Browse Topic: Wheels

Items (468)

Comparative study of bending loads on rear axles of heavy commercial vehicles for two different real leaf spring configurations

2024-26-037401/16/2024

In commercial vehicles, leaf springs play a major role in designing the suspension system. Leaf springs are the mostpopular designs having multiple leaves in contact with each other and show hysteresis behavior when loaded and unloaded. The leaf spring acts as a linkage for holding the axle in position and thus separate linkages are not necessary. It makes the construction of the suspension simple and strong. Because the positioning of the axle is carried out by the leaf springs, it is disadvantageous to use soft springs i.e. springs with low spring constant. Leaf springs are excellent in suspending large loads, since they are designed using 'bending beam' equations. The stiffness of the leaf spring assembly can be altered as desired, by changing the number of leaves. The objective of this paper is to compare the bending loads coming at the rear wheel centers of the vehicle when it runs in torture track and over a single bump. Bending loads were compared for the same rear suspension

Korrayi, Rajesh, Dixit, Vishnu

Liv-in vehicle of the future

2024-26-023701/16/2024

Liv-in vehicle of the future is a pioneer providing sustainable, highly customizable electric LCV solutions offering automated to autonomous driving, seamless connectivity to customers' ecosystems, peace-of-mind reliability and improved productivity and profitability. For flexibility, versatility, and economies of scale, modularity is essential. With a modular EV design, different vehicle models can share the same platform or components. This can accelerate development and provide manufacturing efficiencies, resulting in significant cost savings. With modular components parts sourcing is more efficient, and inventory management, processing, and storage are simplified. One plant can produce multiple vehicle variants far more easily and efficiently, with less complexity of retooling and physical layout changes. Advantages a) Reduced design and development costs. b) A flexible architecture that can be used for a variety of vehicle types. c) Economies of scale. d) Proven performance from

Dias, Francis Anton, Mane, Sushant

A novel approach for Combi Braking System design considering tire's nonlinear behavior

2024-26-005801/16/2024

The standard usage of Combined Braking System (CBS) in lower cc/power 2-wheeler vehicles serves to reduce stopping distance and improve braking stability. The CBS system achieves this by engaging both the front and rear wheel brakes, taking advantage of the high load transfer characteristic during 2-wheeler braking. However, the current design of the CBS system relies on linear system analysis, based on vehicle geometry, load distribution, and tire-road friction. This approach overlooks the non-linearities inherent in braking dynamics, such as tire behavior and dynamic Center of Gravity (CoG) location. Consequently, the current CBS design methodology exhibits limitations, particularly in extreme scenarios where wheel lock-up may occur, such as on low friction surfaces or during panic braking. This paper proposes the incorporation of tire non-linearities into the design of CBS systems using Pacejka's tire model. Initially, calculations are performed to optimize the braking

Khandekar, Piyush, Badiger, Kartik, Gautam, Ashish, Soni, Lokesh

Road noise analysis using Component TPA and FBS with vehicle component modifications

2025-01-005505/05/2023

Road noise caused by road excitation is a critical factor for vehicle NVH (Noise, Vibration, and Harshness) performance. However, assessing the individual contribution of components, particularly bushings, to NVH performance is generally challenging, as automobiles are composed of numerous interconnected parts. This study describes the application of Component Transfer Path Analysis (CTPA) on a full vehicle to provide insights into improving NVH performance. With the aid of Virtual Point Transformation (VPT), blocked forces are determined at the wheel hubs; afterward, a TPA is carried out. As blocked forces at the wheel hub are independent of the vehicle dynamics, these forces can be used in simulations of modified vehicle components. These results allow for the estimation of vehicle road noise. To simulate changes in vehicle components, including wheel/tire and mount bushings, Frequency-Based Substructuring (FBS) is used to modify the vehicle setup in a simulation model. In this

Kim, Jungu, Reichart, Ron, de Klerk, Dennis, Schütler, Willem, Malic, Mario, Kim, Hyeongjun, Kim, Uije

Effects on Motorcycle Dynamics Data Using Wheel Force Transducer Systems

2025-01-009405/05/2023

Wheel Force Transducers (WFT) are precise and accurate measurement devices that seamlessly integrate into any vehicle. They can be applied in numerous vehicle applications for both on-road and in laboratory settings. The instrumentation requires replacing an OEM wheel with a custom WFT system which is specific to the wheel hub design. An ideal design will minimally impact a vehicle's dynamics, but the vehicle system is inherently modified to some extent from the weight of the measurement device. Research and technical documentation have been published which provide conclusions that reducing the unsprung mass reduces dynamic wheel load. However, there doesn’t appear to be clear compensation techniques for how a modified unsprung mass can be related to the original system, thus allowing the WFT signals to be more accurate to the OEM wheel forces. An experimental study was performed on a prototype motorcycle to better understand these differences. An instrumented “impact bump” acting as a

Frisco, Jacob, Rhudy, Scott, Larsen, William, Oosting, Nicholas

angular upgrade test

SAE-PP-0782804/11/2023

testing upgrade

Rickard, Christopher

test e3e 11/16auto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto testauto test

SAE-PP-0779411/16/2022

Rickard, Christopher, SintzUSER, Jeneane

Comparative Numerical Study on Heat Dissipation Behaviour of Conventional Disk Brake Designs for High-Performance Requirements.

2022-28-042211/09/2022

The braking system of a vehicle is one of the most crucial parts for proper and safe operation. It is required to slow down and/or stop the vehicle and work by converting the kinetic energy of the wheel to heat. It is essential to dissipate the generated heat for optimal working and the long life of the disc brakes. Most of the complications and failures with a brake disc are due to problems with heat distribution and heat level absorbed by the disc. The heat is generated due to friction between the brake pad and disc. Due to overheating of brakes due to prolonged braking and heavy braking, brake fade occurs which leads to boiling of the brake fluid, gassing, and glazing of brake pads and hence reducing braking performance. Therefore, in this project, our aim is to determine the best design that allows for the most heat dissipation by analyzing four different disc brakes using computer simulations i.e CFD to study the effect on airflow and convection and FEA for thermal analysis. This

Arora, Rishabh, Rao, Vikram, Sharma, Rishab, Chahal, Rujul, Singh, Manvesh

Effect of anti-dive suspension geometry on braking stability

2022-01-117209/19/2022

Suspension plays a crucial role in stabilizing, comfort, and performance of a vehicle. During vehicle braking operation, load transfer happens from rear axle to front axle resulting in shifting of vehicle’s center of gravity towards vehicle front for a momentarily duration, this phenomenon is called diving. This leads to dropping of traction at rear wheel end, resulting in lifting of rear axle with front wheel as pivot causing increase in front to rear weight ratio of vehicle system and moreover, compromising driver safety due to skidding and locking of rear. To minimize this phenomenon’s affect, optimum anti-dive suspension geometry is used to have better rear wheel end traction resulting in improved braking stability. This paper provides methodology for establishing coherence between braking and suspension geometry by providing mathematical model with various suspension geometry and its reaction force on vehicle under braking condition for predicting traction lose at rear wheel end

Patel, Sahil, Pujari, Sachin, Nagrikar, Ravi, Umbare, Deepak

Investigation and Analysis of Brake Factor variation and its relation with Brake Pulling.

2022-01-117109/19/2022

Vehicles pull during braking can be defined as the deviation of vehicle travel from intended path of the vehicle by a margin of half a wheel track or more. It is a dynamic phenomenon with very complex inter-dependencies among the combined functioning of various aggregates such as steering system, suspension system, axles, brakes. The problem is aggravated with shorter wheelbase & higher CG (Centre of Gravity) height, where the instantaneous load transfers are sudden and of relatively high magnitude which can lead to a combination of forces that are responsible for vehicle drifting or pulling to anyone side of center-line travel. Vehicle with shorter wheelbases, high GVW and high CG heights are more prone to this unstable behavior due to sudden change in dynamic forces acting on the tires while turning and braking. Although these vehicles have some disadvantages, they are required for important applications such as stage and intercity operations and hence cannot be stopped producing due

Pandey, Prashant, Pujari, Sachin, Nagrikar, Ravi

Bacon jmsauto testauto testauto testauto testauto test

SAE-PP-0765709/15/2022

Rickard, Christopher

jms demo testauto testauto testauto test

SAE-PP-0718609/08/2022

Rickard, Christopher, SintzADMIn, Jeneane

SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Reinventing the Wheel with Carbon Fiber

1323808/05/2022

The team at Carbon Revolution is going against some age-old advice -they're reinventing the wheel. And they're seeing results. Back in 2004, Dr. Ashley Denmead, Chief Technology Officer and Founder of Carbon Revolution, was part of the Formula SAE team at Deakin University in Australia. After building a too-heavy car the year prior, Ashley and his engineering team looked to save weight in the wheels. Their idea? Build them out of carbon fiber. Thus, the journey of Carbon Revolution began. Today, the company designs and manufactures some of the world's most technically advanced and highest performing wheels on the planet, and one of the most advanced lightweight technologies on any car. There are more than 50,000 Carbon Revolution wheels on the road today, including on vehicles such as the Ford GT and the Ferrari F8 Spider. From four guys in a garage to 550 people in a 10,000 square-foot facility with Ford, Ferrari and General Motors among its customers, Carbon Revolution proves

Hineman, Marcie

testing collections assignment

SAE-PP-0303407/08/2022

blah blah blah collections

Rickard, Christopher

Mobility Boundaries for the Wheel Normal Reaction

2022-01-042103/29/2022

When a vehicle moves over uneven ground, motion of the sprung and unsprung masses causes dynamic shifting in the load transmitted to the ground, making the normal reaction in the tire-soil patch a continuously changing wheel parameter that may affect vehicle performance. At high loads, sinkage of the wheel can become high as the wheel digs into the soil. At low loads, the wheel can have difficulty acquiring sufficient traction. Additionally, steerability of the wheel can be diminished at very low loads. Controlling the damping forces in the suspension that is usually used to improve ride quality and stabilize motion of the sprung mass can result in an increase in the dynamic variation of the wheel normal reaction and cause vehicle performance deterioration. In this paper, a method is developed to establish boundary constraints on the dynamic normal reaction to maintain reasonable tire-terrain mobility characteristics. Using an inverse dynamics approach, a time history of the dynamic

Paldan, Jesse, Vantsevich, Vladimir, Gorsich, David, Singh, Amandeep, Goryca, Jill, Moradi, Lee

Active control of Camber and Toe angles to improve vehicle Ride Comfort

2022-01-112003/29/2022

This paper is part of the European OWHEEL project. It proposes a method to improve the comfort of a vehicle by adaptively controlling the Camber and Toe angles of a rear suspension. The purpose is achieved through two actuators for each wheel, one that allows to change the Camber angle and the other the Toe angle. The control action is dynamically determined based on the error between the reference angle and the actual angles. The reference angles are not fixed over time but dynamically vary during the manoeuvre. The references vary with the aim of maintaining a Camber angle close to zero and a Toe angle that follows the trajectory of the vehicle during the curve. This improves the contact of the tire with the road. This solution allows the control system to be used flexibly for the different types of manoeuvres that the vehicle could perform. An experimentally validated sports vehicle was used to carry out the simulations. The original rear suspension is a Trailing-arm suspension. It

Marotta, Raffaele, Strano, Salvatore, Terzo, Mario, Tordela, Ciro, Ivanov, Valentin

Simulation of the Steering System Power Demand during the Concept Phase Focusing on Tire Modelling at Standstill

06-14-03-001211/09/2021

Estimating the power demand of a steering system is one of the main tasks during steering system development in the concept phase of a vehicle development process. Most critical for typical axle kinematics are parking maneuvers with simultaneously high rack forces and velocities. Therefore, the focus of the article is a tire model for standstill, which can be parametrized without measurements, only having tire dimensions and conditions (inflation pressure and wheel load) as input. Combined with a double-track model, a vehicle model is developed, which is able to predict the rack force and is fully applicable during the concept phase. The article demonstrates quantitatively that the tie rod forces, and thereby especially the tire bore torque, cause the largest fraction of the power demand at the rack. For this reason, the prediction of the bore torque is investigated in detail, whereby basic approaches from the literature are analyzed and enhanced. Furthermore, an approach is derived

Ketzmerick, Erik, Abel, Hendrik, Prokop, Günther

A Case study on Effect of subsequent operations on shotpeened Crown Wheel Pinion (Hypoid Gear set) & Compressive Residual Stress analysis

2021-26-025209/22/2021

Abstract: The prime function of crown wheel pinion is to receive the power from Transmission & distribute to two-wheel Ends. Doing so these members will experience the tremendous Bending Fatigue. Shot peen is the one of the latest technologiesused to improve the bending Fatigue of the CWP. In this particular case- 6 CWP are taken for the Study to understand the effect of the operations after shot peen process. 3 Samples are named as Batch A, another 3 samples are named as Batch B. Both the batch CWP are shot peened. Then as a regular production Practice the Batch A CWP are process through Hard TurningAbrasive Lapping Hot Lubriting (Mn Phosphate)Fully Finish Ready for Assembly. Then Both the Batch A & batch B samples are taken for Residual Stress analysis using X-Ray Diffraction Technique. The measurement location is 50 microns below the surface. The results tabulated,found that Batch A samples shows decrease in Residual stress relatively to Batch B.This evident that post operations

Engineering challenges in Alloy wheel rim for safety simulations

2021-26-036209/22/2021

Aluminium alloy wheels are widely used in the automotive industry over the last decade due to its superior styling and performance. Alloy wheel rim is one of the critical components and plays an important role in a frontal crash scenario. Alloy wheel rim failure prediction in safety simulation is essential to ensure robust safety performance. Determining failure characteristics of an alloy wheel poses many difficulties considering its brittle nature, porosity and inhomogeneity in material properties across different regions of wheel rim due to mould design, cooling rate and other process parameters of the low-pressure die casting process. This paper describes the modelling and simulation methodology developed to predict accurate wheel behaviour. The methodology addresses two distinct areas of challenges such as alloy wheel rim failure prediction and associated tire blow out. Alloy wheel rim material was characterised considering the inhomogeneity of material properties at different

Koralla, Sivaprasad, Tiwari, Sourabh, Khare, Pratyush, Daphal, Pratap, Gese, Helmut

Speed Limiter Using Disturbance Observer

2021-01-010204/06/2021

This paper suggests disturbance observer which improves performance of speed limit assist control. The nonlinear disturbance observer was designed so that disturbance caused by parameter and load uncertainties is able to be estimated exponentially. With the contribution of the observer, feed-forward and integral controllers can be omitted while improving steady-state error elimination and overshoot reduction. The acceleration observer is also designed to reduce the effect of wheel slip and changing slope. The performance of the controllers has been verified not only on flat roads, but also on wave road and rapidly changing ramps.

Son, Huiun, Jo, Kyuhwan, Kim, Sangjoon, Cho, Jinkyeom, Jeon, Sungbae

Experimental and 0D Numerical Investigation of Ultra-Lean Combustion Concept to Improve the Efficiency of SI Engine

2021-01-038404/06/2021

Recently, the car manufacturers are moving towards innovative Spark Ignition (SI) engine architectures with unconventional combustion concepts, aiming to comply with the stringent regulation imposed by EU and other legislators. The introduction of burdensome cycles for vehicle homologation, indeed, requires an engine characterized by a high efficiency in the most of its operating conditions, for which a conventional SI engine results to be ineffective. Combustion systems which work with very lean air/fuel mixture have demonstrated to be a promising solution to this concern. Higher specific heat ratio, minor heat losses and increased knock resistance indeed allow improving fuel consumption. Additionally, the lower combustion temperatures enable to reduce NOX production. Since conventional SI engines can work with a limited amount of excess air, alternative solutions are being developed to overcome this constraint and reach the above benefit. Among all these solutions, replacing the

De Bellis, Vincenzo, Malfi, Enrica, Bozza, Fabio, KUMAR, Deepak, Serrano, David, Dulbecco, Alessio, Zaccardi, Jean-Marc

Wheels/Rims - Truck and Bus - Performance Requirements and Test Procedures for Radial and Cornering Fatigue

J267_202102-TEST-REC (Historical)02/04/2021

This SAE Recommended Practice provides minimum performance target and uniform laboratory procedures for fatigue testing of wheels and demountable rims intended for normal highway use on trucks, buses, truck-trailers, and multipurpose vehicles. Users may establish design criteria exceeding the minimum performance target for added confidence in a design. The cycle target noted in Tables 1 and 2 are based on Weibull statistics using two parameter, median ranks, 50% confidence level and 90% reliability, and beta equal to two, typically noted as B10C50. For other wheels intended for normal highway use and temporary use on passenger cars, light trucks, and multipurpose vehicles, refer to SAE J328. For wheels used on trailers drawn by passenger cars, light trucks, or multipurpose vehicles, refer to SAE J1204. For bolt together military wheels, refer to SAE J1992. This document does not cover other special application wheels and rims.

Truck and Bus Wheel Committee

Wheels/Rims - Truck and Bus - Performance Requirements and Test Procedures for Radial and Cornering Fatigue

J267_202102 (Current)

02/04/2021

This SAE Recommended Practice provides minimum performance target and uniform laboratory procedures for fatigue testing of wheels and demountable rims intended for normal highway use on trucks, buses, truck-trailers, and multipurpose vehicles. Users may establish design criteria exceeding the minimum performance target for added confidence in a design. The cycle target noted in Tables 1 and 2 are based on Weibull statistics using two parameter, median ranks, 50% confidence level and 90% reliability, and beta equal to two, typically noted as B10C50. For other wheels intended for normal highway use and temporary use on passenger cars, light trucks, and multipurpose vehicles, refer to SAE J328. For wheels used on trailers drawn by passenger cars, light trucks, or multipurpose vehicles, refer to SAE J1204. For bolt together military wheels, refer to SAE J1992. This document does not cover other special application wheels and rims.

Truck and Bus Wheel Committee

J348_202010 (Current)

10/19/2020

This SAE standard presents the basic information required for the design and manufacture of a wheel chock.

Truck and Bus Tire Committee

Aftermarket Composite Wheels Made of Matrix Material and Fiber Reinforcement Intended for Normal Highway Use - Test Procedures and Performance Requirements

J3204_202009 (Current)

09/09/2020

This SAE Recommended Practice provides minimum performance requirements and uniform procedures for fatigue and impact testing, electrical resistance, and maximum operating temperature (MOT) of wheels intended for normal highway use on passenger cars, light trucks, and multipurpose vehicles.

Wheel Standards Committee

Aftermarket Composite Wheels Made of Matrix Material and Fiber Reinforcement Intended for Normal Highway Use - Test Procedures and Performance Requirements

J3204_202009-TEST-REC (Historical)09/09/2020

This SAE Recommended Practice provides minimum performance requirements and uniform procedures for fatigue and impact testing, electrical resistance, and maximum operating temperature (MOT) of wheels intended for normal highway use on passenger cars, light trucks, and multipurpose vehicles.

Wheel Standards Committee

Measurement Location Optimization of Component TPA Method for Road Noise

2020-01-158106/03/2020

In this paper, an investigation on the application of a non-intrusive on-site component Transfer Path Analysis (TPA) method is presented together with the comparison with a previously performed direct blocked forces method. The latter is the more common method to determine interface forces between active and passive parts of an assembly. Force transducers are placed between the investigated structure and a rigid measurement rig. The presented comparison shows an investigated whether the faster and cheaper TPA method was able to produce relevant results. The TPA method used in this work calculated the force component contributions, without disassembly of the interfaces, through the local stiffness of multiple indicator positions per interface combined with operational measurement. The method is based on the application of an inverse-matrix model. This approach was applied to a vehicle road noise investigation carried out on a roller bench at three different roller speeds. A rough

de Boer, Onno, Iturbe, Javier, Gagliardini, Laurent, Bragado Pérez, Beatriz

A Multi-Resonant Speed Piezoelectric Beam Device for Harvesting Energy from Vehicle Wheels

2020-01-123604/14/2020

This work analyzes a cantilevered piezoelectric beam device for harvesting energy from the simultaneous rotation and translational vibration of vehicle wheels. The device attaches to the wheel rim so that it displaces tangentially during operation. A lumped-parameter analytical model for the coupled electromechanical system is derived. The device has one natural frequency that is speed-dependent because of centripetal acceleration affecting the total stiffness of the device. Even though the device has one natural frequency, it experiences three resonances as the rotation speed varies. One resonance occurs when the rotation speed coincides with the speed-dependent natural frequency of the device. The other two resonances are associated with excitations from the vibration of the vehicle wheel. The device’s parameters are chosen so that these three resonances occur when the wheel travels near 30 mph, 55 mph, and 70 mph. There are two excitation frequencies that give these resonant speeds

Cooley, Christopher

Impact of Rim Orientation on Road Vehicles Aerodynamics Simulations

2020-01-067404/14/2020

Aerodynamic CFD simulations in the automotive industry based on the steady-state RANS (Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes) approach typically utilize approximate numerical methods to account for rotating wheels. In these methods, the computational mesh representing the rim geometry remains stationary, and the influence of the wheel rotation on the air flow is modelled. As the rims are considered only in one fixed rotational position (chosen arbitrarily in most cases), the effects of the rim orientation on the aerodynamic simulation results are disregarded and remain unquantified. This paper presents a numerical sensitivity study to examine the impact of the rim orientation position on the aerodynamic parameters of a detailed production vehicle. The simulations are based on the steady-state RANS approach. These investigations are carried out for three rim geometries, and for simulation cases with stationary and rotating wheels for comparison, where the Moving Wall (MW) and the Moving

Bukovnik, Gernot, von der Linden, Wolfgang, Brenn, Günter

Effects of Grinding Parameters on Surface Quality in High-Speed Grinding Considering Maximum Undeformed Chip Thickness

05-13-02-001001/27/2020

Grinding is a precision machining process that is widely used to achieve good surface integrity and inish. In order to study and reveal the influence of grinding process parameters such as grinding depth, feed speed, and wheel linear speed on the surface quality of the slider raceway, a series of single-factor grinding experiments under different grinding parameters are carried out on high-speed precision surface grinding machine in this research. 3D surface profiles of the slider raceway are obtained after the grinding experiments. An image processing method is employed to evaluate the surface quality of slider raceway by surface roughness, height distribution function, skewness, and kurtosis. Vibrations of spindle and workpiece, maximum undeformed chip thickness (MUCT), and grinding force are taken into consideration to reveal the correlation between grinding parameters and surface quality. The results indicate that increasing the grinding depth, wheel speed, and feed speed will all

Zhang, Lu, Kang, Mingxia, Tang, Wencheng

Off-Road Tire and Rim Selection and Application

J1315_201911 (Current)11/20/2019

This SAE Standard provides general guidelines for the proper selection and application of off-road tires and rims, as defined in SAE J751 and applied to earthmoving machines described in SAE J1116 and ISO 6165.

MTC8, Tire and Rim

1D Numerical and Experimental Investigations of an Ultralean Pre-Chamber Engine

03-13-02-001211/19/2019

Abstract In recent years, lean-burn gasoline Spark-Ignition (SI) engines have been a major subject of investigations. With this solution, in fact, it is possible to simultaneously reduce NOx raw emissions and fuel consumption due to decreased heat losses, higher thermodynamic efficiency, and enhanced knock resistance. However, the real applicability of this technique is strongly limited by the increase in cyclic variation and the occurrence of misfire, which are typical for the combustion of homogeneous lean air/fuel mixtures. The employment of a Pre-Chamber (PC), in which the combustion begins before proceeding in the main combustion chamber, has already shown the capability of significantly extending the lean-burn limit. In this work, the potential of an ultralean PC SI engine for a decisive improvement of the thermal efficiency is presented by means of numerical and experimental analyses. The SI engine is experimentally investigated with and without the employment of the PC with the

Bozza, Fabio, De Bellis, Vincenzo, Tufano, Daniela, Malfi, Enrica, Müller, Christoph, Habermann, Knut

Valve, Inflation, Aircraft Wheel

AS6817 (Current)11/14/2019

This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) defines the configuration of aircraft wheel inflation valve assemblies, including required tolerances, materials, and appropriate finishes.

A-5A Wheels, Brakes and Skid Controls Committee

Industrial and Agricultural Disc Wheels

J712_201909 (Current)09/25/2019

The purpose of this SAE Recommended Practice is to provide a selection of disc wheels for industrial and agricultural application with a maximum of interchangeability. This is accomplished by establishing five groups of disc wheels, in each of which the hub mounting elements are common. These groups are designated 4 bolt, 5 in bolt circle; 5 bolt, 4.5 in bolt circle; 5 bolt, 5.5 in bolt circle; 6 bolt, 6 in bolt circle; and 8 bolt, 8 in bolt circle. Further, this document establishes an SAE part number and the maximum rated radial load for each standard wheel. In addition, the document requires the wheel manufacturer's name or trademark to be impression stamped on the wheel with location at the discretion of the manufacturer.

MTC8, Tire and Rim

Performance and Emissions of an Advanced Multi-Cylinder SI Engine Operating in Ultra-Lean Conditions

2019-24-007509/09/2019

In this work the performance and noxious emissions of a prototype Spark Ignition (SI) engine, working in ultra-lean conditions, are investigated. It is a four-cylinder engine, having a very high compression ratio, and an active pre-chamber. The required amount of air is provided by a low-pressure variable geometry turbocharger, coupled to a high-pressure E-compressor. The engine is equipped with a variable valve timing device on the intake camshaft. The goal of this activity is to support the development and the calibration of the described engine, and to exploit the full potential of the ultra-lean concept. To this aim, a combustion model for a pre-chamber engine, set up and validated in a previous paper for a similar single-cylinder unit, is utilized. It is coupled to additional in-house developed sub-models, employed for the prediction of the in-cylinder turbulence, heat transfer, knock and pollutant emissions. Such a complex architecture, schematized in a commercial 1D modeling

Bozza, Fabio, Tufano, Daniela, Malfi, Enrica, Teodosio, Luigi, LIBERT, Cédric, De Bellis, Vincenzo

Ultra-Lean Pre-Chamber Gasoline Engine for Future Hybrid Powertrains

2019-24-010409/09/2019

Lean burn gasoline spark-ignition engines can support the reduction of CO2 emissions for future hybrid passenger cars. Very high efficiencies and very low NOx raw emissions can be achieved, if relative air/fuel ratios λ of 2 and above can be reached. The biggest challenge here is to assure a reliable ignition process and to enhance the fuel oxidation in order to achieve a short burn duration and a good combustion stability. This article aims at introducing an innovative combustion system fully optimized for ultra-lean operation and very high efficiency. Thereto, a new cylinder head concept has been realized with high peak firing pressure capability and with a low surface-to-volume ratio at high compression ratios. 1D and 3D simulations have been performed to optimize the compression ratio, charge motion and intake valve lift. Numerical calculations also supported the development of the ignition system. Stable ignition and fast flame propagation were achieved thanks to a centrally

Serrano, David, Zaccardi, Jean-Marc, Müller, Christoph, Libert, Cedric, Habermann, Knut

A Tabulated-Chemistry Approach Applied to a Quasi-Dimensional Combustion Model for a Fast and Accurate Knock Prediction in Spark-Ignition Engines

2019-01-047104/02/2019

The description of knock phenomenon is a critical issue in a combustion model for Spark-Ignition (SI) engines. The most known theory to explain this phenomenon is based on the Auto-Ignition (AI) of the end-gas, ahead the flame front. The accurate description of this process requires the handling of various aspects, such as the impact of the fuel composition, the presence of residual gas or water in the burning mixture, the influence of cool flame heat release, etc. This concern can be faced by the solution of proper chemistry schemes for gasoline blends. Whichever is the modeling environment, either 3D or 0D, the on-line solution of a chemical kinetic scheme drastically affects the computational time. In this paper, a procedure for an accurate and fast prediction of the hydrocarbons auto-ignition, applied to phenomenological SI engine combustion models, is proposed. It is based on a tabulated approach, operated on both ignition delay times and reaction rates. This technique, widely

Bozza, Fabio, De Bellis, Vincenzo, Teodosio, Luigi

Experimental and Computational Study of the Flow around a Stationary and Rotating Isolated Wheel and the Influence of a Moving Ground Plane

2019-01-064704/02/2019

This study investigates the aerodynamic behavior of the flow around a rotating and stationary 60% scale isolated wheel, with and without the use of a moving ground plane. The aim of this research was to improve the understanding of the fundamental aerodynamic flow features around a wheel and to examine how rotation and moving ground planes modify these and affect the production of drag. A bespoke rotating wheel rig was designed and wind tunnel tests were performed over a range of pre to post critical Reynolds numbers. Force coefficients were obtained using balance measurements and flow field data were obtained using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). The unsteady flow field data generated was used to validate unsteady CFD predictions. These were performed using STAR-CCM+ and a k-ω SST Improved Delayed Detached Eddy Simulation (IDDES) turbulence model. This was seen to outperform other models by capturing an increased amount of finer detailed, high frequency vortical structures. The CFD

Rajaratnam, Eleanor, Walker, Duncan

Off-Road Rim Maintenance Procedures and Service Precautions Diameter Code 20 and Larger

J1337_201902 (Current)02/21/2019

This SAE Recommended Practice covers the important fundamental maintenance and service precautions for all off-road single-piece and multi-piece rims. Detailed information on specific procedures concerning mounting, demounting, maintenance, and service of a particular type, style, or design of off-road rim assembly can be obtained by consulting rim or tire manufacturers or distributors. These procedures and service precautions should be considered in preparation of the machine service manual, the operator's manual, and workplace procedures.

MTC8, Tire and Rim

Wheel Roll on Rim Criteria for Aircraft Applications

ARP1786C (Current)02/15/2019

This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) is to provide a recommended minimum laboratory roll performance for main landing gear aircraft wheels without tires installed and applies to both bolted and lock-ring wheel designs for FAA Part 25 and military aircraft main wheels (not required for any nose wheels or main wheels on FAA Part 23, 27 or 29 applications).

A-5A Wheels, Brakes and Skid Controls Committee

Fifth Wheel Kingpin, Heavy Duty - Commercial Trailers and Semitrailers

J848_201812 (Current)12/17/2018

This SAE Recommended Practice applies to fifth wheel kingpins for heavy-duty commercial trailers and semitrailers, used for off-highway operation or in hauling heavy loads (see Figure 1).

Truck and Bus Total Vehicle Steering Committee

Enhanced Coil Spring Modeling in Passenger Car Suspension for Improved Target Setting Process

06-12-01-000412/14/2018

The problem addressed in this work is how to formulate accurate targets for coil springs in passenger car suspensions to ensure that the required ride height and wheel rate are achieved. The issue arises because suspensions often tend to introduce significant spring deformations other than a purely axial compression. Although these effects are quite common, their influence on suspension performance is still not well understood. To this purpose, a new enhanced spring model is presented. The theory behind the model is explained and the relationship between spring and suspension performance discussed in detail. To validate formulations, a series of numerical simulations has been carried out demonstrating the model accuracy. Finally, a novel approach to spring target setting is proposed based on this advanced spring model.

Bianco, Roberto

2019 Yamaha Niken steers a radical path

18AUTP11_1311/01/2018

When Yamaha debuted the MWT-9 concept three-wheeler at the Tokyo Motor Show in October 2015, many were impressed by its technology and almost unnerving, mantis-like visual presence. Yamaha has a history of stunning concepts for the Tokyo show, so it's likely few thought a production version would ever see real roads. But two years later at the same show, Yamaha unveiled the world's first 3-wheel leaning motorcycle and amazingly, production of the Niken began in the second half of this year. The Niken is a brazen mechanical-engineering statement, in the vein of Yamaha's 1993 forkless GTS1000. Based at the company's HQ in Iwata, Japan, the main Niken development team was comprised of eight Yamaha Motor Company (YMC) staff, four of whom were engineers. Takahiro Suzuki was the Project Leader for Niken development, with chassis development handled by Ryuta Mitsuoka.

Seredynski, Paul

Bearing Life Evaluation for Automotive Wheel Bearings Using Design of Experiments

2018-01-190310/05/2018

Automotive wheel bearings have primary functions of translating the rotating motion of the wheels into linear vehicle motion while bearing the vehicle weight. Bearing life is affected by many parameters such as bearing geometry, vehicle and bearing technical specifications, driving conditions, lubrication conditions, material properties, and so on. In this paper, both the basic bearing rating life and modified bearing rating life were evaluated using design of experiments. Bearing lives were calculated by the international standard, and the factors affecting bearing life were investigated. Sequential experimental designs were applied. First, screening experiments were performed to analyze the factors affecting bearing life. Next, confirmation experiments were carried out to determine accurate effects of the selected factors from the screening experiments. As a result, contact angle and curvature of inner ring were significant at a 95% of significance level.

Investigation of Fatigue Life of Wheels in Commercial Vehicles

02-11-04-001708/21/2018

In India, vehicle population increases every day along with road accidents by 2.5% every year. About 7.7% of accidents are caused by wheel separation, 60% of which are due to nut-related problems. Wheel separations in vehicles occur due to fastener issues and fatigue failures in bolts. A study of the reasons for and mechanisms of nut loosening showed that left-hand side wheels detached and fracture failure occurred in right-hand side studs. Fatigue life of wheels with Nord-Lock washer and without washer is determined by using numerical analysis as per the IS 9438 cornering fatigue test. These numerical results are compared with experimental results.

Bawaskar, Umesh Sadashiv, Awasare, P.

All-Terrain Wheelchair

TBMG-2905506/01/2018

Researchers have developed an innovative design for a wheelchair that can more easily navigate on soft and uneven outdoor terrain such as grass and gravel. The chair uses three wheels — two wheels in the front (approximately the same size as the rear wheels on a traditional four-wheeled chair), and a third wheel in the back that is roughly two-thirds as tall as the front wheels.

MOMENTUM: NOVEMBER 2017

17MOMP1111/01/2017

All about endurance Co-founder of San Diego State University Baja SAE team narrates a success story from behind the wheel. Air superiority Legacy of the astronaut Neil Armstrong helps provide institutional motivation for aerospace engineering students at the University of Cincinnati. Spartan power Concentration on new engine helps propel San Jose State to success at 2017 Formula SAE Michigan competition.

Fatigue Performance Improvements of Wheel Bearing Rolling Elements

2017-01-252409/17/2017

Wheel bearings are safety-critical automotive components. For this application, the steel rolling elements are subjected to fatigue failure and therefore play a key role in overall bearing fatigue life performance. This performance is influenced by metallurgical, mechanical, and physical properties obtained by precise manufacturing process parameters. These properties are continuously analyzed and are evolving at all bearing manufacturing companies. Last year, the Precision Bearing Components (PBC) Group of NN Inc., a global supplier of steel rolling elements for wheel bearings, developed a non-conventional heat treatment process for 100Cr6 (SAE 52100) rolling element steel for improved fatigue performance. The results of wheel bearing rolling contact fatigue (RCF) tests showed the importance of rolling element dimensional stability. As retained austenite transformed to the martensite phase, rolling element volume increase occurred, leading to fatigue failure. The fatigue life of

Rizzo, Sebastiano, Pagliassotto, Stefano

Seal Failure Analysis Method of Wheel Bearing

2017-01-252709/17/2017

The seal structure and key parameters of wheel bearing were introduced. Research on sealing failure diagnosis, abrasive scratch analysis, residual interference, and abrasion reconstruction was carried out for a typical seal structure. Based on these methods of scientific failure analysis, eight causes of seal failure were summarized systematically, which were important for the guidance of seal design and failure analysis of wheel bearings.

Huang, Dejie, Zhou, Xu, Wen, Chao, Liu, Yu, Qian, Peiqing

Development of Axial Force Testing System for Wheel Bearing

2017-01-252209/17/2017

The actual installed conditions of 1st, 2nd and 3rd generation of wheel bearing were introduced. The theoretical factors of the axial fastening force for the axle (or CVJ bolts) and nuts were analyzed and the requirements for building up a precise axial force test system were given out. Four testing plans were discussed for the requirements. Based on the cases, the axial force test system was built up, and the axial force test was successfully carried out for the front wheel bearing of a car.

Wen, Chao, Luo, Tong, Huang, Dejie, Liu, Yu, Zhang, Lu

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