Browse Topic: Calibration

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Emerging Trends in Emission Optimization2026-26-02291/16/2026
The exhaust emission control is a vital aspect of automotive development, aimed at ensuring effective control of pollutants such as NOx, CO, and HC. The traditional method of calibrating emission control strategies, that requires extensive vehicle testing with both the fresh and aged catalysts under a variety of operating conditions, is a time-consuming process. The frequent changes in emission legislation creates new challenges for achieving a faster time to market and effective utilization of resources. So, the use of automation and machine learning (ML) in the domain of emission control is the need of the hour to proactively tackle these challenges. This paper attempts to explore emerging trends in emission optimization, such as the automated measurement process and ML/AI based data analysis, that can improve the overall process efficiency in the calibration of emission control strategies. The automated measurement process is achieved using the automation software. The data
Dhayanidhi, Hukumdeen, Balasubramanian, Karthick, A, Akash
Calibration strategy to address abnormal engine noise in cold transient driving condition2026-26-05851/16/2026
Passenger vehicle users often maneuver their cars in diverse and unpredictable driving patterns. The vast and varied terrain of the Indian subcontinent further complicates this scenario, introducing unique challenges due to differences in driving expertise, vehicle usage, and environmental conditions. A specific challenge addressed in this paper arises during cold to ambient engine temperatures and transient driving conditions—a critical phase for engine calibration to ensure optimal drivability and emissions performance. With current calibration practices, an after-burn like abnormal engine noise was observed during certain transient driving patterns in cold to ambient temperature conditions. This paper presents a novel calibration methodology designed to eliminate such abnormal noise. The proposed approach involves a step-by-step transient calibration strategy refinement, making the calibration process more robust and adaptable to any driving behavior. The paper outlines the specific
Suna, Bhagyashree, Tyagarajan, Sethuramalingam, Pise, Chetan, Aishwarya, Amritansh
A method of selectively elevating a Seamless Switch Integrated in Fabric2026-26-05961/16/2026
This research presents the construction and working principle of Selectively Elevated Seamless Fabric Switch technology aimed at advancing automotive interior design through enhanced aesthetics, functionality, and user experience by providing a tactile surface that is available for operation only during the activated, elevated state. Traditional mechanical switches often suffer from issues such as dust and water ingress, accidental activation, and a fragmented visual profile. The proposed system integrates concealed controls sandwiched with a fabric surface, with switches selectively elevated only upon user interaction. The design incorporates conductive fabric layers and electromagnetic actuation to achieve seamless integration with vehicle interiors while maintaining responsive tactile feedback. The input provided for activating the switch can be a signal such as gesture or proximity of the user’s finger. Upon activation the switch is selectively elevated and ready for operation due
Mohunta, Sanjay, Panchal, Girish, Puthran, Shaunak
Virtual Powertrain Development and Calibration methodology: The Role of Model-in-the-Loop in Calibration and Testing of EV power Train integrated with real road simulation tools.2026-26-04721/16/2026
The automotive industry has witnessed significant advancements in powertrain development over recent years, with further evolution expected in the near future. Modern vehicle propulsion systems now encompass a broad spectrum, including fully electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid models, mild 48V hybrid powertrains, and traditional internal combustion engine vehicles. This growing variety demands extensive engineering efforts for development and testing across different powertrain configurations. To facilitate the simultaneous advancement of multiple powertrain technologies while keeping costs manageable, optimizing calibration and testing processes is crucial. A combination of cutting-edge simulation techniques and state-of-the-art testing equipment offers an effective solution, introducing innovative testing methodologies that streamline the development of sophisticated propulsion architectures. This paper explores the implementation of Model-in-the-Loop (MIL) testing as a key methodology
Elumalai, Elakkia, P, SahayaSurendiraBabu, S, Sivashankar, J, Frederick Royston, S, Gowtham
Development of an Software Algorithm Based Semi-automated Data Acquisition System for Gasoline Vehicle Calibration on Chassis Dynamometer2026-26-05351/16/2026
Vehicle level testing is one of the crucial part of the calibration development. In this, chassis dynamometer is used to collect the vehicle level data. Different engine and vehicle level parameters are logged at various speed and load points covering the entire engine operational zone. This data acquisition is a repetitive activity and covers over 30-40% of the total testing duration. This phase includes base calibration verification, transient development, and emissions-related calibrations, all of which follow a standardized and repetitive sequence. However, these tasks are predominantly performed manually, leading to potential human error and inefficiencies. This paper presents a novel and comprehensive algorithm developed using INCA FLOW software; the first of its kind for this application. Here, crucial vehicle data acquisition activities are identified, mapped into detailed steps. The algorithm introduces a semi-automated, stepwise process for data acquisition during chassis
Kavekar, Pratap Chandrashekhar, Tyagarajan, Sethuramalingam, Agarwal, Nishant Kumar, Shaikh, Wasim, Karadi, Subramanya
A Novel Approach to Optimal Strain Gauge Placement for Structural Assessment: Integrating Close Looping Configuration with Calibration Techniques2026-26-05511/16/2026
Addressing the challenge of optimal strain gauge placement on complex structural joints and pipes, this research introduces a novel methodology combining strategic gauge configurations with numerical optimization techniques. Traditional methods often struggle to accurately capture combined loading states and real-world complexities, leading to measurement errors and flawed structural assessments. For intricate joints, a looping strain gauge configuration is proposed to comprehensively capture both bending and torsional effects, preventing the bypassing of applied loads. A calibration technique is used to create strain distribution matrices and access structural behavior under different loading conditions. Optimization algorithms are then applied to identify gauge placements that yield well-conditioned matrices, minimizing measurement errors and enhancing data reliability. This approach offers a cost-effective solution by reducing the number of gauges required for accurate stress
shingate, Uttam, Yadav, Dnyaneshwar
A Novel Wide Range Machine Learning Polynomial Regression Formulation for Enhanced Load Cell Calibration Accuracy2026-26-05671/16/2026
Calibration of measuring instruments is of utmost importance in the field of metrology. It is a mandatory pre-requisite for establishing the fidelity of the measurements as well as to lend confidence. Even more critical is the requirement for the master equipment deployed to calibrate the devices in use. This entails that high accuracy needs to be guaranteed in the calibration process, and that the uncertainty be quantified precisely. The widely used conventional least squares polynomial regression formulation for load cell calibration is based on the non-normalized residual, which is the difference between the measured and master values. The nature of this formulation is such that it imparts more weightage on measured values at higher ranges resulting in good accuracy. However, there is a limitation of this same formulation that results in lesser accurate fit at lower values especially if the instrument is to be used in operation over a wide range including lower ranges of the
S Thipse, Yogesh
Thermal Management and Engine Calibration Strategies for Enhanced Passive DPF Regeneration in CEV Stage V CI Engines2026-26-01411/16/2026
Meeting the stringent emissions norms of CEV stage V for medium BMEP engines, CI engines present significant challenges. These stringent norms call for a highly efficient DPF. With the increasing demands for high-performance DPFs, the issue of soot accumulation and cleaning presents significant hurdles for DPF longevity. This paper explores the potential of passive DPF regeneration, which leverages naturally occurring exhaust gas conditions to oxidize accumulated soot, offering a promising approach to minimize fuel penalty and system complexity compared to active regeneration methods. The study investigates engine calibration techniques aimed at enhancing passive regeneration performance, emphasizing the optimization of thermal management strategies to sustain DPF temperatures within the passive regeneration range. Furthermore, the paper aims to expand the applicability of passive regeneration across diverse engine loads common in off-highway applications with effective passive
Saxena, Harshit, Gandhi, Naresh, Lokare, Prasad, Shinde, Prashant, Patil, Ajit, Raut, Ashish
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Static System Error Compensation in Air Data Calibration for Tiltrotor System CertificationF-0081-2025-01285/20/2025
Air data measurement and calibration are fundamental components in the pursuit of accurate and reliable aerodynamic assessments. The systematic collection of essential data regarding air properties are important for evaluating aircraft performance under various conditions and configurations. The scope is to achieve a comprehensive understanding of airflow characteristics, which is fundamental for design improvements and operational strategies, contributing to safer and more efficient flight operations in a several range of scenarios. This type of data measurement is even more challenging for the AW609 Tiltrotor which combines vertical take-off technology capabilities with the fixed-wing flight efficiency. The activity starts from known pitot-static system calibration methodologies for conventional applications and shows what were the difficulties encountered in a non-conventional Tiltrotor approach. The paper goes through the presentation of the original Pitot-Static and Air Data
Evangelista, Marco, Mori, Massimiliano
Virtual Calibration Approach to the Development of Control Systems and Strategies for Hybrid L-Category Vehicles2024-32-00664/18/2025
Hybrid powertrain for motorcycles has not been widely adopted to date but has recently shown significant increased interest and it is believed to have great potential for fuel economy containment in real driving conditions. Moreover, this technology is suitable for the expected new legislations, reduced emissions and enables riding in Zero Emissions Zones, so towards a more carbon neutral society while still guaranteeing “motorcycle passion” for the product [1, 2]. Several simulation tools and methods are available for the concept phase of the hybrid system design, allowing definition of the hybrid components and the basic hybrid strategies, but they are not able to properly represent the real on-road behaviour of the hybrid vehicle and its specific control system, making the fine tuning and validation work very difficult. Motorcycle riders are used to expect instant significant torque delivery on their demand, that is not properly represented in legislative cycles (e.g. WMTC); rider
Antoniutti, Christian, Sweet, David, Hounsham, Sandra
Novel Statistical Modelling-Based Approach for Exhaust Mass Flow Calculation in Motorcycles2024-32-00724/18/2025
The exhaust mass flow measurement for motorcycles poses a unique challenge due to presence of pulsations arising from an unfavorable combination of the engine displacement-to-exhaust system volume ratio and the long or even unequal ignition intervals. This pulsation phenomenon significantly impacts the accuracy of the differential pressure-based measurement method commonly employed in on-board measurement systems for passenger cars. This paper introduces an alternative approach calculating exhaust mass flow in motorcycles, focusing on statistical modelling based on engine parameters. The problem at hand is rooted in the adverse effects of pulsations on the differential pressure-based measurement method used in the EFM. The unfavorable combination of engine characteristics specific to motorcycles necessitates a novel approach. Our proposed alternative involves utilizing readily available OBD parameters, namely engine speed and calculated engine load as there is mostly no data for intake
Schurl, Sebastian, Sturm, Stefan, Schmidt, Stephan, Kirchberger, Roland
Characterization and Modelling of Composite Fastened Joints for Impact AnalysisF-0080-2024-12605/7/2024
This work proposes an experimental and numerical activity aimed at developing methods to evaluate the strength and toughness of Kevlar/Epoxy composite fastened joints used in aeronautical structures and exposed to high energy impacts. Experiments were conducted using an Arcan rig that allowed applying various loading conditions, ranging from pull-through to bearing. A non-linear model of the material based on a bi-phasic decomposition and hybrid meshing technique was built and calibrated. The material model was used to develop a high-fidelity model of the junction to simulate the pull-through test with the Abaqus/Explicit finite element solver. The results of the analysis point out that the implemented progressive damage laws are capable of achieving an appreciable experimental-numerical correlation, both from the qualitative and the quantitative standpoint. Therefore, the combined experimental-numerical approach is promising for developing a validated numerical tool capable of
Novembre, Edoardo, Cacchione, Benedetta, Janszen, Gerardus, Brunori, Filippo, Airoldi, Alessandro
EPS calibration in multiple modes including terrain mode for SUV to achieve precision steering feel and Handling enhancement.2024-26-00551/16/2024
In automobiles, the SUV category of cars encounters almost all types of terrain, including Sand, Mud, Snow, Gravel, etc. Despite changes in terrain, today's customers want no deterioration in Ride, Handling, or steering performance feel, which poses challenges for automakers while calibrating the performance attributes of the vehicle. This technical paper would be focusing on extracting optimum steering performance over any terrain by providing versatile terrain specific EPAS logics through dedicated steering modes linked to the Terrain modes in addition to the Drive modes. Comfort, Normal & Sports are the usual Drive modes, wherein Comfort would have the maximum assist, Normal would have the optimum assist, and Sport would have a higher damping and weighted feel. Similarly, after a lot of subjective evaluations over different Terrains in India, suitable EPAS calibration modes are adapted. A BLAC motor has been selected for its precise control over assist torque and wider scope for
Gaikwad, Vivek, Shah, Samarth, Krishnan, Nandhakumar, K, Rajakumar
Regeneration Calibration for optimum Range and effective brakes performances in eSUV2024-26-01101/16/2024
Regenerative braking is an effective approach for electric vehicles (EVs) to extend their driving range. To enhance the braking performances and regenerative energy, regenerative braking control strategy based on multi objective optimisation is explained in this paper. This technical paper would be focusing on extracting optimum Range with effective brake performances without affecting drivability and performances in different drives modes. An extensive research study on public road driving patterns is done to understand the percentage utilisation of brakes at various (low-mid-high) speeds as per the customer driving behavior. Multi-Objective optimisation function with three vital factors is defined where output generated power, torque smoothness and current smoothness are selected as optimisation objective to improve the driving range, braking comfort, and battery lifetime respectively. Braking regeneration maps are calibrated along with optimised foundation brake hardware’s to get
KUMAR, Prabhakar, K, Rajakumar, Krishnan, Nandhakumar, Suhail, Mohammed thamjeed
Measurement uncertainty and its influence on e-Drive optimization applications2024-26-00971/16/2024
This paper gives insights in the theoretical measurement uncertainty of E-Drive rotor position dependent results, like Id and Iq calculations, done by a modern propulsion power analyzer (PA). The calculation of Id and Iq is fundamental to perform control optimization and application tasks for an E-Drive system. In order to optimize the E-Drive system application towards e.g. best efficiency, best performance, or improved NVH the importance of the testing toolchain is described: a power analyzer delivering the required results, an automation system, and a Design of Experiment tool to set improved target values. Consequently, inverters applications featuring field-oriented control (FOC) with permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSM) are updated with a chosen control strategy. For achieving a certain behavior of an E-Drive, different degrees of freedom in the Inverter Control Unit are available; Lookup tables Id and Iq represent two fundamental application labels to be considered
Platzer, Thomas, Fechter, Michael, Kammerstetter, Heribert, Kolb, Philipp
Automation of PID Calibration for Close Loop Control System in an Electric Vehicle to Achieve Objective Driveability Performance2024-26-03321/16/2024
This paper introduces a novel approach to automate PID calibration for closed-loop control systems and the creep control function in an electric vehicle. Through a comprehensive literature survey, it is found that this method is the first of its kind to be applied in the field of automated electric vehicle calibration for Creep function. The proposed approach utilizes a systematic methodology that automatically tunes the PID parameters based on predefined performance criteria, including energy consumption and jerk. To implement this methodology, the ETAS INCA FLOW software, which provides guided calibration methods for in-vehicle testing & calibration, is employed. The calibration process is performed on a real-time electric vehicle platform to validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The results of this study showcases the advantages of automated PID calibration for closed-loop control systems and creep control function in small commercial electric vehicle. The proposed
G, Ashwin, Jadhav, Vaibhav V., Warule, Prasad B.
Soot sensor elimination with DPF substrate failure monitoring.2024-26-01531/16/2024
The automobile industry is going through one of the most challenging times, with increased competition in the market which is enforcing competitive prices of the products along with meeting the stringent emission norms. One such requirement for BS6 phase 2 emission norms is the inclusion of PM (Soot) sensor in diesel passenger cars. PM sensor detects soot leakage in case of DPF substrate failure. There is a cost factor along with extensive calibration efforts which are needed to ensure sensor works flawlessly. This paper deals with the development of an algorithm with which robust detection of DPF substrate failure is achieved. In order to achieve this, a thermodynamic model of DPF substrate was created using empirical relations between parameters like exhaust flow rate, exhaust gas temperature and soot mass content. The modeling was done in both empty (no soot) and filled (threshold soot content) substrate conditions. There were two methodologies, namely integration method and
Jain, Praveer Kirtimohan, Yadav, Omkar, Chendil, Chellapandi
A Novel Method to Select Hyperparameters of The DBSCAN Algorithm for RADAR Applications2024-26-00301/16/2024
Abstract- As the automotive industry is coming up with various ADAS solutions, RADAR is playing an important role. There are many parameters concerning RADAR detections to acknowledge. Unsupervised Clustering methods are used for RADAR applications. DBSCAN clustering method which is widely used for RADAR applications. The existing clustering DBSCAN is not aligned very well with its hyperparameters such as epsilon (the radius within which each data point checks the density) and minimum points (minimum data points required within a circle to check for core point) for which a calibration is needed. In this paper, different methods to choose the hyperparameters of DBSCAN are compared and verified with different clustering evaluation criteria. A novel method to select hyperparameters of the DBSCAN algorithm is presented with the paper. For testing the given algorithm, ground truth data is collected, and the results are verified with MATLAB-Simulink. Keywords- (clustering, DBSCAN, DBSCAN
Payghan, Vaibhav Santosh, Prajapati, Miit, Chauhan, Abhisha
Fuel Cell Sizing for a UAV with Intermeshing Rotors using a Genetic Algorithm for NDARC Rotor Performance CalibrationF-0079-2023-179985/16/2023
Zappek, Victor, Yavrucuk, Ilkay
Development of Offline Simulation Software for Active Sound Design in Electric Vehicles2025-01-00175/5/2023
With the increasing adoption of electric vehicles (EVs), Active Sound Design (ASD) has emerged as a crucial method to enhance both the sound quality and driving experience, addressing the lack of distinctive engine sounds present in internal combustion vehicles. This paper presents an ASD offline simulation software developed on the MATLAB platform to address these challenges. The software integrates a vehicle dynamics model with three key sound synthesis algorithms: order synthesis, pitch shifting, and granular synthesis, allowing for comprehensive control strategy development, real-time sound playback, and rapid adjustment. The software consists of several functional modules, including configuration, order generator, pitch shifting, and granular synthesis interfaces, which support user-friendly operation and flexible sound parameter adjustments. Users can simulate different driving conditions and evaluate the acoustic performance of the ASD system in real time. The system also allows
Qian, Yushu, Liu, Zhien, xiong, chenggang
Suction Cup Quality Predication by Digital Image Correlation2023-01-00674/11/2023
Vacuum suction cups are used as transforming handles in stamping lines, which are essential in developing automation and mechanization. However, the vacuum suction cup will crack due to fatigue or long-term operation or installation angle, which directly affects production productivity and safety. The better design will help increase the cups' service life. If the location of stress concentration can be predicted, this can prevent the occurrence of cracks in advance and effectively increase the service life. However, the traditional strain measurement technology cannot meet the requirements of tracking large-field stains and precise point tracking simultaneously in the same area, especially for stacking or narrow parts of the suction cups. The application must allow multiple measurements of hidden component strain information in different fields of view, which would add cost. In this study, a unique multi-camera three-dimensional digital image correlation (3D-DIC) system was designed
Guo, Bicheng, Zheng, Xiaowan, Fang, Siyuan, Yang, Lianxiang
Medical Lasers: When the Laser Application Requires Utmost SafetyTBMG-4695111/1/2022
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venkat, Aditya, SintzADMIn, Jeneane
Digital Manufacturing Execution System for Special Processes 2022-26-11685/26/2022
Processes like Chrome Conversion Coating, Painting, Temper ETCH are categorized as Special Process in Aerospace. They have many variables in the process which need to be monitored, recorded and inter relationship studied using ML & AI. Study of Process Parameters using IIoT, their impact on Quality and the impact on life cycle (Industry 4.0) due to the process parameters maintained at that time of manufacture needs specialized, customized software for each and every process. The said software needs to have checks and alerts for maintenance of Process parameters. It should, on a daily basis do a few lab measurements to cross check whether the automated measuring accuracy is correct or not. Regular empirical calculations for the concentration of baths should be done and an 'alarm' needs to be raised if any mismatch with actual measurement is found. This way regular checking of measuring instruments should be carried out. This also ensures that the issue is found out before it translates
Damodaran, Ramamurthy
Verification, Validation and Calibration Under Uncertainty for a Scaled Experimental Rotor ModelF-0078-2022-175835/10/2022
ABSTRACT
Abate, Giuseppe, Daniele,  Matteo, Taymourtash,  Neda, Quaranta,  Giuseppe
A Comparison of Luminance Estimation Software to Measured Values2022-01-09663/29/2022
Mapping the luminance values of a visual scene is of broad interest to accident reconstructionists, human factors professionals, and lighting experts. Previous work has shown that pixel intensity captured by consumer-grade digital still cameras can be calibrated to estimate luminance. Suway and Suway presented a methodology for estimating luminance from digital images and video of a scene. This method requires the capture of dark images close in time to the capture of the image that will be used to estimate luminance. Additionally, Suway’s method requires the specific camera and lens combination used to be calibrated for luminance estimation. The methodology presented by Suway forms the basis for a software application, called Nitere, that calculates the relationship between pixel intensity and luminance for a camera lens combination and can therefore estimate real-world luminance values from pixel intensity for a properly calibrated camera and lens combination. In this paper, the
Carter, Neal, Suway, Jeff
Innovative vehicle battery pack design approach through multiphysics cells simulation2022-01-03033/29/2022
This paper presents the design procedure of a vehicle battery pack, in terms of electrical and mechanical requirements with an innovative methodology to model Li-ion cells’ thermo-electro-mechanical behaviour. This modelling approach can predict, through FEM analysis, if short circuit happen with consequent generation of fire in case of vehicle crash. This last aspect has several issues related to the multiphysics characteristics of the phenomena due to the fact that battery cells are made up by really thin components and, as consequence, not significant works of an entire deformable battery pack simulation have been found in literature. For this reason, the design approach studied overcomes the classical methodology in which cells’ mechanical behaviour is considered unknown to understand if cell failure appears avoiding over-engineered battery pack structure. At the beginning, a benchmarking activity on existing FEM modelling methodologies of single cells has been conducted
Messana, Alessandro, Pioli, Federico, Savi, Matteo, Ferraris, Alessandro, Airale, Andrea, Carello, Massimiliana
Co-Simulation of BLDC Motor Control and Clutch actuation system with Ball Ramp Mechanism2021-01-12369/21/2021
Electro-mechanical actuators are widely used in different forms in the automotive industry these days and are very effective in translating rotary motion of the motor to a linear motion with precision as per the requirement. With onset of electric drivelines and other complex driveline configurations, we see an increase in actuator applications. In this study, we developed high fidelity analytical model for a ball ramp clutch actuation system as per the proposed mechanical design and the software controls. The controls architecture is built in SIMULINK environment to drive the plant model of the BLDC motor. Whereas, the entire mechanical system which includes the gear train, ball ramp mechanism, clutch pack stiffness, etc. is modelled in ADAMS tool. The Ball Ramp consists of metal balls positioned in between opposing paired arc-shaped ramp grooves and guided by a cage to keep them equally separated in the same plane. While ADAMS model deals with high-fidelity contact dynamics using non
Rajendran, Raveen K., Roy, Nantu, Mehta, Yogesh
Experimental Investigation of Parallel Misalignment Using Vibration Signature Analysis2021-01-10918/31/2021
Misalignment is probably the main cause for failure of the rotating machinery. Due to misalignment, excessive stresses and vibrations arise in the system which causes failure of different components of rotating system. The present work is therefore taken up to predict the unique vibration spectrum characteristics for diagnosing parallel misalignment at varying operating conditions and for different geometrical parameters. In the present study, the work has been carried out to establish relationship between parallel misalignment and harmonic frequency components of its vibration signature by experimental and numerical method. An innovative experimental set-up with provisions for changing geometrical as well as operational parameters has been developed for the study of parallel misalignment. To set precise predetermined parallel misalignment values the compound slide table with rotating calibrated wheels was used along with the latest laser alignment system. It was noticed that, in the
Hujare, Deepak, Hujare, Pravin, Karnik, Madhuri
Acoustic Model Reduction for the Design of Acoustic Treatments2021-01-10578/31/2021
Due to constant evolution in both noise regulations and noise comfort standards, noise reduction inside the vehicle remains one of the main issues faced today by the automotive industry. One of the most efficient methods for noise reduction is the introduction of acoustic treatments, made of multilayered trimmed panels. Constraints on these components, such as weight, packaging space and overall sound quality as well as the amount of possible material and geometrical combinations, have led automotive OEMs to use innovative methods, such as numerical acoustic simulation, so as to evaluate noise transmission in a fast and cost-effective way. While the computational cost for performing such analyses is insignificant for a limited number of configurations, the evaluation of multiple design parameter combinations early in the design stage can lead to non-viable computation times in an industrial context. This paper presents a framework for the efficient, almost real-time evaluation of
Poulos, Athanasios, Jacqmot, Jonathan, Baudson, Romain, Kayvantash, Kambiz, Le Corre, Sandrine
A Comprehensive Numerical Approach to Predict Thermal Runaway in Li-Ion Battery Packs2021-01-07484/6/2021
With the increasing level of electrification of on-road, off-road and stationary applications, use of larger lithium-ion battery packs has become essential. These packs require large capital investments on the order of millions of dollars and pose a significant risk of self-annihilation without rigorous safety evaluation and management. Testing these larger battery packs to validate design changes can be cost prohibitive. A reliable numerical simulation tool to predict battery thermal runaway under various abuse scenarios is essential to engineer safety into the battery pack design stage. A comprehensive testing & simulation workflow has been established to calibrate and validate the numerical modeling approach with the test data for each of the individual sub model - electrochemical, internal short circuit and thermal abuse model. A four-equation thermal abuse model was built and validated for lithium-ion 21700 form factor cylindrical cells using NCA cathodes. The entire coupled model
Surampudi, Bapiraju, Shah, Bansal, Argo Jr, Mickey
Model Based Calibration Generation for Gasoline Particulate Filter Regeneration2021-01-06004/6/2021
Gasoline Particulate Filters (GPF) are widely employed in exhaust aftertreatment systems of gasoline engines to meet the stringent particulate emissions requirements of Euro 6 and China 6 standard. Optimization of GPF performance requires a delicate trade-off between fuel economy, engine performance and drivability. This results in a complex lengthy and iterative calibration development process which uses a lot of hardware resources. To improve the calibration process and reduce hardware testing, physics-based modeling of the GPF system is used. A 1-D chemical model supplemented with 3D CFD solver is utilized to evaluate pressure drop and soot burning performance characteristics of the GPF under engine dynamometer test conditions. The chemical kinetics of soot burning for the 1D model is developed using test data obtained from well controlled laboratory environment. Later, the model was applied to engine dynamometer conditions where it demonstrated robust pressure drop and soot burning
Varia, Adhyarth, Paramadhayalan, Thiyagarajan, Yadav, Anil, Kannan, Rajesh, Hattar, Rafat, Miao, Yong, Chan, Ming
The Accuracy of Vehicle Modeling When Using an Inversely Calibrated Camera in PhotoModeler2021-01-08834/6/2021
Photogrammetry is a commonly used and accepted technique within the field of accident reconstruction for taking measurements from photographs. Previous work has shown the accuracy of optimized close-range photogrammetry techniques to be within 2 mm compared to other high accuracy measurement techniques when using a known calibrated camera. This research focuses on the use of inverse camera close-range photogrammetry, where photographs from an unknown camera are used to model a vehicle. Photogrammetry is a measurement technique that utilizes triangulation to take measurements from photographs. The measurements are dependent on the geometry of the camera, such as the sensor size, focal length, lens type, etc. Three types of cameras were tested for accuracy; a high-end commercial camera, a point and shoot camera, and a cell phone camera. This study indicates that in a properly conducted inverse photogrammetry project, an analyst can be 95% confident the true position of a point will be
Neal, Joseph, Funk, Charles, Sproule, David
Development and Calibration of the Large Omnidirectional Child ATD Head Finite Element Model2021-01-09224/6/2021
To improve the biofidelity of the currently available Hybrid III 10-year-old (HIII-10C) Anthropomorphic Test Device (ATD), the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) has developed the Large Omnidirectional Child (LODC) ATD. The LODC head is a redesigned HIII-10C head with mass properties and modified skin material required to match pediatric biomechanical impact response targets from the literature. A dynamic, nonlinear finite element (FE) model of the LODC head has been developed using the mesh generating tool Hypermesh based on the three-dimensional CAD model. The material data, contact definitions, and initial conditions are defined in LS-PrePost and converted to LS-Dyna solver input format. The aluminum head skull is stiff relative to head flesh material and was thus modeled as a rigid material. For the actual LODC, the head flesh is form fit onto the skull and held in place through contact friction. In an attempt to identify the matching flesh-skull contact
Katangoori, Divya Reddy, Yang, Peiyu, Noll, Scott, Stammen, Jason, Suntay, Brian, Carlson, Michael, Moorhouse, Kevin
Research on Automatic Joint Calibration Method of Multi 3D-LIDARs and Inertial Measurement Unit2021-01-00704/6/2021
In the field of automatic driving, the combination of 3D LIDAR and inertial measurement unit (IMU) is a common sensor configuration scheme in laser point-cloud localization, high-precision map making and point-cloud target detection. So it is critical to calibrate LIDAR and IMU accurately. At present, due to the large volume and high cost of 3D LIDAR with high-line-number(Such as 64 lines or 128 lines), the configuration scheme of using multiple low-line-number 3D LIDARs appears in the automatic driving vehicle sensing system. However, the common calibration methods are not suitable for multi 3D LIDARs and IMU parameters calibration on autonomous vehicle, which have the disadvantages of cumbersome implementation and low accuracy. In this paper, a joint calibration test platform composed of dual LIDARs and IMU is assembled, and a method of precise automatic calibration based on GPS/RTK data is proposed. Firstly, the initial parameters of the main 3D LIDAR and IMU are obtained by hand
Zhang, Jinghua, He, Rui, Wu, Jian, Li, Shuai, Chen, Xuesong, Du, Zhiqiang, Chen, Guosheng, Chen, Zhicheng
Development of a Non-Parametric Robot Calibration Method to Improve Drilling Accuracy2021-01-00033/2/2021
The drilling of large quantities of repetitive holes during the manufacture of large aerospace components is often considered a key limiting factor with regards to production efficiency. Whilst the desire within aerospace is to use relatively cheap six axis robot arms with drilling end effector units, their poor accuracy remains an obstacle. Robot calibration presents a way of improving robot accuracy such that aerospace drilling tolerances can be met, without permanently committing metrology equipment to an automation cell during production. Extensive research has been conducted into robot calibration by correcting the kinematic model, known as parametric calibration. This method is highly complex, and calibrates the robot across the entire working volume. This is often not required in industrial drilling applications, as drilling routines are often contained within a smaller volume of the robot reach. In this paper, a non-parametric method of robot calibration is proposed. This
Scraggs, Chris, Smith, Thomas, Sawyer, Daniela, Davis, Matthew
Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Interaction Between Rotor and Wing at High Advance RatioF-0076-2020-1636410/5/2020
In this paper, an experimental and numerical study of a rotor interacting with wing of three different aspect ratios at an advance ratio of 0.5 is described. Those three wings have the equal area and fixed at an angle of attack of 8 degrees. One wing is installed at 3 different vertical positions and three different horizontal locations to investigate the influence of the wing position on the interaction. The calibration and correction process of the measurement is described, and the results are compared to pre-test CFD simulations. Numerical simulations based on simplified rotor and wing-body models have been carried out ahead of the wind-tunnel testing. Due to the existence of rotor-test-stand and the rotorhub which are not included in the CFD simulations, the measured aerodynamic performance deviated from the CFD results remarkably. By applying angle-of-attack and drag offset corrections which remove the influence of the rotortest-stand, the wing performance is found in good
Tanabe, Yasutada, Hayashi, Hirotaka, Kobiki, Noboru, Sugawara, Hideaki, Kobayashi, Wataru, Satou, Ryosuke
The Particle Number Counter as a “Black Box” - A Novel Approach to a Universal Particle Number Calibration Standard for Automotive Exhaust2020-01-21959/15/2020
The reduction of vehicle exhaust particle emissions is a success story of European legislation. Various particle number (PN) counters and calibration procedures serve as tools to enforce PN emission limits during vehicle type approval (VTA) or periodical technical inspection (PTI) of in-use vehicles. Although all devices and procedures apply to the same PN-metric, they were developed for different purposes, by different stakeholder groups and for different target costs and technical scopes. Furthermore, their calibration procedures were independently defined by different stakeholder communities. This frequently leads to comparability and interpretation issues. Systematic differences of stationary and mobile PN counters (PN-PEMS) are well-documented. New, low-cost PTI PN counters will aggravate this problem. Today, tools to directly compare different instruments are scarce. This is complicated by a dominance of proprietary, undisclosed or only partially disclosed manufacturer
Terres, Alexander, Bacher, Heinz, Ebert, Volker
Driving Cycle Based Control and Calibration for a Turbocharged SI Engine with Low Pressure EGR System2020-01-20159/15/2020
Low pressure cooled EGR (LPEGR) for spark ignition (SI) engines is known to be one of the key technologies to benefit fuel consumption owing to lower pumping loss at part load, knock suppression capability and extended stoichiometric operating range thanks to combustion cooling effect. In order to implement this technology to industrialised application with the optimal performance efficiently and robustly, several challenges need to be solved, especially the EGR estimation accuracy and transport delay estimation accuracy during transient. And these challenges could be more complex on a turbocharged SI engine due to the much longer induction system, and more complex air path model due to the introduction of turbine, compressor and dump valve. This paper describes the control and calibration method for a turbocharged LPEGR engine, and the validation result in Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Cycles (WLTC). The test result shows remarkable fuel benefit and accurate EGR estimation
Ma, He, Noguchi, Hidenori, Williams, Philip
Tracking Lab-Grown Tissue with LightTBMG-374738/1/2020
Someday, doctors would like to grow limbs and other body tissue for soldiers who have lost arms in battle, children who need a new heart or liver, and many other people with critical needs. Today, medical professionals can graft cells from a patient, deposit them onto a tissue scaffold, and insert the scaffold into the body to encourage the growth of bone, cartilage, and other specialized tissue. But researchers are still working toward building complex organs that can be implanted into patients.
Solenoid Valve Health MonitorTBMG-370056/1/2020
The Solenoid Valve Health Monitor System (SVHMS) was developed to remotely monitor the health of solenoid valves, lowering operational costs and increasing reliability by predicting valve failures before they occur. The system measures and analyzes steady state and transient components of the magnetic field and indirectly, the electric current in a solenoid valve during normal operation. It enables continuous monitoring of the integrity and operational status of solenoid valves without the need for interrupting their operation to conduct frequent inspections.
Numerical Optimization of a SCR System Based on the Injection of Pure Gaseous Ammonia for the NOx Reduction in Light-Duty Diesel Engines2020-01-03564/14/2020
Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) systems are nowadays widely applied for the reduction of NOx emitted from Diesel engines. The typical process is based on the injection of aqueous urea in the exhaust gases before the SCR catalyst, which determines the production of the ammonia needed for the catalytic reduction of NOx. However, this technology is affected by two main limitations: a) the evaporation of the urea water solution (UWS) requires a sufficiently high temperature of the exhaust gases and b) the formation of solid deposits during the UWS evaporation is a frequent phenomenon which compromise the correct operation of the system. In this context, to overcome these issues, a technology based on the injection of gaseous ammonia has been recently proposed: in this case, ammonia is stored at the solid state in a cartridge containing a Strontium Chloride salt and it is desorbed by means of electrical heating. In this work, an after-treatment system based on the injection of gaseous
Della Torre, Augusto, Montenegro, Gianluca, Onorati, Angelo, Cerri, Tarcisio, Tronconi, Enrico, Nova, Isabella
An Augmented around View Monitor System Fusing Depth and Image Information during the Reversing Process2020-01-00954/14/2020
The around view monitor (AVM) system for vehicles usually suffers from the distortion of surrounding objects caused by incomplete rectification and stitching, which seriously affects the driver's judgment of the surrounding environment during the reversing process. In response to solve this problem, an augmented around view monitor (AAVM) system fusing image and depth information is proposed, which highlights the point clouds of persons or vehicles at the rear of the vehicle. First, an around view image is generated from four fisheye cameras. Then, the calibration of multi TOF cameras is conducted to improve their accuracy of depth estimation and obtain extrinsic camera positions. Next, the 2D-driven object point cloud detection method is proposed to localize and segment object point clouds like vehicles or persons. Finally, the around view image, the object point clouds, and the car model are unified in the same vehicle-centric coordinate system, which will be projected at a suitable
LI, WEI, Wang, Wenbo, Jiang, Lu, Xiao, Dongjie, Cao, Libo
Model-Based Design of a Hybrid Powertrain Architecture with Connected and Automated Technologies for Fuel Economy Improvements2020-01-14384/14/2020
Simulation-based design of connected and automated hybrid-electric vehicles is a challenging problem. The design space is large, the systems are complex, and the influence of connected and autonomous technology on the process is a new area of research. The Ohio State University EcoCAR Mobility Challenge team developed a comprehensive design and simulation approach as a solution. This paper covers the detailed simulation work conducted after initial design space reduction was performed to arrive at a P0-P4 hybrid vehicle with a gasoline engine. Two simulation environments were deployed in this strategy, each with unique advantages. The first was Autonomie, which is a commercial software tool that is well-validated through peer-reviewed studies. This allowed the team to evaluate a wide range of components in a robust simulation framework. To ensure consistent evaluation between potential architectures, the team paired Autonomie with a particle swarm optimizer to automatically calibrate
Kuwabara, Kristina, Karl-DeFrain, Jacqueline, Midlam-Mohler, Shawn, Satra, Mahaveer Kantilal, Narasimhan Ramakrishnan, Akshra
Optimization of Shifting Schedule of Vehicle Coasting Mode Based on Dynamic Mass Identification2020-01-13214/14/2020
As an important vehicle state parameter, automotive mass has important reference value to the safety performance and comfort of automobiles. Current researches mostly focus on optimizing the established longitudinal dynamics model or improving the algorithm to reduce the recognition error. However, it often neglects that the longitudinal vibration caused by different driving speeds is very different, so the recognition rate is low under various complicated working conditions. In this paper, the speed decoupling model is firstly established to study the interference caused by the longitudinal vibration of the vehicle during the dynamic quality recognition. At the same time, the horizontal speed is decomposed from the combined speed. Then, several real vehicle tests are carried out at different gear speeds. The obtained gear speeds are decoupled and the results are brought into the longitudinal dynamics model. And the quality parameters are estimated by means of recursive least squares
Zhang, Boyang, Guo, Donghua
Improving Robotic Accuracy through Iterative Teaching2020-01-00143/10/2020
Industrial robots have been around since the 1960s and their introduction into the manufacturing industry has helped in automating otherwise repetitive and unsafe tasks, while also increasing the performance and productivity for the companies that adopted the technology. As the majority of industrial robotic arms are deployed in repetitive tasks, the pose accuracy is much less of a key driver for the majority of consumers (e.g. the automotive industry) than speed, payload, energy efficiency and unit cost. Consequently, manufacturers of industrial robots often quote repeatability as an indication of performance whilst the pose accuracy remains comparatively poor. Due to their lack in accuracy, robotic arms have seen slower adoption in the aerospace industry where high accuracy is of utmost importance. However if their accuracy could be improved, robots offer significant advantages, being comparatively inexpensive and more flexible than bespoke automation. Extensive research has been
Sawyer, Daniela, Tinkler, Lloyd, Roberts, Nathan, Diver, Ryan
Researchers Hope to Make Needle Pricks for Diabetics a Thing of the PastTBMG-362403/1/2020
Patients with diabetes have to test their blood sugar levels several times a day to make sure they are not getting too high or too low. Studies have shown that more than half of patients don’t test often enough, in part because of the pain and inconvenience of the needle prick.
Barometry for Altimeter CalibrationAIR1075B (Current)2/20/2020
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) is concerned only with aspects directly relating to available accuracy. While well-designed photoelectric, inductive or capacitive readers and pressure regulators, and other accessories are highly desirable for convenience and production rate, they are considered to be outside the scope of this AIR.
A-4 Aircraft Instruments Committee
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