Electric Vertical Takeoff and Landing (eVTOL) aircraft present a series of challenges to traditional aviation infrastructure that was designed for conventional rotorcraft. Questions have arisen within the vertical flight community as to the validity and applicability of applying current heliport markings and symbology to vertiports. Several of these questions were addressed in a previous paper from VFS Forum 80: "A Comparison of Proposed Concepts for Vertiport Markings and Symbology" (Ref. 6). In contrast, this paper extends that work and presents the results of additional research to enhance the visibility of the Federal Aviation Administration’s (FAA) “Broken Wheel” symbology. These notional enhancements to the "Broken Wheel" symbology were evaluated over the course of an experimental study using helicopter-rated pilots in the FAA William J. Hughes Technical Center’s S76-D and Loft Dynamics H125 and R22 rotorcraft flight simulators.

Johnson, Charles, Thompson, Lacey, Morfitt, Grant

A novel approach for Combi Braking System design considering tire's nonlinear behavior

2024-26-00581/16/2024

The standard usage of Combined Braking System (CBS) in lower cc/power 2-wheeler vehicles serves to reduce stopping distance and improve braking stability. The CBS system achieves this by engaging both the front and rear wheel brakes, taking advantage of the high load transfer characteristic during 2-wheeler braking. However, the current design of the CBS system relies on linear system analysis, based on vehicle geometry, load distribution, and tire-road friction. This approach overlooks the non-linearities inherent in braking dynamics, such as tire behavior and dynamic Center of Gravity (CoG) location. Consequently, the current CBS design methodology exhibits limitations, particularly in extreme scenarios where wheel lock-up may occur, such as on low friction surfaces or during panic braking. This paper proposes the incorporation of tire non-linearities into the design of CBS systems using Pacejka's tire model. Initially, calculations are performed to optimize the braking

Khandekar, Piyush, Badiger, Kartik, Gautam, Ashish, Soni, Lokesh

Liv-in vehicle of the future

2024-26-02371/16/2024

Liv-in vehicle of the future is a pioneer providing sustainable, highly customizable electric LCV solutions offering automated to autonomous driving, seamless connectivity to customers' ecosystems, peace-of-mind reliability and improved productivity and profitability. For flexibility, versatility, and economies of scale, modularity is essential. With a modular EV design, different vehicle models can share the same platform or components. This can accelerate development and provide manufacturing efficiencies, resulting in significant cost savings. With modular components parts sourcing is more efficient, and inventory management, processing, and storage are simplified. One plant can produce multiple vehicle variants far more easily and efficiently, with less complexity of retooling and physical layout changes. Advantages a) Reduced design and development costs. b) A flexible architecture that can be used for a variety of vehicle types. c) Economies of scale. d) Proven performance from

Dias, Francis Anton, Mane, Sushant

Airless tyres in the LEON-T project: How can they be modelled?

2024-26-03751/16/2024

For more than a century, pneumatic (air-inflated) tyres have totally dominated the market for road vehicle tyres. However, in the recent two decades, interest has grown in developing airless tyres. Some of the authors were involved in design of an early version in composite material 15-30 years ago for passenger cars. Presently, the EU project LEON-T includes a part in which prototypes for innovative heavy goods vehicle (HGV) tyres are developed, with the main purpose to reduce noise emission by 6 dB. To reduce noise that much it is believed that airless tyres are needed. A special challenge is to get a durable design able to carry typical truck tyre loads. This paper introduces the principal design of airless tyres. Airless tyre prototypes are intended to be developed by partner Euroturbine, in cooperation with mainly Applus+ IDIADA, VTI and subcontractor Lightness by Design. The tyre consists of a rim, load-carrying spokes, composite belt and rubber tread. The primary focus is on the

Anantharamaiah, Bharath, Fragerberg, Linus, Sandberg, Ulf, Hansson, Hans-Erik, Garcia, Juan J.

Tire-Rim Impact failure prediction using mathematical model

2024-26-03141/16/2024

Early design or concept phase involve decision of key Chassis & Suspension parameters finalization, in which tire size selection is one of the most important aspect. Tire size affects overall vehicle ride & handling, steering performance and styling. In addition, it will dictate the majority of suspension packaging in subsequent design phase. An improper tire size selection can lead to major design changes in later stages and cause delay in the project deliverables. Conventional method of tire size selection mainly based on load rating using Tire standards like ETRTO, JATMA etc. is sufficient for vehicle application & basic durability point of view but lacks the insight for typical tire-rim impact failure mode. Aim of the study is to develop the methodology of predicting durability failure especially kerb strike event using simplified suspension-tire mathematical model, which will help in selection of optimal tire size or its specifications in early design phase to mitigate the impact

Atal, Abhishek, Lakhera, Vivek

Development of India specific biaxial test cycle for fatigue testing of wheel rims and wheel hub bearings for Heavy Commercial Vehicles

2024-26-03221/16/2024

Wheel rims and wheel hub bearings are critical components of Heavy Commercial Vehicle (HCV) suspension systems and are subjected to extensive fatigue loading throughout their operational life. Actual loading conditions on wheels are a combination of radial loads (vertical loads) and cornering loads (lateral loads) acting simultaneously and are directly influenced by payload and road conditions. Currently for Indian usage, there are test guidelines only for separate uniaxial Radial Fatigue Test (RFT) and Cornering Fatigue Test (CFT) for wheel rims which might not represent realistic combined loading conditions, and no generic guidelines are available for testing of wheel hub bearings. There is a biaxial test guideline defined for European usage scenario, but no guidelines defined for Indian usage scenario. Thus, there was a need to define test guidelines for biaxial fatigue testing of wheel rims and wheel hub bearings, based on data acquired for Indian roads and usage conditions, which

Thorat, Omkar A., Bakal, Nikhil R., Kuwar, Virendra S., Pawar, Prashant R., Shinde, Vikram V.

Comparative study of bending loads on rear axles of heavy commercial vehicles for two different real leaf spring configurations

2024-26-03741/16/2024

In commercial vehicles, leaf springs play a major role in designing the suspension system. Leaf springs are the mostpopular designs having multiple leaves in contact with each other and show hysteresis behavior when loaded and unloaded. The leaf spring acts as a linkage for holding the axle in position and thus separate linkages are not necessary. It makes the construction of the suspension simple and strong. Because the positioning of the axle is carried out by the leaf springs, it is disadvantageous to use soft springs i.e. springs with low spring constant. Leaf springs are excellent in suspending large loads, since they are designed using 'bending beam' equations. The stiffness of the leaf spring assembly can be altered as desired, by changing the number of leaves. The objective of this paper is to compare the bending loads coming at the rear wheel centers of the vehicle when it runs in torture track and over a single bump. Bending loads were compared for the same rear suspension

Korrayi, Rajesh, Dixit, Vishnu

Electro-Hydraulically controlled Steerable Rear axle for commercial vehicles

2024-26-03881/16/2024

This paper presents the hydraulically actuated and electronically controlled rear axle steering system developed indigenously for defence vehicle. Some defence applications required vehicles with long wheel base and deck length for the system to assemble on the chassis. For these vehicles, the steering system requirement mainly the turning circle diameter requirements are very stringent. To meet these requirement, vehicle steering system is divided in two parts- front steering (Traditional) and rear steering. This rear steering is controlled by electronic controller based on the inputs from front wheel angles from front angle transducers and vehicle speed from vehicle CAN system. With these inputs the electronic controller regulates the flow in hydraulic valve block received from primary tandem pump to steering cylinders for required stroke length to turn the rear wheels. Further, there are angle transducers on the rear axles which sends feedback signal to electronic controller, that

chikate, abhishek, Mane, Akshata Dattatray, Kumar, Ganesh, Singh, Dhirendra, Sou Mandal, Pranab, Patjoshi, Sarthak

Experimental Analysis of Multi-Link Rigid Axle Suspension Camber Variation with Vehicle Load

2024-26-00541/16/2024

Jani, Harshil, Rasal, Shraddhesh, Hussain, Inzamam, Asthana, Shivam, ahire, Manoj, Vellandi, Vikraman, Senniappan, Moorthy

Generation of tire digital twin for virtual MBD simulation of vehicles for durability, NVH and handling evaluation

2024-26-03011/16/2024

With the recent development in virtual modelling and vehicle simulation technology, many OEM's worldwide are using digital road profiles in virtual environment for vehicle durability load prediction and virtual design evaluation. For precise simulation results, it is important to have the tire digital twin which is the realistic representation of tire in the virtual environment. The study comprises of discussion about different types of tire models such as empirical, solid model, rigid ring model and flexural ring models such as Pacejka, MF Swift, CD tire, F tire etc. and also the complexity involved in development of these tire models. Generation of virtual tire model requires highly sophisticated test rigs as well as vehicle level testing with Wheel Force transducers and other vehicle dynamics sensors. The large number of data points generated with testing are converted in standard TYDEX format to be further processed in various software tool for virtual model generation. Thus, a

Bakal, Nikhil

Road noise analysis using Component TPA and FBS with vehicle component modifications

2025-01-00555/5/2023

Road noise caused by road excitation is a critical factor for vehicle NVH (Noise, Vibration, and Harshness) performance. However, assessing the individual contribution of components, particularly bushings, to NVH performance is generally challenging, as automobiles are composed of numerous interconnected parts. This study describes the application of Component Transfer Path Analysis (CTPA) on a full vehicle to provide insights into improving NVH performance. With the aid of Virtual Point Transformation (VPT), blocked forces are determined at the wheel hubs; afterward, a TPA is carried out. As blocked forces at the wheel hub are independent of the vehicle dynamics, these forces can be used in simulations of modified vehicle components. These results allow for the estimation of vehicle road noise. To simulate changes in vehicle components, including wheel/tire and mount bushings, Frequency-Based Substructuring (FBS) is used to modify the vehicle setup in a simulation model. In this

Kim, Jungu, Reichart, Ron, de Klerk, Dennis, Schütler, Willem, Malic, Mario, Kim, Hyeongjun, Kim, Uije

Effects on Motorcycle Dynamics Data Using Wheel Force Transducer Systems

2025-01-00945/5/2023

Wheel Force Transducers (WFT) are precise and accurate measurement devices that seamlessly integrate into any vehicle. They can be applied in numerous vehicle applications for both on-road and in laboratory settings. The instrumentation requires replacing an OEM wheel with a custom WFT system which is specific to the wheel hub design. An ideal design will minimally impact a vehicle's dynamics, but the vehicle system is inherently modified to some extent from the weight of the measurement device. Research and technical documentation have been published which provide conclusions that reducing the unsprung mass reduces dynamic wheel load. However, there doesn’t appear to be clear compensation techniques for how a modified unsprung mass can be related to the original system, thus allowing the WFT signals to be more accurate to the OEM wheel forces. An experimental study was performed on a prototype motorcycle to better understand these differences. An instrumented “impact bump” acting as a

Frisco, Jacob, Rhudy, Scott, Larsen, William, Oosting, Nicholas

angular upgrade test

SAE-PP-078284/11/2023

testing upgrade

Rickard, Christopher

SAE-PP-0779411/16/2022

testing 123

Rickard, Christopher, SintzUSER, Jeneane

Comparative Numerical Study on Heat Dissipation Behaviour of Conventional Disk Brake Designs for High-Performance Requirements.

2022-28-042211/9/2022

The braking system of a vehicle is one of the most crucial parts for proper and safe operation. It is required to slow down and/or stop the vehicle and work by converting the kinetic energy of the wheel to heat. It is essential to dissipate the generated heat for optimal working and the long life of the disc brakes. Most of the complications and failures with a brake disc are due to problems with heat distribution and heat level absorbed by the disc. The heat is generated due to friction between the brake pad and disc. Due to overheating of brakes due to prolonged braking and heavy braking, brake fade occurs which leads to boiling of the brake fluid, gassing, and glazing of brake pads and hence reducing braking performance. Therefore, in this project, our aim is to determine the best design that allows for the most heat dissipation by analyzing four different disc brakes using computer simulations i.e CFD to study the effect on airflow and convection and FEA for thermal analysis. This

Arora, Rishabh, Rao, Vikram, Sharma, Rishab, Chahal, Rujul, Singh, Manvesh

Effect of anti-dive suspension geometry on braking stability

2022-01-11729/19/2022

Suspension plays a crucial role in stabilizing, comfort, and performance of a vehicle. During vehicle braking operation, load transfer happens from rear axle to front axle resulting in shifting of vehicle’s center of gravity towards vehicle front for a momentarily duration, this phenomenon is called diving. This leads to dropping of traction at rear wheel end, resulting in lifting of rear axle with front wheel as pivot causing increase in front to rear weight ratio of vehicle system and moreover, compromising driver safety due to skidding and locking of rear. To minimize this phenomenon’s affect, optimum anti-dive suspension geometry is used to have better rear wheel end traction resulting in improved braking stability. This paper provides methodology for establishing coherence between braking and suspension geometry by providing mathematical model with various suspension geometry and its reaction force on vehicle under braking condition for predicting traction lose at rear wheel end

Patel, Sahil, Pujari, Sachin, Nagrikar, Ravi, Umbare, Deepak

Investigation and Analysis of Brake Factor variation and its relation with Brake Pulling.

2022-01-11719/19/2022

Vehicles pull during braking can be defined as the deviation of vehicle travel from intended path of the vehicle by a margin of half a wheel track or more. It is a dynamic phenomenon with very complex inter-dependencies among the combined functioning of various aggregates such as steering system, suspension system, axles, brakes. The problem is aggravated with shorter wheelbase & higher CG (Centre of Gravity) height, where the instantaneous load transfers are sudden and of relatively high magnitude which can lead to a combination of forces that are responsible for vehicle drifting or pulling to anyone side of center-line travel. Vehicle with shorter wheelbases, high GVW and high CG heights are more prone to this unstable behavior due to sudden change in dynamic forces acting on the tires while turning and braking. Although these vehicles have some disadvantages, they are required for important applications such as stage and intercity operations and hence cannot be stopped producing due

Pandey, Prashant, Pujari, Sachin, Nagrikar, Ravi

Bacon jmsauto testauto testauto testauto testauto test

SAE-PP-076579/15/2022

solutions

Rickard, Christopher

jms demo testauto testauto testauto test

SAE-PP-071869/8/2022

blah blah blah

Rickard, Christopher, SintzADMIn, Jeneane

SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Reinventing the Wheel with Carbon Fiber

132388/5/2022

The team at Carbon Revolution is going against some age-old advice -they're reinventing the wheel. And they're seeing results. Back in 2004, Dr. Ashley Denmead, Chief Technology Officer and Founder of Carbon Revolution, was part of the Formula SAE team at Deakin University in Australia. After building a too-heavy car the year prior, Ashley and his engineering team looked to save weight in the wheels. Their idea? Build them out of carbon fiber. Thus, the journey of Carbon Revolution began. Today, the company designs and manufactures some of the world's most technically advanced and highest performing wheels on the planet, and one of the most advanced lightweight technologies on any car. There are more than 50,000 Carbon Revolution wheels on the road today, including on vehicles such as the Ford GT and the Ferrari F8 Spider. From four guys in a garage to 550 people in a 10,000 square-foot facility with Ford, Ferrari and General Motors among its customers, Carbon Revolution proves

Hineman, Marcie

testing collections assignment

SAE-PP-030347/8/2022

blah blah blah collections

Rickard, Christopher

Vehicle Feature Recognition Method Based on Image Semantic Segmentation

2022-01-01653/29/2022

In the process of truck overload and over-limit detection, it is necessary to detect the characteristics of the vehicle's size, type, and wheel number, etc. In addition, in some vehicle visual load recognition systems, the vehicle load can be calculated by detecting the vibration frequency of specific parts of vehicle or the change in the length of the suspension during the vehicle's forward process. Therefore, it is very important to quickly and accurately identify vehicle features through the camera. This paper proposes a vehicle feature recognition method based on image semantic segmentation and Python, which can identify the length, height, number of wheels and vibration frequency at specific parts of the vehicle based on the vehicle driving video captured by the roadside camera. The process of vehicle recognition is as follows: First, build a convolutional neural network based on the image semantic segmentation model SegNet and use the data set to train it, and use the Python

Wang, Chu, Ding, Shousheng

Numerical simulation of Vehicle Dynamics performance of a Formula 1 Car based on 2022 regulations with integrated Power Unit

2022-01-04453/29/2022

The Formula One World Championship gathers the best of engineering to produce the safest and the fastest cars in straight lines and corners. The new FIA budget restrictions and the cost of testing push the teams to use numerical simulations for the development of their car, aiming to reproduce the behaviours of the vehicle on different racetracks. Current published models use a rigid body representation of the chassis to describe the motion of the car. This omits the influence of the powertrain, in particular by not fully representing the action of the Motor Generator Unit-Kinetic (MGUK) system acting on braking. The aim of this work is to predict the vehicle dynamics performance of a Formula One car from a powertrain perspective on three circuits of the Formula One Championship race Calendar. The vehicle model developed on GT-Suite and which complies with the FIA 2022 technical regulations, includes the main elements for predicting vehicle dynamics, such as the vehicle body, wheels

Praneuf, Valentin, Samuel, Stephen

Controller design for path tracking of autonomous vehicle incorporating four-wheel steering system

2022-01-03463/29/2022

This research aims to model and assess autonomous vehicle controller while including a four-wheel steering and longitudinal speed control. Such a modeling process simulates human driver behavior with consideration of real vehicle dynamics’ characteristics during standard maneuvers. However, a four-wheel steering control improves vehicle stability and maneuverability as well. A two-degree of freedom bicycle model, lateral deviation and yaw angle, is constructed to describe vehicle dynamics’ behavior. Moreover, a comprehensive traction model is implemented which includes an engine, automatic transmission, and non-linear magic formula tire model for simulation of vehicle longitudinal dynamics. A combination of PID longitudinal controller and fuzzy lateral controller are implemented simultaneously to track the desired vehicle path while minimizing lateral deviation and yaw angle errors. Then, A LQR based rear steering controller is introduced to represent a performance improvement over

Gafar, Ibrahim, Oraby, Walid, Aly, Mahmoud Atef

Active control of Camber and Toe angles to improve vehicle Ride Comfort

2022-01-11203/29/2022

This paper is part of the European OWHEEL project. It proposes a method to improve the comfort of a vehicle by adaptively controlling the Camber and Toe angles of a rear suspension. The purpose is achieved through two actuators for each wheel, one that allows to change the Camber angle and the other the Toe angle. The control action is dynamically determined based on the error between the reference angle and the actual angles. The reference angles are not fixed over time but dynamically vary during the manoeuvre. The references vary with the aim of maintaining a Camber angle close to zero and a Toe angle that follows the trajectory of the vehicle during the curve. This improves the contact of the tire with the road. This solution allows the control system to be used flexibly for the different types of manoeuvres that the vehicle could perform. An experimentally validated sports vehicle was used to carry out the simulations. The original rear suspension is a Trailing-arm suspension. It

Marotta, Raffaele, Strano, Salvatore, Terzo, Mario, Tordela, Ciro, Ivanov, Valentin

Mobility Boundaries for the Wheel Normal Reaction

2022-01-04213/29/2022

When a vehicle moves over uneven ground, motion of the sprung and unsprung masses causes dynamic shifting in the load transmitted to the ground, making the normal reaction in the tire-soil patch a continuously changing wheel parameter that may affect vehicle performance. At high loads, sinkage of the wheel can become high as the wheel digs into the soil. At low loads, the wheel can have difficulty acquiring sufficient traction. Additionally, steerability of the wheel can be diminished at very low loads. Controlling the damping forces in the suspension that is usually used to improve ride quality and stabilize motion of the sprung mass can result in an increase in the dynamic variation of the wheel normal reaction and cause vehicle performance deterioration. In this paper, a method is developed to establish boundary constraints on the dynamic normal reaction to maintain reasonable tire-terrain mobility characteristics. Using an inverse dynamics approach, a time history of the dynamic

Paldan, Jesse, Vantsevich, Vladimir, Gorsich, David, Singh, Amandeep, Goryca, Jill, Moradi, Lee

Measurement of Particle Dynamics on the Real Vehicle in Different Driving Scenarios with Swarm Sensors

2021-01-129910/11/2021

Due to the increase in public attention in the analysis of non-exhaust emission sources because of the growing electrification of vehicles, measurements have been performed in recent years to develop a consistent test standard. In particular, the consideration of tyre and brake abrasion took a predominant position due to the small particle sizes. With measurements under controlled and laboratory-like athmosphere, for example for brakes on dynamometers, attempts have been made to create a uniform test standard according to the Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Procedure (WLTP). However, a transfer to the real driving environment is not yet feasible because of many external disturbance variables, such as the wheel housing or atmospheric variables. Typical reference measurement sensors in the vehicle are only suitable to a limited extent for mobile operation due to their size and the necessary measurement infrastructure. The aim of this work is to analyse swarm measurements on a

Ostermeyer, Georg-Peter, Lehne-Wandrey, Guido, Sandgaard, Malte

Research on Locked Wheel Protection Function of Aircraft Brake System

2021-01-126910/11/2021

Li, Bing, Dong, Jin, Xiao, Peng, Meng, Qingtang

Investigations on the Deposition Behaviour of Brake Wear Particles on the Wheel Surface

2021-01-130110/11/2021

The deposition behavior of brake wear particles on the surface of a wheel and the mechanisms on it have not been fully understood. In addition, the proportion of brake wear particles deposited on the wheel surface compared to the total emitted particles is almost unknown. This information is necessary to evaluate the number- and mass-related emission factors measured on the inertia dynamometer and to compare them with on-road and vehicle-related emission behaviour. The aim of this study is to clarify the deposition behavior of brake particles on the wheel surface. First, the real deposition behaviour is determined in on-road tests. For particle sampling, collection pads are adapted at different positions of a front and rear axle wheel. In addition to a Real Driving Emissions (RDE)-compliant test cycle, tests are performed in urban, rural and motorway sections to evaluate speed-dependent influences. Microscopic analysis is used to determine the particle number concentration and particle

Hesse, David, Hamatschek, Christopher, Feißel, Toni, Sachse, Hannes, Augsburg, Klaus, Gramstat, Sebastian

Systems of Automatic Brake Torque Reduction on the Wheels of One Axle of the Car

2021-01-126610/11/2021

Braking mechanisms have the most variation in performance of all of the elements of the braking system. Instability of braking torques on the wheels of one axle of the vehicle leads to the appearance of the braking forces unevenness, and then- to the vehicle skidding during braking. At one time, the appearance of open-type disc brakes made it possible to reduce the unevenness of the braking forces on the sides of the car due to their higher characteristics of energy intensity and stability. However, the lack of feedback between the left and right disc brakes mounted on the same axle of the vehicle does not allow reducing the unevenness of the braking forces to an acceptable minimum. The authors of the work studied and proposed several systems for automatic reduction of the braking torques unevenness for braking mechanisms mounted on the wheels of one axle.

Podrigalo, Mikhail, Kholodov, Mykhailo, Stepanov, Victor, Soloviov, Oleh, Aleksandrov, Yevgeniy, Volontsevych, Dmytro, Morozov, Oleksandr

A Case study on Effect of subsequent operations on shotpeened Crown Wheel Pinion (Hypoid Gear set) & Compressive Residual Stress analysis

2021-26-02529/22/2021

Abstract: The prime function of crown wheel pinion is to receive the power from Transmission & distribute to two-wheel Ends. Doing so these members will experience the tremendous Bending Fatigue. Shot peen is the one of the latest technologiesused to improve the bending Fatigue of the CWP. In this particular case- 6 CWP are taken for the Study to understand the effect of the operations after shot peen process. 3 Samples are named as Batch A, another 3 samples are named as Batch B. Both the batch CWP are shot peened. Then as a regular production Practice the Batch A CWP are process through Hard TurningAbrasive Lapping Hot Lubriting (Mn Phosphate)Fully Finish Ready for Assembly. Then Both the Batch A & batch B samples are taken for Residual Stress analysis using X-Ray Diffraction Technique. The measurement location is 50 microns below the surface. The results tabulated,found that Batch A samples shows decrease in Residual stress relatively to Batch B.This evident that post operations

Rao, Yathish

Speed Limiter Using Disturbance Observer

2021-01-01024/6/2021

This paper suggests disturbance observer which improves performance of speed limit assist control. The nonlinear disturbance observer was designed so that disturbance caused by parameter and load uncertainties is able to be estimated exponentially. With the contribution of the observer, feed-forward and integral controllers can be omitted while improving steady-state error elimination and overshoot reduction. The acceleration observer is also designed to reduce the effect of wheel slip and changing slope. The performance of the controllers has been verified not only on flat roads, but also on wave road and rapidly changing ramps.

Son, Huiun, Jo, Kyuhwan, Kim, Sangjoon, Cho, Jinkyeom, Jeon, Sungbae

Wheels/Rims - Truck and Bus - Performance Requirements and Test Procedures for Radial and Cornering Fatigue

J267_202102 (Current)

2/4/2021

This SAE Recommended Practice provides minimum performance target and uniform laboratory procedures for fatigue testing of wheels and demountable rims intended for normal highway use on trucks, buses, truck-trailers, and multipurpose vehicles. Users may establish design criteria exceeding the minimum performance target for added confidence in a design. The cycle target noted in Tables 1 and 2 are based on Weibull statistics using two parameter, median ranks, 50% confidence level and 90% reliability, and beta equal to two, typically noted as B10C50. For other wheels intended for normal highway use and temporary use on passenger cars, light trucks, and multipurpose vehicles, refer to SAE J328. For wheels used on trailers drawn by passenger cars, light trucks, or multipurpose vehicles, refer to SAE J1204. For bolt together military wheels, refer to SAE J1992. This document does not cover other special application wheels and rims.

Truck and Bus Wheel Committee

Wheels/Rims - Truck and Bus - Performance Requirements and Test Procedures for Radial and Cornering Fatigue

J267_202102-TEST-REC (Historical)2/4/2021

Truck and Bus Wheel Committee

Wheel Chocks

J348_202010 (Current)

10/19/2020

This SAE standard presents the basic information required for the design and manufacture of a wheel chock.

Truck and Bus Tire Committee

A Full-System Approach to Maximize Energy Efficiency of a Wheel Bearing

2020-01-163110/5/2020

Environmental sustainability is morphing Automotive technical development strategies and driving the evolution of vehicles with a speed and a strength hardly foreseeable a decade ago. The entire vehicle architecture is impacted, and energy efficiency becomes one of the most important parameters to reach goals, which are now not only market demands, but also based on regulatory standards with penalty consequences. Therefore, rolling drag from all bearings in multiple rotating parts of the vehicle needs to be reduced; wheel bearings are among the biggest in size regardless of the powertrain architecture (ICE, Hybrid, BEV) and have a significant impact. The design of wheel bearings is a complex balance between features influencing durability, robustness, vehicle dynamics, and, of course, energy efficiency. Whereas the driving efficiency and durability have always been main drivers for wheel hub designs, the upcoming development of BEVs, which use large battery packs, has introduced

Re, Paolo, Lamboglia, Francesco, Missiaggia, Giorgio

Potentials and Challenges of a Brake Particle Emission Collecting System

2020-01-163510/5/2020

Brake particle emissions as a part of non-exhaust emissions are becoming more and more relevant, various international research activities can be stated. Also from the legislation side, first hints are given in regards of possible regulations. One possible approach for the reduction of brake particle emissions deals with the collection of those particles close to the foundation brake. The presented paper will follow such an approach and give some insights. In a first step, the technical layout is described for bench and vehicle testing. While for bench testing a PMP-like style of the setup could be chosen, the vehicle test setup is oriented on conventional wheel dust measurements. Hence, presented results of laboratory testing are dealing with PN and PM measurements. Also the impact on particle size distribution is discussed. It can be stated, that the particle collecting system is able to improve PN and PM emissions. Additionally, ultra-fine particles are almost eliminated. The

Gramstat, Sebastian, Hascoet, Matthieu, Rocca-Serra, Christophe, Adamczak, Loic

Gear Rim Failure Prediction Based on Fracture Mechanics

F-0076-2020-16351

10/5/2020

Gear design changes impact on gear crack propagation trajectory is investigated through numerical study. General purpose linear elastic fracture mechanics software, FRANC2D and FRANC3D, are used to simulate 2D and 3D gear crack propagation. FRANC can model non-planner, arbitrary shape crack surface for crack tip stress distributions, stress intensity factors, and crack propagation analyses. Maximum tensile stress and NASGRO4 fatigue crack growth models are employed to predict crack propagation direction and life. Three-dimensional idler gear crack propagation simulation shows the predicted crack trajectory is close to the field observation. Various 2D models are simulated to investigate the crack trajectory impact factors and design strategies to prevent gear rim failure. As shown in previous studies, the initial crack position and orientation play pivot role to control gear failure mode - tooth or rim. For a fixed crack position, this study shows the ratio between bend stress and

Xu, Biqiang

Providing of Sliding Bearings Reliability of Transmissions Gear Wheels of Transport Cars by Optimization of Assembly Tolerances

2020-01-22399/15/2020

In the design of gearboxes and transfer boxes of heavy-duty vehicle`s transmissions, sliding bearings are often used as supports for gear wheels. Analysis of the results of statistical processing of gearbox parts failures and transfer boxes of wheeled tractors with a pulling force of 30 kN indicates the need to improve the reliability of the sliding bearings of the gear wheels. Such plain bearings ensure free rotation of the gear wheels in case of the torque transmission absence, and when locked by a clutch, the radial load of the gear wheel is sensed, while operating in the slipping rolling mode. Such units are poorly understood and in the technical literature sources there are no recommendations for their engineering, which often leads to errors when selecting operation gaps and press fitted in gear wheels. The manufacturers of the transmissions assemblies replaced the plain bearings, which in this case are made of metal-ceramic bushes, for roller bearings. Also, the application of

Savchuk, Volodymyr, Kuhtov, Valeriy, Gritsuk, Igor V., Podrigalo, Mikhail, Vychuzhanin, Vladimir, Parsadanov, Igor, Bulgakov, Nickolay, Belousov, Evgen, Vrublevskyi, Roman, Samarin, Oleksandr, Kurnosenko, Daria, Verbovskiy, Valeriy

Aftermarket Composite Wheels Made of Matrix Material and Fiber Reinforcement Intended for Normal Highway Use - Test Procedures and Performance Requirements

J3204_202009 (Current)

9/9/2020

This SAE Recommended Practice provides minimum performance requirements and uniform procedures for fatigue and impact testing, electrical resistance, and maximum operating temperature (MOT) of wheels intended for normal highway use on passenger cars, light trucks, and multipurpose vehicles.

Wheel Standards Committee

Aftermarket Composite Wheels Made of Matrix Material and Fiber Reinforcement Intended for Normal Highway Use - Test Procedures and Performance Requirements

J3204_202009-TEST-REC (Historical)9/9/2020

Wheel Standards Committee

Measurement Location Optimization of Component TPA Method for Road Noise

2020-01-15816/3/2020

In this paper, an investigation on the application of a non-intrusive on-site component Transfer Path Analysis (TPA) method is presented together with the comparison with a previously performed direct blocked forces method. The latter is the more common method to determine interface forces between active and passive parts of an assembly. Force transducers are placed between the investigated structure and a rigid measurement rig. The presented comparison shows an investigated whether the faster and cheaper TPA method was able to produce relevant results. The TPA method used in this work calculated the force component contributions, without disassembly of the interfaces, through the local stiffness of multiple indicator positions per interface combined with operational measurement. The method is based on the application of an inverse-matrix model. This approach was applied to a vehicle road noise investigation carried out on a roller bench at three different roller speeds. A rough

de Boer, Onno, Iturbe, Javier, Gagliardini, Laurent, Bragado Pérez, Beatriz

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