Browse Topic: Measurements

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An analysis of material damping characteristics: A comparison of Oberst Bar Method and Center Impedance Method and their relationship to Component Level.2026-26-0317To be published on 01/16/2026
Damping materials exhibit advantageous mechanical and acoustic characteristics that enhance the structural integrity of systems. These materials find extensive applications across various industries, including automotive, aerospace, and building acoustics, and are widely employed in the development of soundproofing materials. The damping characteristics of materials primarily pertain to the dissipation of vibrational energy, the reduction of oscillations, and the controlling and subsequent attenuation of vibration-induced noise emanating from structures. To improve both structural integrity and acoustic performance, it is crucial to accurately assess the damping properties of these materials. The Oberst bar test method is a standard method used in the automotive, railway and building industry for initial optimization of damping material However, questions have arisen about the degree to which the outcomes of the Oberst test truly reflect real-world applications. Numerous experimental
Kamble, Prashant Prakash, Joshi, Manasi, Jain, Sachinkumar
Development of Door Impact Loads Using Frugal use of Pedal Force Sensor2026-26-0538To be published on 01/16/2026
The first step in designing or analyzing any structure is to understand “right” set of loads. Typically, off-road vehicles have many access doors for service/getting into cab etc. Design of these doors and their latches involve a knowledge of the closing loads when the door is shut mostly with an impact of varying magnitudes. In scenarios of these impact events, where there is sudden change of velocity within few milliseconds, produces high magnitude of loads on structures. One common way of estimating these loads using hand calculations involves evaluating the rate-of-change-of-momentum. However, this calculation needs “duration of impact”, and it is seldom known/difficult to estimate. Failing to capture duration of impact event will change load magnitudes drastically, e.g. load gets doubled if time-of-impact gets reduced from 0.2 to 0.1 seconds and subsequently fatigue life of the components in “Door-closing-event” gets reduce by ~7 times. For these problems, structures are usually
Valkunde, Sangram, Ghate, Amit, GAGARE, KIRAN
A Novel Approach to Optimal Strain Gauge Placement for Structural Assessment: Integrating Close Looping Configuration with Calibration Techniques2026-26-0551To be published on 01/16/2026
Addressing the challenge of optimal strain gauge placement on complex structural joints and pipes, this research introduces a novel methodology combining strategic gauge configurations with numerical optimization techniques. Traditional methods often struggle to accurately capture combined loading states and real-world complexities, leading to measurement errors and flawed structural assessments. For intricate joints, a looping strain gauge configuration is proposed to comprehensively capture both bending and torsional effects, preventing the bypassing of applied loads. A calibration technique is used to create strain distribution matrices and access structural behavior under different loading conditions. Optimization algorithms are then applied to identify gauge placements that yield well-conditioned matrices, minimizing measurement errors and enhancing data reliability. This approach offers a cost-effective solution by reducing the number of gauges required for accurate stress
shingate, Uttam, Yadav, Dnyaneshwar
Comprehensive Technology Framework for effective and early leveraging of test assets2026-26-0527To be published on 01/16/2026
The automotive industry is going through a tremendous technological change and its impact on the way we test the functionalities that we offer to the end consumer is continually evolving. This includes the ever-growing need to embed software-based functions to support more and more end user functionality, while at the same time retaining existing and well-established functions, all within short development timelines. This presents both opportunities and challenges, with greater potential for reuse or leverage of test assets, although the actual percentage of leverage on real world projects is practically less than anticipated for a multitude of reasons. As part of paper, we collate the various factors which effect the practical leverage of test assets from one project to another, including various workflows and the interaction across components amongst applications lifecycle management systems. Through this paper, we would describe the current practices of basis analysis in isolation
Venkata, Parameswaran, Kulkarni, Apoorva, RAJARAM, Saravanan, Ganesh, Chamarthi
Risk assessment of cold side components using quick modal analysis correlation technique.2026-26-0441To be published on 01/16/2026
Abstract: Modal analysis is performed to determine the natural frequencies and mode shapes of a structure or system. It helps engineers understand how a system vibrates and how external forces, such as mechanical loads, might excite unwanted resonances. To check the stresses due to vibration inputs, certain G levels are assumed, and stresses are scaled to those vibration levels. This gives an understanding of the stresses of component with respect to its EFR limit and design margins are calculated. But, assumed acceleration levels in pre-prototype stage level can over predict or under predict the design margins. A quick modal analysis corelation technique can be used by using test measured accelerations conducted at prototype stage of the program. In this work, a modal analysis corelation technique is used to perform risk assessment of intake manifold. The intake manifold failed due to high vibration levels which were not captured from high cycle fatigue analysis with assumed G-level
Bale, Shrikant Bhaskar, Bawache, Krushna
Novel Approach for Predicting Steering Rack Load Using Multibody Simulation2026-26-0378To be published on 01/16/2026
In the initial stages of a vehicle development program, the sizing of various components is a critical deliverable. The steering system, in particular, requires a precise estimation of the rack load for the appropriate sizing of the rack and assist units. Accurately predicting the load on the system during the early stages of development is challenging, especially in the absence of benchmark or legacy data. Commonly used processes for estimating parking steering effort often employ simplistic approaches that may fail to account for parameters such as tire size, vertical stiffness, and steering geometry, leading to reduced accuracy. This paper introduces an advanced methodology for predicting steering rack loads, which incorporates considerations such as contact patch size and pressure variation, as well as the tire jacking effect. The methodology involves mathematical modeling of the contact patch using mesh-grids, utilizing common inputs available in the early stages of vehicle
Shirke, Umesh, Dabholkar, Aniruddh, bardia, Vivek, Srivastava, Harshit, PRASAD, TEJ PRATAP
A Novel Wide Range Machine Learning Polynomial Regression Formulation for Enhanced Load Cell Calibration Accuracy2026-26-0567To be published on 01/16/2026
Calibration of measuring instruments is of utmost importance in the field of metrology. It is a mandatory pre-requisite for establishing the fidelity of the measurements as well as to lend confidence. Even more critical is the requirement for the master equipment deployed to calibrate the devices in use. This entails that high accuracy needs to be guaranteed in the calibration process, and that the uncertainty be quantified precisely. The widely used conventional least squares polynomial regression formulation for load cell calibration is based on the non-normalized residual, which is the difference between the measured and master values. The nature of this formulation is such that it imparts more weightage on measured values at higher ranges resulting in good accuracy. However, there is a limitation of this same formulation that results in lesser accurate fit at lower values especially if the instrument is to be used in operation over a wide range including lower ranges of the
S Thipse, Yogesh
A Method to Improve the System Efficiency of an Electronic Drive Unit: Variable Switching Frequency-Loss Optimization2026-26-0062To be published on 01/16/2026
In electrical engineering, designing and improving inverter and induction motor systems is very important for many industrial uses. Even though these systems are flexible and widely used, one of the main challenges is accurately measuring how much power is lost when they run. Usually, people check the system’s efficiency, but that doesn’t fully explain how or why the power loss happens inside these systems. This paper presents a new way to study power losses without focusing on efficiency. Instead, it uses analytical methods supported by MATLAB programming. The goal is to explore the complex reasons behind power losses in both inverters and induction motors. To do this, the study develops mathematical formulas that describe the different types of losses, such as those from conduction, switching, and magnetic effects. These formulas are based on basic physics and are turned into MATLAB code, which helps connect theory with real-world application. In the end, the project creates a
BANDA, Gururaj, Sengar, Bhan
Right first-time route development for real drive emission measurements and challenges.2026-26-0518To be published on 01/16/2026
As the competitive world demands faster product developments, the same resembles in vehicle development area while addressing accurately customer requirements and compliance in line with regulatory standards. Hence right first-time approach at every stage of product development is highly critical. Since BS VI implementation, there has been a regulatory requirement for real drive emission (RDE) measurements and the overall focus in vehicle development is now equally on vehicle emissions rather than just engine emissions. Right first-time developing the test routes for RDE measurement is becoming a focus of attention in the vehicle industry. This paper studies the required regulatory standards and critical requirements for Heavy Duty RDE measurements. Also, it discusses the route selection based on criteria in line with regulations. The study compares different route options evaluated in India on critical selection criteria. The paper highlights the vehicle preparation & instrumentation
Kulkarni, Sadanand Shriram, Patil, Rahul
Accurate Component Load Prediction with Hybrid Test – FEA Approach.2026-26-0366To be published on 01/16/2026
Knowing accurate loads acting on the structure is still a main pain area for analyst. Accurate fatigue analysis through FEA is still a difficult task because of uncertainties associated with component load profile. Even for known duty cycle, approximation involved in measurements and load cascading techniques (MBD simulation models) put limits on accuracy of component load prediction. Small error in loads can lead to very large error in fatigue life calculations. Various researches proposed various innovative alternate means for accurate component load prediction and published in literature over past few decades. Author has explored and developed hybrid Test-FEA approach to estimate component loads based on robust strain-load transformation and pseudo inverse technique. This approach is based on effective use of strain transformations along with accurately measured strain data to calculate accurate load histories. The accuracy of load estimates depends upon number of factors such as
Pratap, Rajat, Apte Sr, Amol, Babar, Ranjit
Durability Validation of Full Vehicle Structures Using Strain Correlation and RLDA-Based Simulations2026-26-0523To be published on 01/16/2026
Durability validation of full vehicle structures is crucial to ensure long-term performance and structural integrity under real-world loading conditions. Accurate strain correlation between physical testing and finite element (FE) simulations plays a key role in the validation, ensuring reliable predictions of vehicle durability. In this paper, a comprehensive methodology for strain correlation on a full vehicle subjected to torture track testing is implemented. Strategic placement of strain gauges is determined through a combination of static analysis, modal analysis, and identification of critical stress regions in the FE model. Strain gauges were installed on key structural locations of a prototype to capture strain responses under severe loading environments. Simultaneously, vehicle wheel loads were recorded on the torture track to build a detailed Road Load Data Acquisition (RLDA) dataset at critical hard points, Loads measured in terms of wheel loads (WFT) are fed to MBD model to
JAJU, MAYUR, Dokhale, Sandeep, Gadre, Nilesh, Patil, Sanjay
Machine Learning Approach to ISO Road Class Prediction Using Multiple Linear Regression2026-26-0667To be published on 01/16/2026
The inertial profiler methodology is traditionally employed in RLDA (Road Load Data Acquisition) to measure road profiles and classify test routes into ISO road classes. However, this approach demands significant time and effort during instrumentation. Also, during data acquisition, laser height sensor data is affected especially during adverse conditions such as rainy seasons or on surfaces with improper reflectivity. Additionally, substantial resources are required for data processing to convert raw measurements into road classifications. To address these challenges, an initial attempt was made to establish a relationship between axle acceleration responses and road profiles, enabling axle acceleration measurements during RLDA to predict ISO road classes. However, this approach relied on a simple linear model that considered only axle acceleration responses, rendering the predictions susceptible to inaccuracies due to varying parameters such as vehicle speed. To overcome these
P, Praveen Kumar, P, Dayalan, Sriramulu, Yoganandam
Emerging Trends in Emission Optimization2026-26-0229To be published on 01/16/2026
The exhaust emission control is a vital aspect of automotive development, aimed at ensuring effective control of pollutants such as NOx, CO, and HC. The traditional method of calibrating emission control strategies, that requires extensive vehicle testing with both the fresh and aged catalysts under a variety of operating conditions, is a time-consuming process. The frequent changes in emission legislation creates new challenges for achieving a faster time to market and effective utilization of resources. So, the use of automation and machine learning (ML) in the domain of emission control is the need of the hour to proactively tackle these challenges. This paper attempts to explore emerging trends in emission optimization, such as the automated measurement process and ML/AI based data analysis, that can improve the overall process efficiency in the calibration of emission control strategies. The automated measurement process is achieved using the automation software. The data
Dhayanidhi, Hukumdeen, Balasubramanian, Karthick, A, Akash
Analysis and optimization of noise and vibrational performance of an e-axle2026-26-0340To be published on 01/16/2026
As the electric mobility landscape evolves, there is a growing emphasis on addressing the Noise, Vibration, and Harshness (NVH) challenges associated with electric drivetrains. The absence of an IC engine in EVs shifts the focus to other noise contributors such as gear meshing, electric machine operation, and structural vibrations. Despite the known influence of micro-geometry on gear dynamics, current optimization practices often rely on empirical adjustments or standard guidelines without fully utilizing advanced computational methods to predict and optimize NVH performance. There exists a pressing need for a systematic approach to analyse and optimize gear micro-geometry to reduce noise and vibration in high-speed e-axle applications. This research aims to bridge that gap by investigating the relationship between micro-geometry optimization and NVH characteristics of an e-axle. Through detailed modelling and optimization techniques, this research aims to identify optimal gear micro
Ankit, Priyadarshi, KULKARNI, KRISHNA, Momin, Vaseem
Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Modal Behaviour in Electric Two-Wheeler Frames2026-26-0310To be published on 01/16/2026
This research investigates the dynamic characteristics of an electric two-wheeler chassis through a combined experimental and numerical approach. The study commences with the development of a detailed CAD model, which serves as the basis for Finite Element Analysis (FEA) to predict the chassis's natural frequencies and mode shapes. These numerical simulations offer initial insights into the structural vibration behaviour crucial for ensuring vehicle stability and rider comfort. To validate the FEA predictions, experimental modal analysis is performed on a physical prototype of the electric two-wheeler chassis using impact hammer excitation. Multiple response measurements are acquired via accelerometers, and the resulting data is processed to extract experimental modal parameters. The correlation between the simulated and experimental mode shapes is quantitatively assessed using the Modal Assurance Criterion (MAC). This matrix provides a measure of the consistency and similarity between
Das Sharma, Aritrya, Iyer, Siddharth, Prasad, Sathish, Anandh, Sudheep
Optimizing Vehicle Dynamics: A Methodology for Reducing Correlation Gaps2026-26-0091To be published on 01/16/2026
In the highly competitive automotive industry, final design decisions are often made early in the product development cycle. However, physical prototypes may exhibit deviations from nominal specifications due to design tolerances, manufacturing tolerances, stiffness element fitment, and other noise factors. These deviations can lead to significant performance discrepancies (correlation gaps) between real-world performance and the digital twin representation created during the design phase. Repeatedly measuring all system parameters to account for these differences can be both costly and impractical. This research aims to bridge the gap between digital and physical models by identifying key system parameters from system characteristic data generated through controlled dynamic testing. Specifically, dynamic load cases are conducted using a 4-poster test rig, where vehicle responses are recorded at various suspension locations under controlled conditions. By analyzing these target
Verma, Rahul Ranjan, Goli, Naga Aswani Kumar, PRASAD, TEJ PRATAP
Parameterizing External Factors Influencing E-motor Consumption2026-26-0175To be published on 01/16/2026
In recent times, a standard drive cycle is an excellent way to measure the electric range of EVs. This process is standardized and repeatable; however, it has the drawback of testing in a controlled environment with a low content of active functions. This can cause a significant variation in predicted range between drive cycles and actual on-road tests. This problem can be addressed via on-road testing and by using customer-based velocity cycles which involve more active functions. While on-road tests provide a more accurate idea of real-world consumption, the repeatability of these tests is low due to excessive randomness. External factors such as ambient temperature, driver behavior, traffic, terrain, altitude, and load conditions affect the vehicle during on-road testing, making repeatability difficult. No two measurements can have the same consumption even if done on the same road with the same vehicle due to these factors. This paper presents a machine learning-based method to
Kelkar, Kshitij, Kanakannavar, Rohit
Comprehensive Evaluation of Bolster Behavior: Field Data Insights for Design Modifications2026-26-0497To be published on 01/16/2026
Bogie suspension systems are increasingly being used in tipper vehicles to enhance their performance and durability, especially in demanding environments like construction and mining areas. Bolsters play a very crucial role in the bogie suspension systems of tipper vehicles, contributing significantly to their overall performance and durability. Bolsters help in evenly distributing the load across the suspension system, reducing stress on individual components and enhancing the vehicle’s stability. They act as shock absorbers, mitigating the impact of rough terrains and heavy loads, which is essential for maintaining the structural integrity of the vehicle. By dampening vibrations, bolsters improve ride comfort and reduce wear and tear on the vehicle’s components, leading to longer service life. Bolsters assist in maintaining proper alignment of the suspension system, ensuring optimal performance and safety. This study focuses on the comprehensive testing and evaluation of bolsters to
V Dhage, Yogesh, Kolage, Vikas
Wheel side load calculation using the strain measurement on swingarm and duty cycle development2026-26-0583To be published on 01/16/2026
Typically duty cycle development for any component carried out in the absence of direct acting load will be based on the measured strain from the Road Load data Acquisition(RLDA) and comparing it with the rig level testing. The biggest drawback from such an approach is the fact that the selected loads can be drastically different from the actual experienced peak load from the actual RLDA. This happens because the strain gauges will have sensitivity toward all three directional loads and sometimes due to complex structure design uni-directional sensitive locations are difficult to find out or strain gauge. This will lead to over predicting the loads in some cases and the selected load may end up yielding the component in a single cycle itself. This paper discusses the method employed to calculate the loads at the input load location using the strain gauges which are cross sensitive and using that input loads to select the loads for the testing of the component. Also it talks about the
Anandh, Sudheep, Prasad, Sathish, R S, Mahenthran
Determination of Acrylonitrile Content in Nitrile Butadiene Rubber Vulcanizates by Py-GCMS Techniques2026-26-0546To be published on 01/16/2026
Nitrile Butadiene Rubber (NBR), a copolymer of butadiene and acrylonitrile is known for its superior resistance to hydrocarbon oil, low gas permeability and excellent thermal stability. It is extensively used in seals, O-rings, conveyor belts and pneumatic tires. It is worth mentioning that these performance attributes are predominantly influenced by acrylonitrile content. While solid-state 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) is an established technique for structural characterization of rubber vulcanizates, its high cost and accessibility limits its application in routine industrial analysis. This study aims to develop Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (Py-GCMS) as a robust, precise, cost-effective alternative to determine acrylonitrile content in NBR vulcanizates. This research demonstrates and establish a method to determine the acrylonitrile (ACN) content in finished rubber vulcanizates through pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GCMS). This method
Samanta, Rajyasree, Ghosh, Debojit, Anjana, Kanhaiya, Sen, Amit, Guria, Biswanath, Chanda, Jagannath, Samui, Barun, Ghosh PhD, Prasenjit, Mukhopadhyay, Rabindra
Virtual Strain correlation with measured strain test data over Frame using nCode Design Life2026-26-0545To be published on 01/16/2026
Physical tests serve as a benchmark to validate and improve the accuracy of CAE models. If the CAE results correlate well with physical test data, it confirms that the simulation is reliable and can be used for predictive analysis. Earlier for correlation, we use stress output from generic load-cases and single max value of measured strain data which was inappropriate to get exact correlation. Since output of virtual strain gauge is strain history, so entire characteristics can be compared i.e. magnitude and phase. In this paper, we have used nCode Design Life’s virtual strain gauge approach to correlate an FE Model’s (Frame) result with measured strain gauge data of RLDA test. If the model has been properly meshed, loaded, and constrained, the predicted virtual strain from Design Life will correlate with the measured strain. In this problem, model (Frame) is loaded with unit force and moment in all three directions at 31 locations (Hardpoints). Virtual Strain gauge calculates the
Kumar, Mohit, Dhole, Avinash, Trigune, Vinayak, Kangde, Suhas
Development of a New Methodology for Measuring the Dimensions of Lighting Components in Construction Equipment Vehicles (CEVs) as per IS/ISO 12509:2004 using 3-Dimensional Planar Laser.2026-26-0145To be published on 01/16/2026
The light and light signalling devices installation test as per ISO 12509:2004 for Earth Moving Machinery / Construction Equipment Vehicles (CEV’s) is a mandatory test to ensure the safety of both road users and operators. Considering the shape and size of CEV’s, accurate measurement of lighting installation requirements is crucial for ensuring safety and regulatory compliance. The international standard ISO 12509:2004 specifies detailed criteria for these installations, including precise dimensional measurements of lighting components to guarantee optimal visibility and safety. Considering shape and Size of CEV’s, the accurate measurement of lighting installation requirements is crucial for regulatory compliance. ISO 12509:2004 outlines specific criteria for these installations requirements of lighting components, including the precise measurement of various dimensions to ensure optimal visibility and safety. Among these dimensional requirements, the dimension 'E' i.e., the “distance
Ghodke, Dhananjay Sunil, Belavadi Venkataramaiah, Shamsundara, Tambolkar, Sonali Ameya
USCAR-29USCAR-29 (Current)12/04/2025
USCAR-29
USCAR
Cooling Flow Measurement TechniquesJ2082_202511 (Current)11/21/2025
This SAE Information Report has been prepared at the request of the SAE Road Vehicle Aerodynamics Forum Committee (RVAC), incorporating material from earlier revisions of the document first prepared by the Standards Committee on Cooling Flow Measurement (CFM).Although a great deal is already known about engine cooling, recent concern with fuel conservation has resulted in generally smaller air intakes whose shape and location are dictated primarily by low vehicle drag/high forward speed requirements. The new vehicle intake configurations make it more difficult to achieve adequate cooling under all conditions. They cause cooling flow velocity profiles to become distorted and underhood temperatures to be excessively high. Such problems make it necessary to achieve much better accuracy in measuring cooling flows.As the following descriptions show, each company or institution concerned with this problem has invested a lot of time and as a result gained considerable experience in developing
Road Vehicle Aerodynamics Forum Committee
A Concept for Functional Modelling of an E-Bike Powertrain2024-32-001704/18/2025
The increasing popularity of e-bikes, especially pedelecs, has led to a growing interest in consideration of e-bike cycling. To achieve a deeper understanding on the process of e-bike cycling and in particular the effects on the rider it can be instrumental to use simulation methods. In this context, the e-bike drive system and its function are of central importance for e-bikes. Therefore, this work proposes a functional modeling of the powertrain of an e-bike with a mid-drive motor, considering legal constraints and support functionalities. The model incorporates the mechanical transmission between pedals, motor, and crank shaft, allowing for a detailed analysis of the e-bike’s performance. Additionally, the support mechanism is depicted, where an electric motor amplifies the rider’s pedaling torque. The electrical behavior of the motor, energy consumption, and battery state of charge are also integrated into the model. This comprehensive approach aims to provide a generic
Rauch, Yannick, Kettner, Maurice, Kriesten, Reiner
Novel Statistical Modelling-Based Approach for Exhaust Mass Flow Calculation in Motorcycles2024-32-007204/18/2025
The exhaust mass flow measurement for motorcycles poses a unique challenge due to presence of pulsations arising from an unfavorable combination of the engine displacement-to-exhaust system volume ratio and the long or even unequal ignition intervals. This pulsation phenomenon significantly impacts the accuracy of the differential pressure-based measurement method commonly employed in on-board measurement systems for passenger cars. This paper introduces an alternative approach calculating exhaust mass flow in motorcycles, focusing on statistical modelling based on engine parameters. The problem at hand is rooted in the adverse effects of pulsations on the differential pressure-based measurement method used in the EFM. The unfavorable combination of engine characteristics specific to motorcycles necessitates a novel approach. Our proposed alternative involves utilizing readily available OBD parameters, namely engine speed and calculated engine load as there is mostly no data for intake
Schurl, Sebastian, Sturm, Stefan, Schmidt, Stephan, Kirchberger, Roland
A Two-Step Approach for Tire Lateral Force Observation for Motorcycles2024-32-004304/18/2025
This study presents a two-step method for estimating motorcycle tire lateral forces, which are critical to the safety of driver assistance systems. In the pre-filtering stage, a partial attitude of the motorcycle is estimated using a Kalman filter and a kinematic model. In the observation stage, the side slip angle and subsequently the tire lateral forces are provided by a sliding mode observer. It extends previous research by incorporating both out-of-plane and in-plane dynamics. The paper also proposes an approach for selecting the Kalman filter parameters. An approach to identify the stochastic sensor errors of the inertial measurement unit is presented. The identified parameters are used as a basis for the selection of the covariances. The overall study provides a practical implementation strategy and demonstrates its applicability in real-world scenarios. The experiments show the results of the lateral force estimation and its relation to the friction ellipse. The effectiveness of
Winkler, Alexander, Grabmair, Gernot, Reger, Johann
RDE Methodology Development for Motorcycle Emissions Assessment2024-32-007304/18/2025
The transfer of conditions and regulations for RDE testing from passenger cars to motorcycles is a non-trivial undertaking. Motorcycles exhibit significant differences in construction and usage compared to cars, necessitating a distinct set of requirements for equipment and methodology. Currently available PEMS are hindered by their relatively large size and weight due to the embedded measurement technology and external power supply. The weight of, at least 50kg, poses a substantial additional load, leading to a deviation and, on average, higher load collective of the engine during RDE measurement rides. Beyond these structural parameters, the actual propulsion system and subsequent exhaust system introduce another challenge when employing PEMS on motorcycles. An unfavorable combination of the ratio of engine displacement to the volume of the exhaust system and long or unequal ignition intervals leads to pulsations, which has a considerable impact on the differential pressure-based
Schurl, Sebastian, Keller, Stefan, Lankau, Mathias, Hafenmayer, Christian, Schmidt, Stephan, Kirchberger, Roland
Identification of Input Force and Contribution for Electric Power UnitUtilizing Virtual Point2024-32-001504/18/2025
In this study, vibration characteristics inside an electric power unit at gravity center where direct measurement is impossible were estimated by using virtual point transformation to consider guideline for effective countermeasures to the structure or generated force characteristics inside the power source. Vibration acceleration, transfer function and the generated force in operation at the gravity center of the electrical power source were obtained by vibration characteristics at around the power source which can be measured directly. In addition, the transfer functions from the gravity center to the power source attachment points on the product were also estimated. And then, the contribution from the gravity center to the power unit attachment point was obtained by multiplying generated force with the transfer function. As results, the obtained total contribution was almost same with the actual measured vibration at the attachment point. Furthermore, the rotational contribution
Kubo, Ryoma, Hara, Kenta, Yoshida, Junji
Transport Push-Pull Mobility Between Urban Districts: A Distance-Weighted Approach Based on Public Bicycle Flows2025-01-721802/21/2025
With the rapid development of urban transportation systems and the increasing complexity of travel patterns, transport push-pull mobility analysis helps us understand the fundamental question of "why certain areas generate or attract traffic flows," thereby guiding urban transport planning decisions. However, existing studies have not explored the strength and spatial heterogeneity patterns of transport mobility forces in different urban areas from a traffic flow perspective. To address this gap, this paper proposes measurement methods for absolute and relative transport mobility through the lens of push-pull forces. These methods can evaluate the traffic generation and attraction forces of each location based on travel flow data between places. The model constructed in this study follows the assumption that an area with high traffic inflow, especially from distant locations, indicates strong attraction force; conversely, if many travelers depart from a location, particularly to
Chen, Lijun, Wang, Zhiqiang, Zhang, Haiping
SAE TOMORROW TODAY UNPLUGGED: Entering The Golden Age of Autonomy1349011/27/2024
Could the next 18 months mark the beginning of a golden age in autonomy? In this Unplugged episode of SAE Tomorrow Today, host Grayson Brulte discusses the incoming presidential administration's plans to establish a national framework that could enable autonomy to scale across all 50 states. Key topics include the future of autonomous trucking, the possibility of households combining personally owned AVs with subscription-based robo-taxis, and the liability and regulatory environment surrounding autonomy. Have your own thoughts on this topic? We'd love to hear from you! Share your comments, questions or ideas for future topics with Grayson on Twitter or send them to podcast@sae.org. Follow SAE on LinkedIn, Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube. Follow host Grayson Brulte on LinkedIn, Twitter, and Instagram.
Hineman, Marcie
SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Taking Fleet Electrification to the Next Level1348210/14/2024
How can companies electrify their fleets without the high costs and challenges of owning EV infrastructure? One company has the answer. Founded in 2017, Zeem Solutions is the leading provider of contract-based EV charging and fleet management services, serving more than 15,000 qualified fleets. With charging, parking, leasing, and co-locating solutions at secure hubs in major transport locations, Zeem is on a mission to help companies make the transition from diesel to electric. To learn more, we sat down with Paul Gioupis, Founder and CEO, Zeem Solutions, to discuss the importance of lowering operational costs with an EV charging depot model and how the company plans to scale nationwide. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and guests to podcast@sae.org. Don't forget to take a moment to follow SAE Tomorrow Today--a podcast where we discuss emerging technology and trends in mobility with the leaders, innovators and strategists making it
Hineman, Marcie
SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Unsupervised Learning Makes Scalable Autonomy a Reality1345906/12/2024
Artificial intelligence that teaches itself? That's the gist of unsupervised learning. And it offers far-reaching implications for the future autonomous driving--and much more. As a pioneer in unsupervised learning, Helm.ai employs an AI-first approach to building autonomous driving software using an in-house unsupervised learning technology called Deep Teaching which leverages insights from applied mathematics and compressive sensing. Deep Teaching enables Helm.ai to train on vast volumes of data more efficiently without the need for large scale fleets or human annotation, moving the world closer to fully autonomous self-driving systems. The company licenses their software to automakers for high-end ADAS L2+/L3 products and uses the same scalable AI approach for L2/L3 ADAS through L4. To learn more about this exciting breakthrough, we sat down with Vlad Voroninski, CEO & Co-Founder of Helm.ai, to discuss unsupervised learning, Deep Teaching, and the future of autonomous driving.
Hineman, Marcie
Quantification of the Aerodynamic Interference for Counter-Rotating Coaxial Rotors In-Ground EffectF-0080-2024-000405/07/2024
The performance of a coaxial rotor hovering in-ground effect (IGE) is compared against the out-of-ground effect (OGE) condition to quantify the rotor-ground interaction and against an isolated rotor IGE at equivalent blade loading to quantify the rotor-rotor interaction. It is observed that the performance of the coaxial rotor improves when it hovers IGE. However, the rotor-rotor and rotor-ground interactions compete, which affects the performance of the coaxial rotor. This paper aims to quantitatively measure the aerodynamic interactions of the CCR in IGE by developing a theoretical framework based on momentum theory. This formulation introduced induced power factors to understand the aerodynamic interactions of a CCR operating IGE. The performance measurements show that the rotor-ground interaction in the CCR system behaved similarly to a single rotor operating in IGE conditions. The interactional effects significantly influence the individual rotors as the rotor-rotor interactions
Moore, Zachary, Silwal, Lokesh, Vijayaraj, Aditya, Raghav, Vrishank
An eleventh one for CUR-1174PC11-CUR-1174 (Current)04/02/2024
Italic
Flight Simulator Engineering and Maintenance Committee
Dynamic Stress-Strain and Fatigue Life Estimation Using Limited Set of Measured Accelerometer Data on Exhaust System using System equivalent reduction and expansion process (SEREP)2024-26-025101/16/2024
The dynamic response of structures to operating or occasional loads is crucial for design considerations, as it directly impacts the cumulative fatigue life and structural health monitoring. However, accurately determining the actual loading and structural condition, encompassing boundary conditions, environmental factors, geometry, and mechanical properties, presents challenges in practice. Significant efforts are invested in identifying these factors and developing suitable prediction models. Nonetheless, the estimated forces and boundary conditions remain approximations, leading to uncertainties and influencing the overall predicted response and resulting stress-strain analysis during subsequent evaluations. Many researchers commonly approximate the forces exciting the system using limited sets of measurement points. This approach involves estimating the forces and applying them to determine the finite element displacement and subsequent stress-strain distributions. However, this
Pratap, Rajat, Apte Sr, Amol, Poosarla, Shirdi Partha Sai
Liv-in vehicle of the future2024-26-023701/16/2024
Liv-in vehicle of the future is a pioneer providing sustainable, highly customizable electric LCV solutions offering automated to autonomous driving, seamless connectivity to customers' ecosystems, peace-of-mind reliability and improved productivity and profitability. For flexibility, versatility, and economies of scale, modularity is essential. With a modular EV design, different vehicle models can share the same platform or components. This can accelerate development and provide manufacturing efficiencies, resulting in significant cost savings. With modular components parts sourcing is more efficient, and inventory management, processing, and storage are simplified. One plant can produce multiple vehicle variants far more easily and efficiently, with less complexity of retooling and physical layout changes. Advantages a) Reduced design and development costs. b) A flexible architecture that can be used for a variety of vehicle types. c) Economies of scale. d) Proven performance from
Dias, Francis Anton, Mane, Sushant
CAE Based Benchmarking of Shaft Deflection for Transmission Gear Rattle Noise2024-26-024501/16/2024
Vehicle transmission gear rattle is one of the most critical NVH irritants for refined vehicles. It is perceived more dominantly in lower gears of vehicle running. It depends on various design parameters like Input torque amplitude & fluctuations, driveline torsional vibrations, gear micro & macro geometry, shaft flexibility, etc. Establishing exact contribution of each of these parameters to transmission rattle, thru experimental or simulation technique, is very challenging. Current paper explains the NVH CAE benchmark approach deployed to understand difference in rattle behavior of two transmission designs. Subjective and objective evaluation shows that one is better than the other for rattle noise. Paper focuses on simulation and comparison transmission shaft deflection as a measure of transmission rattle. FEA based nonlinear static simulations are carried out by applying torque induced forces at each of the gear contacts for all the gear engaged conditions. Simulated shaft
Bijwe, Vilas B., Kulkarni, Shriram, Vaidya, Rohit, Shah, Bhartendra
Measurement & Control Methodologies of Road Side Ambient Air Emissions & Identification of New Species of Air Pollutants in Delhi / NCR2024-26-015801/16/2024
In a recent finding it was published that there are five (05) major cities across Delhi / NCR which falls under the World's most polluted cities based on annual average PM2.5 concentration (μg/m³). The present study is entirely focused on Delhi / NCR hot-spots in terms of emissions and the measurement is done through the continuous type of air quality monitoring analyzers along with advanced analytical instruments. Various activities like construction, manufacturing, trash burning, production units, burning of organic compounds, power plants, biomass burning, demolition, vehicular emission etc. are the key sources that contribute to poor air quality. As a result of these activities, numerous harmful pollutants with different ionic species (along with gases and aerosols) are released and pose serious threat to both human health and environment. The primary sources of air quality degradation in the present study are identified by methodological & scientific type of measurement done
Kumar, Prashant, Sithananthan, M, Saroj, Shyamsher, Kant, Chander, Narwat, Aarti
High Speed Driveline Power Loss & Influencing Factors2024-26-033701/16/2024
Energy savings in automotive applications has always remain an important aspect of research. In addition, today's highspeed requirements in electric vehicles require high-efficiency drivelines to match overall vehicle mileage or range. This paper presents the validation of the overall efficiency & drag losses of the highspeed Driveline for an ATV with 4 Wheel Drive System. The efficiency & drag losses were measured in the powertrain testbed where the test units were placed between two Transient Dynamometers. The main aim of the test was to validate the overall efficiency as a function of input speed and torque. All these measured values of the gearbox efficiency are included in various graphs. The tests were performed for complete functional range of UUT at max. operating oil temperatures for Transmission and Front Differential testing. Drive shafts tests were performed at its complete range and various inclination angle up to max. failure point. The Wheel Hub was tested at various
Jain, Sankalp, Singh, Parminder
An experimental approach to investigate the FEAD cover failure & its design optimization.2024-26-037101/16/2024
In automotive Front End Accessory Drives (FEAD), the crankshaft supplies power to accessories like alternators, pumps, etc. FEAD undergoes forced vibration due to crankshaft excitation, dynamic tension fluctuations can cause the belt to slip on the accessory pulleys. By considering the criticality of the system, when engine mounting is longitudinally to the vehicle which makes it directly exposed to the air flow containing foreign particles which may cause the damage to the FEAD system and deteriorate the intended functionality. FEAD cover is introduced in the system to enhance belt-pully system functionality by restricting the entry of foreign particles during engine operation. This paper contains study of FEAD cover failure and provide the stepwise approach to capture such issue during novel model development for 4 cylinder naturally aspirated engine during engine bench testing. Failure mechanism was studied using various methodology such as CAE and G-Load measurement to identify the
PATEL, HARDIK MANUBHAI, KUMAR, NITISH, Chand, Subhash, Gupta, Vineet
Engine Modelling with Smart Online DoE2024-26-033801/16/2024
The implementation of TREM/CEV 5 emission norms on farm equipment will bring in cost pressure due to the need for exhaust after treatment systems. This cost increase needs to be reduced by bringing in more efficient and effective processes to shorten the development phase and to provide better fuel efficiencies. In this work ETAS ASCMO Online DoE with Constraint Modelling (ODCM) to execute smart online DoE on a new common rail diesel engine with EGR, whose exact bounds of operation was not available. A Global test plan with ASCMO Static was created without much focus on detailed constraints of engine operation, other than the full load curve. The parameters which were selected were Speed, Torque, Rail Pressure, Main Timing, EGR Valve Position, Pilot Separation and Quantity and Post Quantity and Separation. For these parameters, the safe operating bounds were not available. This ASCMO Static test plan is automated and executed on engine test cell with ETAS INCAFlow. ODCM at each step
Paulraj, Lemuel Srinivasan, Varsha, Anuroopa, Karadi, Subramanya, KUMAR, DEVENDRA
Cab RLDA using VI & MI approach: A Co-Simulation of ADAMS & FEMFAT Lab VI/MI2024-26-005101/16/2024
The current approach of hybrid RLDA is typically incapable of providing accurate dynamic loads coming on cab at chassis-to-cab load transfer locations, primarily due to following two reasons. Firstly, all of the model parameters of the vehicle, which is put on the four post, are not known. Secondly, MBS (Multi-body System) Cab model is multi degree of freedom with rigid bodies, flex bodies, contacts and non-linear force elements. Therefore, if the system identification is to be performed manually it becomes an arduous and humanly impossible task. Towards generating an accurate dynamic loads on cab, an approach using FEMFAT LAB - VI & MI has been developed which involves a two-step process: a) Generating MBS excitation by back calculating from measured frame response - VI (Virtual iterations). b) Fine tuning modelling parameters to match measured cab response - MI (Model Improvement). To execute the VI & MI approach for calculating dynamic loads on cab through 4-poster & 7-poster
Singh, Prempal, PRASAD, TEJ
Scientific Approach for Pickup Cargo Weight Reduction2024-26-019201/16/2024
Due to increasing competitiveness, the arrival of industry giants, product pricing, etc., the automobile market in India is becoming more dynamic to adopt the changes. Apart from this, the product needs to be competitive to capture market by lowering the benefit margin. After launch and gaining of mass volume of the market, the Value Analysis and Value Engineering (VAVE) helps in minimizing the design and development costs through removal of non-value adding processes and activities by understanding the product's value, functions, features, customer demand, quality, and Real-World Usage Pattern (RWUP) without affecting the performance and eventually help in increasing the profit margin of organization. In this study, the benchmarked based statistical Light Weight Index (LWI) technique is developed for the predicting the world in class optimum weight. For these four statistical Light weight Index numbers is derived based on the geometrical dimensions. This strategy is used for the
Patel, Mayank, Balasubramani, Sritharkumar, Pandurangan, Raman, Cornelio, Ronald, Senrayaperumal, Sakthivel, ved, Kapil, Mohan, Aravind
Measurement uncertainty and its influence on e-Drive optimization applications2024-26-009701/16/2024
This paper gives insights in the theoretical measurement uncertainty of E-Drive rotor position dependent results, like Id and Iq calculations, done by a modern propulsion power analyzer (PA). The calculation of Id and Iq is fundamental to perform control optimization and application tasks for an E-Drive system. In order to optimize the E-Drive system application towards e.g. best efficiency, best performance, or improved NVH the importance of the testing toolchain is described: a power analyzer delivering the required results, an automation system, and a Design of Experiment tool to set improved target values. Consequently, inverters applications featuring field-oriented control (FOC) with permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSM) are updated with a chosen control strategy. For achieving a certain behavior of an E-Drive, different degrees of freedom in the Inverter Control Unit are available; Lookup tables Id and Iq represent two fundamental application labels to be considered
Platzer, Thomas, Fechter, Michael, Kammerstetter, Heribert, Kolb, Philipp
Powertrain Mounting system NVH simulation methodology using transfer path analysis technique for Electric vehicles2024-26-022501/16/2024
In comparison to traditional gasoline-powered vehicles, Electric vehicles (EVs) development and adoption is driven by several factors such as zero emissions, higher performance, cost effective in maintenance, smoother and quieter ride. Global OEMs are competing to provide a reduced in-cab noise for ensuring a smooth and quiet driving experience. Short project timelines for EV demands quick design and development. In initial stages of project, input data availability of EV is limited and a simplified approach is necessary to accelerate the development of vehicle. This paper focuses on simulation methodology for predicting structure borne noise from powertrain deploying Transfer Path Analysis approach. Current simulation methodology involves full vehicle model with multiple flexible bodies and full BIW flexible model which leads to complex modelling and longer simulation times. The proposed transfer path analysis technique utilises, a simplified Multibody Dynamics EV powertrain model
Duraikannu, Dinesh, Iqbal, Shoaib
Active-Learning method : An effective way to generate ground truth data to test & validate ADAS functions2024-26-036401/16/2024
In today’s autonomous industry, Machine learning plays an important role in development of various functions for self-driving vehicles. The learning models are trained using data, and their performance is determined by the quality of data they get trained on. For autonomous driving, sometimes, we don't have valid data and our model doesn't know what to do. As a result, the models must be trained on as much as diverse data as possible to make them efficient to deal with unusual situations in the actual world. Huge amount of unlabeled data is collected by cars moving around, equipped with multiple sensors to capture the surrounding environment in a frame. It becomes difficult to annotate each data manually and find data frame with more information. Therefore, automated methods are needed to identify and extract the most informative data from collected ones. Active learning is a powerful data selection technique which improves data efficiency for learning models. In Active Learning, the
Katariya, Rashmi, Kumari, Anita
Methodology development for E-Axle NVH performance evaluation through virtual simulation2024-26-012001/16/2024
Demand for electrically driven vehicles has increased significantly in recent years, due to its subsidized rate, economical operation and environmentally friendly features. If discussed about India, the sales have increased by 174% in a single year. This drastic jump in sales has encouraged the current automobile manufacturers to come up with more and more electric-driven vehicle platforms in a crunch time frame. And to fulfill these requirements, manufacturers have to work a lot to introduce new technologies like E-axle, which can be space effective, less expensive and easy to assemble. But the introduction of such new technologies brings an even bigger requirement for new validation methodologies, and in the case of electric vehicles (EV) where the development time has been very less, as brought a bigger challenge of more dependency on virtual simulation. As the operational procedure of E-axles is completely different from the conventional axles, the loads that are coming will also
Jain, Tanmay, Desai, Ankit, Kurna, Srinivas
Method of Generating Real-Time Digital Customer Feedback Loop for Connected Vehicle Applications.2024-26-025801/16/2024
Modern cars are essentially computers on wheels in terms of the technology stack going into the car. Similarly, the customer experience is gone beyond the conventional touch and feel to more digital experiences around the car. While creating digital experiments around the car, getting honest customer feedback on the same is essential. Getting customer feedback in real-time and at scale is a challenge. Generally, this is limited to surveys and campaigns OEMs do to collect specific intent. In this paper, we propose a method of generating a real-time customer digital feedback loop. This method relay on real-time sourcing of data from openly available sources like Twitter, mobile app stores, etc. The real-time collected data is run through an analytics system. The analytics system contains four key stages, data preparation, sentiment segmentation, topic modelling and inference presentation. This paper in detail covers advanced machine learning techniques like natural language processing
Tidke, Pradeep, Venugopal, Vaisakh, Shukla, Manoj, Jali, Nagarjuna, Rathod, Chirag
Calibration of an Inertial Measurement Unit and its Impact on Antilock Braking System Performance2024-26-001401/16/2024
An Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) provides vehicle acceleration that can be used in Active Vehicle Safety Systems (AVSSs). However, the signal output from an IMU is affected by changes in its position in the vehicle and alignment, which may lead to degradation in AVSS performance. Investigators have employed physics and data-based models for countering the impact of sensor misalignment, and the effects of gravity on acceleration measurements. While physics-based methods utilize parameters varying dynamically with vehicle motion, data-based methods require an extensive number of parameters making them computationally expensive. These factors make the above-explored methods practically challenging to implement on production vehicles. This study considers a 6-axis IMU and evaluates its impact on Antilock Braking System (ABS) performance by considering the IMU signal obtained with different mounting orientations, and positions on a Heavy Commercial Road Vehicle (HCRV). It then develops a
Dixit, Chitrartha, Gaurkar, Pavel, Ramakrishnan, Rajesh, Shankar Ram, C S, Vivekanandan, Gunasekaran, Sivaram, Sriram
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