Browse Topic: Cooperative driving automation

Items (38)

Vehicle Experience and Human Interaction: Vol. 1

EPRCOMPV17202305/03/2024

Connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs) and their productization are a major focus of the automotive and mobility industries as a whole. However, despite significant investments in this technology, CAVs are still at risk of collisions, particularly in unforeseen circumstances or “edge cases.” It is also critical to ensure that redundant environmental data are available to provide additional information for the autonomous driving software stack in case of emergencies. Additionally, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) technologies can be included in discussions on safer autonomous driving design. Recently, there has been a slight increase in interest in the use of responder-to-vehicle (R2V) technology for emergency vehicles, such as ambulances, fire trucks, and police cars. R2V technology allows for the exchange of information between different types of responder vehicles, including CAVs. It can be used in collision avoidance or emergency situations involving CAV responder vehicles. The

Abdul Hamid, Umar Zakir, Roth, Christian, Nickerson, Jeffrey, Lyytinen, Kalle, King, John Leslie

Taxonomy and Definitions for Terms Related to Cooperative Driving Automation for On-Road Motor Vehicles

J3216_202107 (Current)

07/16/2021

This document describes machine-to-machine (M2M) communication to enable cooperation between two or more participating entities or communication devices possessed or controlled by those entities. The cooperation supports or enables performance of the dynamic driving task (DDT) for a subject vehicle with driving automation feature(s) engaged. Other participants may include other vehicles with driving automation feature(s) engaged, shared road users (e.g., drivers of manually operated vehicles or pedestrians or cyclists carrying personal devices), or road operators (e.g., those who maintain or operate traffic signals or workzones). Cooperative driving automation (CDA) aims to improve the safety and flow of traffic and/or facilitate road operations by supporting the movement of multiple vehicles in proximity to one another. This is accomplished, for example, by sharing information that can be used to influence (directly or indirectly) DDT performance by one or more nearby road users

Cooperative Driving Automation(CDA) Committee

Taxonomy and Definitions for Terms Related to Cooperative Driving Automation for On-Road Motor Vehicles

J3216_202107-TEST-REC (Historical)07/16/2021

Cooperative Driving Automation(CDA) Committee

Taxonomy and Definition of Safety Principles for Automated Driving System (ADS)

J3206_202107 (Current)

07/07/2021

This SAE Information Report classifies and defines a harmonized set of safety principles intended to be considered by ADS and ADS-equipped vehicle development stakeholders. The set of safety principles herein is based on the collection and analysis of existing information from multiple entities, reflecting the content and spirit of their efforts, including: SAE ITC AVSC Best Practices CAMP Automated Vehicle Research for Enhanced Safety - Final Report RAND Report - Measuring Automated Vehicle Safety: Forging a Framework U.S. DOT: Automated Driving Systems 2.0 - A Vision for Safety Safety First for Automated Driving (SaFAD) UNECE WP29 amendment proposal UNECE/TRANS/WP.29/GRVA/2019/13 On a Formal Model of Safe and Scalable Self-Driving Cars (Intel RSS model) SAE J3018 This SAE Information Report provides guidance for the consideration and application of the safety principles for the development and deployment of ADS and ADS-equipped vehicles. This SAE Information Report is not intended to

On-Road Automated Driving (ORAD) committee

Taxonomy and Definition of Safety Principles for Automated Driving System (ADS)

J3206_202107-TEST-REC (Historical)07/07/2021

On-Road Automated Driving (ORAD) committee

Correlation between Sensor Performance, Autonomy Performance and Fuel-Efficiency in Semi-Truck Platoons

2021-01-006404/06/2021

Semi-trucks, specifically class-8 trucks, have recently become a platform of interest for autonomy systems. Platooning involves multiple trucks following each other in close proximity, with only the lead truck being manually driven and the rest being controlled autonomously. This approach to semi-truck autonomy is easily integrated on existing platforms, reduces delivery times, and reduces greenhouse gas emissions via fuel economy benefits. Level 1 SAE fuel studies were performed on class-8 trucks operating with the Auburn Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (CACC) system, and fuel savings up to 10-12% were seen. Enabling platooning autonomy required the use of radar, global positioning systems (GPS), and wireless vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication. Poor measurements and state estimates can lead to incorrect or missing positioning data, which can lead to unnecessary dynamics and finally wasted fuel. This is especially an issue if deceleration is applied in response to a bad

Adam, Cristian, Lakshmanan, Sridhar, Richardson, Paul, Stegner, Evan, Ward, Jacob, Hoffman, Mark, Bevly, David M.

New SAE Standard for Automated-Driving Developers

20AVEP07_0407/01/2020

Developed in less than a year, SAE's new J3216 standard will impact traffic management, operations and safety for automated mobility. In May, amid quarantine and lockdowns for the Coronavirus pandemic, SAE International published SAE J3216 Standard: Taxonomy and Definitions for Terms Related to Cooperative Driving Automation for On-Road Motor Vehicles. The new standard provides clarity to support advancement of full automation. SAE J3216 builds on 2016's SAE J3016 that defines six levels of driving automation, from SAE Level Zero (no automation) to SAE Level 5 (full vehicle autonomy). While J3016 aims to provide clarity and offer a foundation for advancing vehicle automation technologies, the newly-published J3216 does so with terms, definitions and taxonomy focused on Cooperative Driving Automation (CDA), a key building block that supports all levels of automation.

Shuttleworth, Jennifer

SAE STANDARDS NEWS

20AUTP06_0606/01/2020

New Cooperative Driving Automation standard provides clarity to support advancement of full automation In May, amid quarantine and lockdowns for the Coronavirus pandemic, SAE International published SAE J3216 Standard: Taxonomy and Definitions for Terms Related to Cooperative Driving Automation for On-Road Motor Vehicles (https://www.sae.org/standards/content/j3216_202005/). The new standard provides clarity to support advancement of full automation. SAE J3216 builds on 2016's SAE J3016 that defines six levels of driving automation, from SAE Level Zero (no automation) to SAE Level 5 (full vehicle autonomy). While J3016 aims to provide clarity and offer a foundation for advancing vehicle automation technologies, the newly-published J3216 does so with terms, definitions and taxonomy focused on Cooperative Driving Automation (CDA), a key building block that supports all levels of automation.

Taxonomy and Definitions for Terms Related to Cooperative Driving Automation for On-Road Motor Vehicles

J3216_202005 (Historical)

05/07/2020

Cooperative Driving Automation(CDA) Committee

Taxonomy and Definitions for Terms Related to Cooperative Driving Automation for On-Road Motor Vehicles

J3216_202005-TEST-REC (Historical)05/07/2020

Cooperative Driving Automation(CDA) Committee

Utilization of Vehicle Connectivity for Improved Energy Consumption of a Speed Harmonized Cohort of Vehicles

2020-01-058704/14/2020

Improving vehicle response through advanced knowledge of traffic behavior can lead to large improvements in energy consumption for the single isolated vehicle. This energy savings across multiple vehicles can even be larger if they travel together as a cohort in harmonization. Additionally, if the vehicles have enough information about their immediate path of travel, and other vehicles’ in that path (and their respective critical forward-looking information), they can safely drive close enough to each other to share aerodynamic load. These energy savings can be upwards of multiple percentage points, and are dependent on several criteria. This analysis looks at criteria that contributes to energy savings for a cohort of vehicles in synchronous motion, as well as describes a study that allows for better understanding of the potential benefits of different types of cohorted vehicles in different platoon arrangements. The basis of this study is a precursor to developing a connected vehicle

Morgan, Christopher, Robinette, Darrell, Santhosh, Pruthwiraj, Bloom-Edmonds, John

Impact of Lateral Alignment on the Energy Savings of a Truck Platoon

2020-01-059404/14/2020

A truck platooning system was tested using two heavy-duty tractor-trailer trucks on a closed test track to investigate the sensitivity of intentional lateral offsets over a range of intervehicle spacings. The fuel consumption for both trucks in the platoon was measured using the SAE J1321 gravimetric procedure while travelling at 65 mph and loaded to a gross weight of 65,000 lb. In addition, the SAE J1939 instantaneous fuel rate was calibrated against the gravimetric measurements and used as proxy for additional analyses. The testing campaign demonstrated the effects of intervehicle gaps, following-vehicle longitudinal control, and manual lateral control. The new results are compared to previous truck-platooning studies to reinforce the value of the new information and demonstrate similarity to past trends. Fuel savings for the following vehicle was observed to exceed 10% at closer following distances. The results showed that energy savings generally increased in a non-linear fashion

Lammert, Michael P., McAuliffe, Brian, Smith, Patrick, Raeesi, Arash, Hoffman, Mark, Bevly, David

Cooperative Mandatory Lane Change for Connected Vehicles on Signalized Intersection Roads

2020-01-088904/14/2020

This paper presents a hierarchical control architecture to coordinate a group of connected vehicles on signalized intersection roads, where vehicles are allowed to change lane to follow a prescribed path. The proposed hierarchical control strategy consists of two control levels: a high level controller at the intersection and a decentralized low level controller in each car. In the hierarchical control architecture, the centralized intersection controller estimates the target velocity for each approaching connected vehicle to avoid red light stop based on the signal phase and timing (SPAT) information. Each connected vehicle as a decentralized controller utilizes model predictive control (MPC) to track the target velocity in a fuel efficient manner. The main objective in this paper is to consider mandatory lane changes. As in the realistic scenarios, vehicles are not required to drive in single lane. More specifically, they more likely change their lanes prior to signals. Hence, the

Du, Zhiyuan, Xu, Bin, Pisu, Pierluigi

Effects of a Probability-Based Green Light Optimized Speed Advisory on Dilemma Zone Exposure

2020-01-011604/14/2020

Green Light Optimized Speed Advisory (GLOSA) systems have the objective of providing a recommended speed to arrive at a traffic signal during the green phase of the cycle. GLOSA has been shown to decrease travel time, fuel consumption, and carbon emissions; simultaneously, it has been demonstrated to increase driver and passenger comfort. Few studies have been conducted using historical cycle-by-cycle phase probabilities to assess the performance of a speed advisory capable of recommending a speed for various traffic signal operating modes (fixed-time, semi-actuated, and fully-actuated). In this study, a GLOSA system based on phase probability is proposed. The probability is calculated prior to each trip from a previous week’s, same time-of-day (TOD) and day-of-week (DOW) period, traffic signal controller high-resolution event data. By utilizing this advisory method, real-time communications from the vehicle to infrastructure (V2I) become unnecessary, eliminating data-loss related

Saldivar-Carranza, Enrique, Li, Howell, Kim, Woosung, Mathew, Jijo, Bullock, Darcy, Sturdevant, James

Platooning Vehicles Control for Balancing Coupling Maintenance and Trajectory Tracking - Feasibility Study Using Scale-Model Vehicles

2020-01-012804/14/2020

Recently, car-sharing services using ultra-compact mobilities have been attracting attention as a means of transportation for one or two passengers in urban areas. A platooning system consisting of a manned leader vehicle and unmanned follower vehicles can reduce vehicle distributors. We have proposed a platooning system which controls vehicle motion based on the relative position and posture measured by non-contact coupling devices installed between vehicles. The feasibility of the coupling devices was validated through a HILS experiment. There are two basic requirements for realizing our platooning system; (1) all devices must remain coupled and (2) follower vehicles must be able to track the leader vehicle trajectory. Thus, this paper proposes two vehicle control method for satisfying those requirements. They are the “device coupling and trajectory tracking merging method” and the “trajectory shifting method”. The device coupling and trajectory tracking merging method consisting of

Fukui, Rui, Ye, Qiwei, Suzuki, Ayumi, Warisawa, Shin’ichi

Cyberattacks and Countermeasures for Intelligent and Connected Vehicles

07-12-01-000510/14/2019

ICVs are expected to make the transportation safer, cleaner, and more comfortable in the near future. However, the trend of connectivity has greatly increased the attack surfaces of vehicles, which makes in-vehicle networks more vulnerable to cyberattacks which then causes serious security and safety issues. In this article, we therefore systematically analyzed cyberattacks and corresponding countermeasures for in-vehicle networks of intelligent and connected vehicles (ICVs). Firstly, we analyzed the security risk of ICVs and proposed an in-vehicle network model from a hierarchical point of view. Then, we discussed possible cyberattacks at each layer of proposed network model. After that, we provided an overview of the state of the art of the potential countermeasures against cyberattacks, such as secure hardware architecture, encryption and authentication, network firewall, intrusion detection system, and secure Firmware over the air (FOTA), and then a reasonable defense mechanism is

Luo, Feng, Hou, Shuo

Active Safety System for Connected Vehicles

12-02-03-001310/14/2019

The development of connected-vehicle technology, which includes vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications, opens the door for unprecedented active safety and driver-enhanced systems. In addition to exchanging basic traffic messages among vehicles for safety applications, a significantly higher level of safety can be achieved when vehicles and designated infrastructure locations share their sensors’ data. In this article, we propose a new system where cameras installed on multiple vehicles and infrastructure locations share and fuse their visual data and detected objects in real time. The transmission of camera data and/or detected objects (e.g., pedestrians, vehicles, cyclists, etc.) can be accomplished by many communication methods. In particular, such communications can be accomplished using the emerging Dedicated Short-Range Communications (DSRC) technology. In our proposed system the vehicle receiving the visual data from an adjacent vehicle fuses

Al-Qassab, Hothaifa, Pang, Su, Al-Qizwini, Mohammed, Kent, Daniel, Radha, Hayder

Cooperative Ramp Merging System: Agent-Based Modeling and Simulation Using Game Engine

12-02-02-000805/16/2019

Agent-based modeling and simulation (ABMS) has been a popular approach for modeling autonomous and interacting agents in a multi-agent system. Specifically, ABMS can be applied to connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) since CAVs can operate autonomously with the help of onboard sensors, and cooperate with each other through vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communications. In order to improve energy efficiency and mobility of traffic, we have developed an online feedforward/feedback longitudinal controller for CAVs to cooperatively merge at ramps. Agent-based CAV models were built in the Unity3D environment, where vehicles are given connectivity and autonomy through C#-based scripting application programming interface (API). Agent-based infrastructure model is also built as a Unity3D simulation network based on the city of Mountain View, California. A simulation of cooperative on-ramp merging is carried out with a distributed consensus-based protocol, and then compared with the human-in

Wang, Ziran, Wu, Guoyuan, Boriboonsomsin, Kanok, Barth, Matthew J., Han, Kyungtae, Kim, BaekGyu, Tiwari, Prashant

Energy-Efficient Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control with Receding Horizon of Traffic, Route Topology, and Traffic Light Information

12-02-02-000605/16/2019

Advanced and cooperative vehicle (semi-) autonomous driving systems will become a necessity in the future for sustainable, convenient, and safe mobility. By utilizing Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication, a vehicle’s energy consumption can be reduced while maintaining safety and driving comfort. A holistic control strategy is presented, which in a novel way incorporates traffic lights, road speed limits, gradients, and curvature, as well as surrounding traffic and detailed powertrain characteristics into a single Model Predictive Control formulation. The performance of the system is evaluated using a realistic co-simulation toolchain representing the vehicle, driver, and road, including complex traffic conditions. The approach is valid for a wide range of scenarios, ranging from urban city driving to highways. Simulation results for a D-class passenger car with a diesel engine and an automatic transmission in an urban route show energy savings

Wikström, Niklas, Parrilla, Alejandro Ferreira, Jones, Stephen John, Grauers, Anders

Validating Heavy-Duty Vehicle Models Using a Platooning Scenario

2019-01-124804/02/2019

Connectivity and automation provide the potential to use information about the environment and future driving to minimize energy consumption. Aerodynamic drag can also be reduced by close-gap platooning using information from vehicle-to-vehicle communications. In order to achieve these goals, the designers of control strategies need to simulate a wide range of driving situations in which vehicles interact with other vehicles and the infrastructure in a closed-loop fashion. RoadRunner is a new model-based system engineering platform based on Autonomie software, which can collectively provide the necessary tools to predict energy consumption for various driving decisions and scenarios such as car-following, free-flow, or eco-approach driving, and thereby can help in developing control algorithms. In the first part of this paper, control algorithms for adaptive cruise control and cooperative adaptive cruise control inspired by the literature are implemented into RoadRunner, for vehicle

Kim, Namdoo, Karbowski, Dominik, Rousseau, Aymeric

An Immersive Vehicle-in-the-Loop VR Platform for Evaluating Human-to-Autonomous Vehicle Interactions

2019-01-014304/02/2019

The deployment of autonomous vehicles in real-world scenarios requires thorough testing to ensure sufficient safety levels. Driving simulators have proven to be useful testbeds for assisted and autonomous driving functionalities but may fail to capture all the nuances of real-world conditions. In this paper, we present a snapshot of the design and evaluation using a Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control application of virtual reality platform currently in development at our institution. The platform is designed so to: allow for incorporating live real-world driving data into the simulation, enabling Vehicle-in-the-Loop testing of autonomous driving behaviors and providing us with a useful mean to evaluate the human factor in the autonomous vehicle context.

Rastogi, Vibhor, Merco, Roberto, Kaur, Manveen, Rayamajhi, Anjan, Gavelli, Marco, Papa, Gianluca, Pisu, Pierluigi, Babu, Sabarish, Robb, Andrew, Martin, Jim

Trust-Based Control and Scheduling for UGV Platoon under Cyber Attacks

2019-01-107704/02/2019

Unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) may encounter difficulties accommodating environmental uncertainties and system degradations during harsh conditions. However, human experience and onboard intelligence can may help mitigate such cases. Unfortunately, human operators have cognition limits when directly supervising multiple UGVs. Ideally, an automated decision aid can be designed that empowers the human operator to supervise the UGVs. In this paper, we consider a connected UGV platoon under cyber attacks that may disrupt safety and degrade performance. An observer-based resilient control strategy is designed to mitigate the effects of vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) cyber attacks. In addition, each UGV generates both internal and external evaluations based on the platoons performance metrics. A cloud-based trust-based information management system collects these evaluations to detect abnormal UGV platoon behaviors. To deal with inaccurate information due to a V2C cyber attack, a RoboTrust

Li, Fangjian, Mikulski, Dariusz, Wagner, John R., Wang, Yue

Localization and Perception for Control and Decision-Making of a Low-Speed Autonomous Shuttle in a Campus Pilot Deployment

12-01-02-000311/12/2018

Future SAE Level 4 and Level 5 autonomous vehicles (AV) will require novel applications of localization, perception, control, and artificial intelligence technology in order to offer innovative and disruptive solutions to current mobility problems. This article concentrates on low-speed autonomous shuttles that are transitioning from being tested in limited traffic, dedicated routes to being deployed as SAE Level 4 automated driving vehicles in urban environments like college campuses and outdoor shopping centers within smart cities. The Ohio State University has designated a small segment in an underserved area of the campus as an initial AV pilot test route for the deployment of low-speed autonomous shuttles. This article presents initial results of ongoing work on developing solutions to the localization and perception challenges of this planned pilot deployment. The article treats autonomous driving with Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) GPS (Global Positioning Systems) with an inertial

Wen, Bowen, Gelbal, Sukru Yaren, Guvenc, Bilin Aksun, Guvenc, Levent

Cybersecurity for Commercial Vehicles

R-46408/28/2018

This book provides a thorough view of cybersecurity to encourage those in the commercial vehicle industry to be fully aware and concerned that their fleet and cargo could be at risk to a cyber-attack. It delivers details on key subject areas including: • SAE International Standard J3061; the cybersecurity guidebook for cyber-physical vehicle systems • The differences between automotive and commercial vehicle cybersecurity. • Forensics for identifying breaches in cybersecurity. • Platooning and fleet implications. • Impacts and importance of secure systems for today and for the future. Cybersecurity for all segments of the commercial vehicle industry requires comprehensive solutions to secure networked vehicles and the transportation infrastructure. It clearly demonstrates the likelihood that an attack can happen, the impacts that would occur, and the need to continue to address those possibilities. This multi-authored presentation by subject-matter experts provides an interesting and

D'Anna, Gloria

Swarm Intelligence Based Algorithm for Management of Autonomous Vehicles on Arterials

2018-01-164608/07/2018

Connected and autonomous vehicles are different from traditional vehicles. The communication between vehicles (V2V) or between vehicles and infrastructures (V2I) renders it possible to convey traffic information (e.g. signal timing or speed advisory) from signal controllers to vehicles as well as vehicles to vehicles in real time. Taking this advantage, this paper aims to developing an algorithm which enables the interconnected autonomous vehicles running efficiently on arterials. A set of driving rules determining random behavior and swarm behavior of autonomous vehicles is developed based on swarm intelligence theory. Under control of these rules, each autonomous vehicle follows the same rules, which make it select target vehicle from all the optimal individuals in detection zone according to characteristics of itself, then approach to the target by changing lane, following former car, or accelerating. The result of simulation shows that this swarm algorithm enables an autonomous

Li, Lin, Hao, Ruochen, Ma, Wanjing, Qi, Xinzhou, Diao, Chenxue

Localization and Perception for Control and Decision Making of a Low Speed Autonomous Shuttle in a Campus Pilot Deployment

2018-01-118204/03/2018

Future SAE Level 4 and Level 5 autonomous vehicles will require novel applications of localization, perception, control and artificial intelligence technology in order to offer innovative and disruptive solutions to current mobility problems. This paper concentrates on low speed autonomous shuttles that are transitioning from being tested in limited traffic, dedicated routes to being deployed as SAE Level 4 automated driving vehicles in urban environments like college campuses and outdoor shopping centers within smart cities. The Ohio State University has designated a small segment in an underserved area of campus as an initial autonomous vehicle (AV) pilot test route for the deployment of low speed autonomous shuttles. This paper presents initial results of ongoing work on developing solutions to the localization and perception challenges of this planned pilot deployment. The paper treats autonomous driving with real time kinematics GPS (Global Positioning Systems) with an inertial

Wen, Bowen, Gelbal, Sukru Yaren, Aksun Guvenc, Bilin, Guvenc, Levent

2021-12-29.TEST Visual Sensor Fusion and Data Sharing across Connected Vehicles for Active Safety

2018-01-0026

04/03/2018

The development of connected-vehicle technology, which includes vehicle-vehicle and vehicle-infrastructure communications, opens the door for unprecedented active safety and driver-enhanced systems. In addition to exchanging basic traffic messages among vehicles for safety applications, a significantly higher level of safety can be achieved when vehicles and designated infrastructure-locations share their sensor data. In this paper, we propose a new system where cameras installed on multiple vehicles and infrastructure-locations share and fuse their visual data and detected objects in real-time. The transmission of camera data and/or detected objects (e.g., pedestrians, vehicles, cyclists, etc.) can be accomplished by many communication methods. In particular, such communications can be accomplished using the emerging Dedicated Short-Range Communications (DSRC) technology. In our proposed system the vehicle receiving the visual data from an adjacent vehicle fuses the received visual

Al-Qassab, Hothaifa, Pang, Su, Al-Qizwini, Mohammed, Radha, Hayder