Browse Topic: Cryptography

Items (53)

Blockchain based Aircraft Maintenance Records

2022-26-114005/26/2022

Currently, Aircraft records and many other archives are in paper format. Paper records like maintenance records included in logbook are cumbersome, inefficient, and insecure compared to the capabilities of modern technology. Blockchain technology is the next step in creating process efficiencies, security, and integrity of maintenance data over the lifetime of an aircraft/engine. Changing paper records to digital records using blockchain is the foundation for a better future towards digital twin and analytics. Blockchain based maintenance can connect a world of data between various groups for extended periods of time by creating a secure digital thread. As regulatory requirements grow and cyber threats loom, blockchain technology can assist in the integrity and security of the captured data. The objective of this paper is to describe the advantages of migrating to digital applications using blockchain and how it can secure the future of the industry.

Jayarajan, Keerthi

SAE TOMORROW TODAY: How Mastercard is Applying QR, Blockchain, and AI Technology to Advance the Future of Mobile Payments

1291511/12/2020

From cash and credit to QR and crypto, the world of payments has undergone multiple transformations. What does the future hold for payment technology and how will it impact the way we travel? Host, Grayson Brulte spoke with Dave Glaser, Senior Vice President of Product and Merchant Development at Mastercard, to discuss how they're investing in the payment ecosystem through a multi-rail strategy, including digital currencies, QR payment platforms and digital banking, expanding the future payments around the world to make it easy to move, travel and pay. Mastercard, the fin-tech leader best known for credit and debit card usage, is evolving the global e-commerce landscape, adopting new software, cloud computing technologies, and contactless payments to enable secure, easy transactions. By connecting innovative payment methods to up-and-coming transportation systems -- from autonomous vehicles to rideshare -- people can travel, pay and be on their way. Discover what's next for Mastercard

Hineman, Marcie

Algorithm Defends Against Side-Channel Attacks on Hardware

TBMG-3782010/01/2020

Electronic devices that used to rely on passwords now use Touch ID or face-recognition software. But protecting software is only one part of electronic security — hardware is also susceptible to attacks. Devices such as remote car keys, cable boxes, and even credit card chips are all vulnerable to hardware attacks, mostly because of their design. These devices are small and lightweight and typically operate on minimal power. Engineers optimize designs, so the devices can work within these low-power constraints.

Challenges in Integrating Cybersecurity into Existing Development Processes

2020-01-014404/14/2020

For an established development process and a team accustomed to this process, adding cybersecurity features to the product initially means inconvenience and reduced productivity without perceivable benefits. Adapting development processes to take cybersecurity into account introduces challenges not present in engineering divisions so far. Strategies designed to deal with these challenges differ in the way in which added duties are assigned and cybersecurity topics are integrated into the already existing process steps. Cybersecurity requirements often clash with existing system requirements or established development methods, leading to low acceptance among developers, and introducing the need to have clear policies on how friction between cybersecurity and other fields is handled. A cybersecurity development approach is frequently perceived as introducing impediments, that bear the risk of cybersecurity measures receiving a lower priority to reduce inconvenience. Moreover, this leads

Lenhart, Patric, Arndt, Paul, von Wedel, Jana, Beul, Christian, Weldert, Jan

Steel, Corrosion-Resistant, Bars, Wire, Forgings, Mechanical Tubing, and Rings 16Cr - 4.0Ni - 0.30Cb Nb) - 4.0Cu Solution Heat Treated, Precipitation Hardenable

AMS5643W09/24/2019

This specification covers a corrosion-resistant steel in the form of bars, wire, forgings, mechanical tubing, flash welded rings up to 8.0 inches (203 mm) in diameter or least distance between parallel sides, and stock of any size for forging, flash welded rings, or heading (see 8.8).

AMS F Corrosion Heat Resistant Alloys Committee

Hands-on Cybersecurity Studies: Multi-Perspective Analysis of the WannaCry Ransomware

TBMG-3486408/01/2019

Ransomware is malware that obstructs a user from accessing digital assets through various mechanisms. These assets are held hostage and inaccessible until the user pays a ransom. In most cases, this is accomplished using encryption where, once the malicious program executes, it will target and encrypt certain files and will release the decryption key at the time of payment. Some ransomware instances target only certain common user-generated files such as media and documents. In this case, system files and others required for the operating system to function correctly (user authentication, process execution, etc.) are unaffected. Others encrypt much more and seek to lock out entire systems.

Single-Photon Detector for Potential Encryption and Sensing

TBMG-3460006/01/2019

Light is widely used for communications, carrying phone conversations and video signals through fiber optic cables around the world in pulses composed of many photons. Single photons are the weakest signal that can be transmitted and they have a wide range of applications including implementing an encryption technique called quantum key distribution and creating high-resolution maps. Single photons of light typically have very little energy, making them difficult to detect.

Risk Analysis of Blockchain Application for Aerospace Records Management

2019-01-134403/19/2019

Blockchain as a technology has been successfully deployed in the financial industry. As the technology continues to mature, there are opportunities to use this to solve operational challenges in Aerospace. One of the common use cases is replacing paper records as a proof of compliance with a blockchain enabled distributed ledger. Commonly available open source blockchain frameworks have security ingrained in the components. However, replacing paper records with a blockchain based distributed ledger will require investigation of potential risks involved in the end to end usage of this technology for records management. The objective of this paper is to elucidate potential risks in an aviation record management workflow environment enabled by blockchain and suggest requirements to mitigate the risks. In addition requirements for Blockchain based systems will be proposed, which will guarantee minimum functional requirements like Protection of confidential information Integrity of the

Kar, Satyanarayan, Kasimsetty, Vinay, Barlow, Susan, Rao, Sujay

Proactive Cybersecurity Saves Healthcare Organizations from Data Breaches

TBMG-3399303/01/2019

Over the past few years, healthcare organizations have increasingly become one of the leading targets for cyber criminals with data breaches exposing personal patient data, medical records, and financial information, resulting in millions of dollars of added cost to these institutions. As the healthcare organizations become savvier with their cybersecurity, the criminals just get more creative.

Efficient Security for Cloud-Based Machine Learning

TBMG-3392203/01/2019

Outsourcing machine learning is a rising trend in industry. Major tech firms have launched cloud platforms that conduct computation-heavy tasks, such as running data through a convolutional neural network (CNN) for image classification. Resource-strapped small businesses and other users can upload data to those services for a fee and get back results in several hours.

Faster Photons Could Make Data Totally Secure

TBMG-3283909/01/2018

Transferring data using light passed along fiber optic cables has become increasingly common over the past decades, but each pulse currently contains millions of photons. That means that in principle, a portion of these could be intercepted without detection. Secure data is already encrypted, but if an eavesdropper was able to intercept the signals containing details of the code, in theory they could access and decode the rest of the message.

Secure Wireless Command Post

TBMG-2765610/01/2017

Pacific Star Communications, Inc. (PacStar) Portland, OR (503) 403-3000

Authenticated Sensor Interface Device

TBMG-2683905/01/2017

Researchers at the Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) have developed a device to read data, encrypt the information, and distribute it electronically to multiple locations, providing a one-way data pathway that segregates each destination to prevent cross-party data manipulation. Previous “data diode” devices employ computer-based communication channels such as fiber-connected data cards between the sender and receiver. No integrated data authentication is performed, and data is sensitive to external attack and manipulation.

Securing J1939 Communications Using Strong Encryption with FIPS 140-2 *CSP Meta QA Testing*

2017-01-002003/28/2017

Since 2001, all sensitive information of U.S. Federal Agencies has been protected by strong encryption mandated by the Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) 140-2 Security Requirements. The requirements specify a formal certification process. The process ensures that validated encryption modules have implemented the standard, and have passed a rigorous testing and review processes. Today, this same strong security protection has become possible for vehicle networks using modern, cost-effective encryption in hardware. This paper introduces the motivation and context for the encryption diagnostics security in terms of all vehicles in general, not just trucks which use SAE J1939 communications. Several practical scenarios for using such encryption hardware and the advantages of using hardware compared to software private-key encryption and public-key encryption are described. This paper describes strong FIPS 140-2 encryption for vehicle diagnostics communications, using as an

Secret Sharing Schemes and Advanced Encryption Standard

TBMG-2553310/01/2016

There are many secret sharing schemes and variations available to hide and reconstruct the given secret. Shamir’s Secret Sharing Scheme, making use of linear Lagrange interpolation on the dealer-generated polynomial, was used to reconstruct the secret from the stipulated threshold number of participants’ shares. Such a scheme had been widely analyzed by mathematicians and computer scientists for potential weaknesses in the reconstruction of the secret by an external eavesdropper.

Learning the "Keys" of IoT Security

TBMG-2561710/01/2016

Network-connected devices provide many opportunities to improve and enrich people’s lives, but the “Internet of Things” has a range of definitions. A consumer’s experience with the “IoT” may be a wearable computer for fitness tracking. A physician may place a connected heartbeat monitor on a patient. An industrial engineer may see the Internet of Things as thousands of sensor points that provide measurements of temperatures, pressures, or valve states.

Using Mathematics to Make Computing on Encrypted Data Secure and Practical

TBMG-2553510/01/2016

In order to make computing on encrypted data more practical to use and more secure from attack, it is necessary to discover, develop, and understand the mathematics on which it is based and the mathematics that can be used to attack it.

Final High-Fidelity Down-Conversion Source for Secure Communications Using On-Demand Single Photons

TBMG-2347412/01/2015

Secure communication over long distances requires robust encryption. While current encryption algorithms exist using classical methods, there are no unconditionally secure methods of distributing encryption keys classically. However, by exploiting the quantum nature of individual photons, quantum key distribution (QKD) can be proven as an unconditionally secure method for the distribution of encryption keys. Because QKD operates via the transmission and detection of single photons, there are major challenges for practical use in terms of both key generation rate and the maximum distance over which a secret key can be established.

Prototype Genomics-Based Keyed-Hash Message Authentication Code Protocol

12/01/2014

Cryptography and molecular biology share certain aspects and operations that allow for a set of unified principles to be applied to problems in either venue. A DNA-inspired hash code system is presented that utilizes concepts from molecular biology. It is a keyed-Hash Message Authentication Code (HMAC) capable of being used in secure mobile ad-hoc networks. It is targeted for applications without an available public key infrastructure. Ad-hoc does not mean the users are completely unknown to each other. They could be part of a military unit, police, emergency workers, mobile vendors, or any collection of users in a common geographical area that wish to communicate in a region lacking a PKI (Public Key Infrastructure).

Integrated Genomic and Proteomic Information Security Protocol

11/01/2014

The motivation for this research is the fact that, for a variety of reasons, networks and their existing authentication and confidentiality infrastructure are becoming more vulnerable to attack. The protocols in this research are based upon a security architecture that relies upon codes derived from the processes that regulate gene expression. In vivo, these processes control and regulate transcription of DNA into various forms of RNA, translation of messenger RNA into proteins, and a variety of other pre-and post-transcriptional and translational regulatory processes. They utilize networks of protein and nucleic acid complexes. Through use of information theory, the processes of regulation of gene expression are being adapted to network and information security. The approach can be used in conjunction with legacy security architectures, algorithms, and processes as well as Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANET).

GUIDANCE FOR USAGE OF DIGITAL CERTIFICATES

ARINC842-1 (Current)12/12/2013

Newer generations of aircraft in production and use today are equipped with security applications that rely on digital certificates. It is expected that future aircraft will use certificates for increasing numbers of applications. The purpose of this document is to provide guidance for key life-cycle management, which refers to the phases through which digital certificates and associated cryptographic keys progress, from creation through usage to retirement. The guidance is based on open international standards that are adapted to the aviation environment, recognizing that a typical commercial airplane has a long lifespan, its operational environment is highly complex and regulated, and multiple stakeholders operate ground-based systems that communicate with airplanes. Using a standardized and consistent key management approach, as proposed in this document, helps to reduce cost of design, implementation, and operation even across a heterogeneous fleet.

Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee

A DNA-Inspired Encryption Methodology for Secure, Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

TBMG-1265501/01/2012

Users are pushing for greater physical mobility with their network and Internet access. Mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) can provide an efficient mobile network architecture, but security is a key concern. The figure summarizes differences in the state of network security for MANET and fixed networks. MANETs require the ability to distinguish trusted peers, and tolerate the ingress/egress of nodes on an unscheduled basis. Because the networks by their very nature are mobile and selforganizing, use of a Public Key Infrastructure (PKI), X.509 certificates, RSA, and nonce ex changes becomes problematic if the ideal of MANET is to be achieved. Molecular biology models such as DNA evolution can provide a basis for a proprietary security architecture that achieves high degrees of diffusion and confusion, and resistance to cryptanalysis. A proprietary encryption mechanism was developed that uses the principles of DNA replication and steganography (hidden word cryptography) for confidentiality

“Verify-on-Demand” - A Practical and Scalable Approach for Broadcast Authentication in Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication

2011-01-058404/12/2011

In general for Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication, message authentication is performed on every received wireless message by conducting verification for a valid signature, and only messages that have been successfully verified are processed further. In V2V safety communication, there are a large number of vehicles and each vehicle transmits safety messages frequently; therefore the number of received messages per second would be large. Thus authentication of each and every received message, for example based on the IEEE 1609.2 standard, is computationally very expensive and can only be carried out with expensive dedicated cryptographic hardware. An interesting observation is that most of these routine safety messages do not result in driver warnings or control actions since we expect that the safety system would be designed to provide warnings or control actions only when the threat of collision is high. If the V2V system is designed to provide too frequent warnings or control

Krishnan, Hariharan, Weimerskirch, Andre

Hidden Statistics of Schrödinger Equation

TBMG-961004/01/2011

Work was carried out in determination of the mathematical origin of randomness in quantum mechanics and creating a hidden statistics of Schrödinger equation; i.e., to expose the transitional stochastic process as a “bridge” to the quantum world. The governing equations of hidden statistics would preserve such properties of quantum physics as superposition, entanglement, and direct-product decomposability while allowing one to measure its state variables using classical methods. In other words, such a system would reinforce the advantages and minimize the limitations of both quantum and classical aspects, and therefore, it will be useful for implementation of quantum computing.

Managing a Network of Self-Encrypting Hard Drives

TBMG-790405/01/2010

With high-profile data breaches making headlines regularly, organizations are carefully evaluating their options for protecting mobile data. For years, software full disk encryption, (FDE), has been the preferred means of addressing this threat. But widespread adoption has been hampered by the complexity and cost surrounding these software-based FDE deployments.

Frangible Polymer Circuit Acts as Tamper Sensor

TBMG-582210/01/2009

Originally begun as an investigation to detect attempts to tap into an electrical cable, the emergence of modern encryption hardware rendered impractical attempts to protect communication media such as a cable.

Software Suite for a Large Defense System

TBMG-556208/01/2009

A suite of software tools was developed to enable networks composed of many hundreds, thousands, or even millions of commodity computers to protect themselves against a variety of security threats. These tools include Anagram, a content-based anomaly detection (AD) tool; ASSURE, which provides automatic software self-healing; and Aeolos, a distributed intrusion detection and event correlation infrastructure.

Software Suite for a Large Defense System

TBMG-TB-00556207/28/2009

A suite of software tools was developed to enable networks composed of many hundreds, thousands, or even millions of commodity computers to protect themselves against a variety of security threats. These tools include Anagram, a content-based anomaly detection (AD) tool; ASSURE, which provides automatic software self-healing; and Aeolos, a distributed intrusion detection and event correlation infrastructure.

Asynchronous Architectures for Large-Integer Processors

TBMG-TB-00506503/27/2009

Cryptographic computer systems are needed for secure communications in military, homeland security, medical, and financial applications. New architectures have been developed for cryptographic hardware that offer high throughput, algorithm flexibility, radiation hardness, and low power. The asynchronous (clockless) architecture combines a dedicated large-integer processor (LIP), a field programmable gate array (FPGA), and a simple processor. The asynchronous LIP can perform public-key encryption using large keys at a fraction of the runtime energy consumption of synchronous (clocked) systems. The system is made of quasi-independent components that can be commercialized as stand-alone or in different configurations.

DATALINK SECURITY PART 2 - KEY MANAGEMENT

ARINC823P2 (Current)03/10/2008

The purpose of this document is to provide recommended guidance and provisions for ACARS Message Security (AMS) key management. The key management framework described herein is based on open international standards that are adapted to the ACARS datalink communications environment.

Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee

Embedded Security: Down to the Silicon

TBMG-606507/01/2007

Embedded applications are increasingly going online. With the introduction of new embedded technologies that utilize a wide variety of communications options from Ethernet to Wi-Fi and ZigBee, there is a pressing need to secure these applications against the same problems that are inherent in any networked application.

Cyberspace Security via Quantum Encryption

TBMG-465206/01/2006

Perfect information- theoretical security requires that the meaning of an encrypted message transmitted from point A to point B be statistically independent of the ciphertext in which that message is embedded. In other words, possession and analysis of the ciphertext must yield no information about the message sent. This article briefly describes cryptographic protocols exhibiting perfect, or nearperfect, security before addressing a new quantum data encryption protocol that employs quantum noise of light at the physical layer to buttress security based on mathematical complexity. This new protocol is called Keyed Communication in Quantum Noise, or KCQ. KCQ does not presently guarantee flawless informationtheoretical security; however, because of KCQ's physical-layer encryption in the quantum noise of light, some scientists believe that it enables better security than current secure communications systems based solely on mathematical complexity.

Windowed Revocation of Public-Key-Encryption Certificates

TBMG-690208/01/2002

Windowed revocation is a technique for the revocation of the digital certificates that provide assurance of the auth- enticity and integrity of public encryption keys and associated private decryption keys. These keys are used to protect the privacy of communications via the Internet. The need for revocation of certificates arises in cases in which private keys are lost or compromised, rights of access are changed, or it is desired to change keys as a precaution against cryptanalysis. Windowed revocation satisfies the security requirements and conforms to the policies of publickey systems now in use, while imposing less (relative to prior certificate-revocation techniques) of a burden on certificate server computers and communication networks.

Algorithm for Initialization of a Convolutional Decoder

TBMG-3236409/01/1998

An algorithm effects rapid initialization of a convolutional decoder. This algorithm can be applied "on the fly"; that is while the decoder is receiving a stream of convolutionally encoded data. In comparison with other means of initialization, this algorithm is simpler, and it can be embedded in decoder hardware at relatively low cost. "Initialization" in this context denotes establishment of the correct initial code state of the decoder. Standard convolutional decoding requires setting the decoder in a known initial state consistent with the state of the encoder; without initialization, the decoder cannot reconstruct the original uncoded data stream.

Nickel Alloy, Corrosion and Heat Resistant, Powder 55Ni - 15Cr - 17Co - 5.0Mo - 3.5Ti - 4.0Al - 0.025B, As Fabricated

AMS5851C (Current)04/01/1994

This specification covers a corrosion and heat resistant nickel alloy in the form of prealloyed powder.

AMS F Corrosion Heat Resistant Alloys Committee

Coating Material, Electrically Conductive Silver-Organic Resin

AMS3682D (Current)01/01/1993

AMS P Polymeric Materials Committee

Alloy Bars and Forgings, Corrosion and Heat Resistant, 38fe 13.2cr 38ni 5.5mo 0.85cb 2.5ti 1.6al 0.009b, Consumable Electrode Melted, Solution Heat Treated, Precipitation Hardenable

AMS5633C (Current)04/01/1992

This specification has been "CANCELLED" by the Aerospace Materials, Division, SAE, as of July 1, 1993.

AMS F Corrosion Heat Resistant Alloys Committee

Titanium Alloy, Bars 11.5Mo 6.0Zr 4.5Sn, 1375°F (745°C) Solution Heat Treated

AMS4980B (Current)04/01/1992

This specification has been 'CANCELLED' by the Aerospace Materials Division, SAE, as of August, 1992.

AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee

Silver Alloy Brazing Filler Metal 56Ag 22Cu 17Zn 5.0Sn 1152 to 1205°F (618 to 652°C) Solidus-Liquidus Range

AMS4789 (Historical)04/01/1992

This specification has been declared "SUPERSEDED" by the Aerospace Materials Division, SAE, as of April 1, 1993.

AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee

Cloth, TypeEGlassBStage Addition Cure Polyimide-Resin-Impregnated 181 Style Fabric, High-Flow Additi

AMS3845/2 (Current)01/01/1992

AMS P Polymeric Materials Committee

Virgin Beryllium Bars, Rods and Shapes

AMS7900 (Current)10/01/1991

This specification has been "CANCELLED" by the Aerospace Materials Division, SAE, as of October, 1992.

AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee

Bar, Sheet, Strip, and Plate, Iron, Commercially Pure, Hot Rolled, Annealed

AMS7706A (Current)10/01/1991

This specification has been Cancelled by the Aerospace Materials Division, as of January 1995.

AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee

Titanium Alloy, Sheet and Strip 4al 3mo 1v Solution and Precipitation Treated

AMS4913A (Current)10/01/1991

This specification has been "CANCELLED" by the Aerospace Materials Division, SAE, as of December, 1991.

AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee

Bars Molybdenum, Arc Cast, Stress Relieved

AMS7805A (Current)10/01/1991

This specification has been "CANCELLED" by the Aerospace Materials Division, SAE, as of December, 1991.

AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee

Sheet, Strip and Plate Molybdenum, Arc Cast, Stress Relieved

AMS7801A (Current)10/01/1991

This specification has been "CANCELLED" by the Aerospace Materials Division, SAE, as of December, 1991.

AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee

Steel Bars, Forgings, And Rings, Corrosion Resistant 15cr - 20co -2.8mo Solution Heat Treated

AMS5761 (Current)07/01/1991

AMS F Corrosion Heat Resistant Alloys Committee

Bolts and Screws, Work-Strengthened Alloy, Corrosion and Heat Resistant, Forged Head, Roll Threaded After Aging

AMS7475A (Historical)01/01/1991

AMS F Corrosion Heat Resistant Alloys Committee

Alloy Bars, Forgings, And Rings, Corrosion And Heat Resistant54ni - 19cr - 10co - 10mo - 2.6ti - 1.0

AMS5756 (Current)07/01/1990

AMS F Corrosion Heat Resistant Alloys Committee

Aluminum Alloy, Sheet and Plate 3.5mg 0.25cr

AMS4019A (Current)01/01/1989

AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee

Manganese Bronze Forgings, 58cu 39.8zn 1.05fe 0.95al 0.23mn

AMS4619D (Current)10/01/1988

This specification has been CANCELLED by the Aerospace Materials Division, SAE, as of June 1994.

AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee

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