Hydrogen Leak DetectorsTBMG-538406/01/2009
At NASA, hydrogen safety is a key concern for space shuttle processing. Leaks of any level must be quickly recognized and addressed due to hydrogen’s lower explosion limit. Chemochromic devices have been developed to detect hydrogen gas in several embodiments. Because hydrogen is odorless and colorless and poses an explosion hazard, there is an emerging need for sensors to quickly and accurately detect low levels of leaking hydrogen in fuel cells and other advanced energy-generating systems in which hydrogen is used as fuel.
Magazine Article
Chemochromic Hydrogen Leak DetectorsTBMG-TB-00529105/29/2009
Robust, simple, and easy-to-detect, color-changing hydrogen sensors warn against explosion hazard. At NASA, hydrogen safety is a key concern for space shuttle processing. Leaks of any level must be quickly recognized and addressed due to hydrogen’s lower explosion limit. Chemochromic devices have been developed to detect hydrogen gas in several embodiments. Because hydrogen is odorless and colorless and poses an explosion hazard, there is an emerging need for sensors to quickly and accurately detect low levels of leaking hydrogen in fuel cells and other advanced energy-generating systems in which hydrogen is used as fuel.
Magazine Article
Rationale for Performance-based Validation Testing of Compressed Hydrogen Storage2009-01-001204/20/2009
This paper is a review of the technical rationale for performance tests to qualify new hydrogen storage systems to assure safety throughout service life. SAE J2579 is used as an example of performance-based requirements. This paper is intended to broaden understanding of requirements for testing compressed gas storage that are under development at SAE and ISO.
Sloane, Christine S.
Journal Article
Development of New TOYOTA FCHV-adv Fuel Cell System2009-01-100304/20/2009
Since 1992, Toyota Motor Corporation (TMC) has been working on the development of fuel cell system technology. TMC is designing principal components in-house, including fuel cell stacks, high-pressure hydrogen storage tank systems, and hybrid systems. TMC developed the ‘02 model TOYOTA FCHV, the world-first market-ready fuel cell vehicle, and started limited lease of the vehicles in December 2002. In June 2008, TMC developed a new TOYOTA FCHV-adv which obtained vehicle type certification in Japan, and is currently available for leasing in Japan and the United States. In the development of the TOYOTA FCHV-adv, TMC has improved the cruising range and cold start/drive capability from the previous TOYOTA FCHV. The TOYOTA FCHV-adv has achieved an actual cruising range of over 500 km, which is equivalent to that of current gasoline vehicles. In addition, the TOYOTA FCHV-adv has proven starting/driving capability at -30°C temperature. This paper introduces the TOYOTA FCHV-adv fuel cell system
Bono, Tetsuya, Kizaki, Mikio, Mizuno, Hideaki, Nonobe, Yasuhiro, Takahashi, Tsuyoshi, Matsumoto, Tadaichi, Kobayashi, Nobuo
Journal Article
Technical Information Report for Fuel Systems in Fuel Cell and Other Hydrogen VehiclesJ2579_200901 (Historical)01/06/2009
The purpose of this document is to define design, construction, operational, and maintenance requirements for hydrogen storage and handling systems in on-road vehicles. Performance-based requirements for verification of design prototype and production hydrogen storage and handling systems are also defined in this document. Complementary test protocols (for use in type approval or self-certification) to qualify designs (and/or production) as meeting the specified performance requirements are described. Crashworthiness of hydrogen storage and handling systems is beyond the scope of this document. SAE J2578 includes requirements relating to crashworthiness and vehicle integration for fuel cell vehicles. Note: Ultimate design qualification for crash impact resistance is achieved by demonstrated compliance of the vehicle with applicable regulations.
Fuel Cell Standards Committee
Information Report
Comparison of Four Fuel Cell Battery Hybrid Powertrains in Bus Applications2008-01-285411/11/2008
Over the years, buses have provided an excellent platform to test and demonstrate the capabilities and benefits of hydrogen fuel cell technology. There are multiple technology drivers of powering buses with fuel cells which include the need to improve urban air quality, increase energy independence, mitigate climate change, and minimize noise. Yet certain barriers to meaningful commercialization still exist, namely capital and operating expenses. To date, Hydrogenics' experience has indicated that buses with smaller fuel cells show significantly lower upfront costs, with promise of lower operating and maintenance costs. In one scenario, the anticipated lifecycle costs of a fuel cell battery dominant hybrid bus are shown to be less than that of a conventional diesel bus.
Harris, Kevin
Technical Paper
Back to the high-power futureAUTOAUG08_0108/01/2008
Executive Vice President Masatami Takimoto and other officials are re-engineering Toyota, borrowing elements of the past to tackle 21stcentury environmental challenges. Masatami Takimoto joined Toyota Motor Corp. in 1970 upon earning a master's degree in mechanical engineering at Kyoto University. Most of his work at Toyota has been in product development, mainly in engine-related technologies, his official bio reveals. Appointed Executive Vice President in June 2003, Takimoto has been responsible for Toyota's quality, power-train, and future-technology research and development, including fuel-cell-system development, of which he was chief officer. Takimoto, who is also responsible for Toyota's entire engineering activities, is re-engineering the company's great engineering sanctum. The organization had been restructured 16 years ago during the thoroughly researched, developed, and implemented FP21 (Future Program-21st Century), under the leadership of then-Executive Vice President
Yamaguchi, Jack K.
Magazine Article
Nickel-Based Superalloy Resists Embrittlement by HydrogenTBMG-286706/01/2008
A nickel-based superalloy that resists embrittlement by hydrogen more strongly than does nickel alloy 718 has been developed. Nickel alloy 718 is the most widely used superalloy. It has excellent strength and resistance to corrosion as well as acceptably high ductility, and is recognized as the best alloy for many high- temperature applications. However, nickel alloy 718 is susceptible to embrittlement by hydrogen and to delayed failure and reduced tensile properties in gaseous hydrogen. The greater resistance of the present nickel- based superalloy to adverse effects of hydrogen makes this alloy a superior alternative to nickel alloy 718 for applications that involve production, transfer, and storage of hydrogen, thereby potentially contributing to the commercial viability of hydrogen as a clean-burning fuel.
Magazine Article
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