Browse Topic: Brake pedals

Items (245)
This SAE Recommended Practice provides basic recommendations for dispensing and handling of SAE J1703 and SAE J1704 Brake Fluids by Service Maintenance Personnel to assure their safe and effective performance when installed in or added to motor vehicle hydraulic brake actuating systems. This document is concerned only with brake fluid and those system parts in contact with it. It describes general maintenance procedures that constitute good practice and that should be employed to help assure a properly functioning brake system. Recommendations that promote safety are emphasized. Specific step-by-step service instructions for brake maintenance on individual makes or models are neither intended nor implied. For these, one should consult the vehicle manufacturer’s service brake maintenance procedures for the particular vehicle. Vehicle manufacturer’s recommendations should always be followed.
Brake Fluids Standards Committee
This SAE Recommended Practice was prepared to provide engineers, designers, and manufacturers of motor vehicles with a set of minimum performance requirements in order to assess the suitability of silicone and other low water tolerant type brake fluids (LWTFs) for use in motor vehicle brake systems. These fluids are designed for use in braking systems fitted with rubber cups and seals made from styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), or a terpolymer of ethylene, propylene, and a diene (EPDM). In the development of the recommended requirements and test procedures contained herein, it is concluded that the LWTFs must be functionally compatible with braking systems designed for SAE J1703 and SAE J1704 fluids. To utilize LWTFs to the fullest advantage, they should not be mixed with other brake fluids. Inadvertent mixtures of LWTFs with fluids meeting SAE J1703 are not known to have any adverse effects on performance, but not all combinations have been tested. Vehicle manufacturer’s recommendations should be followed where indicated. These fluids are not necessarily suitable for use in central hydraulic or pumped systems and are not intended for use below temperatures of -50 °C (-58 °F). Brake fluids covered under this document are not required to tolerate water and extreme caution should be exercised to prevent accidental entry of water which might lead to brake failure. Other performance characteristics of these LWTFs not covered in this document are discussed in Appendix A.
Brake Fluids Standards Committee
Research on Compensation Redundancy Control for Basic Force Boosting Failure of Electro-Booster Brake System2020-01-02164/14/2020
As a new brake-by-wire solution, the electro-booster (Ebooster) brake system can work with the electronic stability program (ESP) equipped in the real vehicle to realize various excellent functions such as basic force boosting (BFB), active braking and energy recovery, which is promoting the development of smart vehicles. Among them, the BFB is the function of Ebooster's servo force to assist the driver's brake pedal force establishing high-intensity braking pressure. After the BFB function failure of the Ebooster, it was not possible to provide sufficient brake pressure for the driver's normal braking, and eventually led to traffic accidents. In this paper, a compensation redundancy control strategy based on ESP is proposed for the BFB failure of the self-designed Ebooster. Firstly, introduced the working principle of Ebooster and ESP, and a suitable pressure-building circuit was selected for the dual brake actuator system; Secondly, after the BFB failure of Ebooster, the rule-based strategy of braking awareness recognition was designed. Thirdly, a layered closed-loop compensation control strategy is designed based on the ESP to restore the pressure building capacity of the hydraulic system. Finally, based on dSPACE products, a hardware-in-the-loop (HiL) experimental bench with dual brake actuators including ESP and Ebooster was built for algorithm verification. The HiL experiment results show that after the BFB failure of Ebooster, the designed compensation redundancy control algorithm can restore the Pressure-Volume (P-V) characteristics of the brake system just like Ebooster's conventional BFB mode, and improve vehicle driving safety.
Zhao, JianChen, ZhichengZhu, BingWu, Jian
Influence of Pads and Brake Disc wear on Brake Squeal Noise2019-36-00051/13/2020
The present work aims to investigate the influence of wear of the pads and brake disc on the brake squeal behavior with the help of the Finite Element tool. Brake discs basically work by the pressure of the brake pads against a rotating disc. The friction between the pads and the disc causes the latter to decelerate, but it can also cause dynamic instabilities of the system giving rise to noises. Among the main noise in vehicle brake systems, there is the squeal noise, which is usually associated with the coupling of two neighboring natural modes. One possible way to identify unstable modes is by extracting complex eigenvalues from the system. An unstable mode can be identified when, in the result of the extraction of the complex eigenvalues, the real part of the eigenvalue is positive. In the present work, a brake system (disc and positioned pads and their respective materials and friction coefficients) was duly modeled and validated. The validation was done by means of a correlation between the frequency of the noises found experimentally and the frequency of the unstable modes found in the virtual model. A parametric analysis was performed simulating the wear of the disks and pads to understand the effect of the mass variations and stiffness on the instability of the system. According to the results found in the analyzes that simulate the wear, with the decrease, mainly the thickness of the brake pads, there was an increase of numbers of unstable modes, that is, the brake system is more prone to squeal generation.
dos Anjos, Marco Túlio BatistaGutiérrez, Juan Carlos HortaFerreto, Cláudio JuniorSilva, Felipe DornellasDonadon, Lázaro Valentin
Commercial vehicle pedal feeling comfort ranges definition2019-36-00161/13/2020
The brake pedal is the brake system component that the driver fundamentally has contact and through its action wait the response of the whole system. Each OEM defines during vehicle conceptualization the behavior of brake pedal that characterizes the pedal feel that in general reflects not only the characteristic from that vehicle but also from the entire brand. Technically, the term known as Pedal Feel means the relation between the force applied on the pedal, the pedal travel and the deceleration achieved by the vehicle. Such relation curves are also analyzed in conjunction with objective analysis sheets where the vehicle brake behavior is analyzed in test track considering different deceleration conditions, force and pedal travel. On technical literature, it is possible to find some data and studies considering the hydraulic brakes behavior. However, for pneumatic brake systems, the pedal feel theoretical study is not usual, where is normally used for these developments, exclusively the subjective evaluation which become necessary to have more specialists to define the brake pedal behavior. Throughout this article will be revised the characteristics concepts of brake pedal and what impact in pedal feel in pneumatic brake systems. Vehicular measurements will be also presented which provided important information on comfort curve definition of commercial vehicles pedal feel, correlating these measurements with subjective analysis and also considering technologies like ABS and EBS. Such study creates a methodology with objective parameters for the future vehicles to be developed by the brand.
Bolognesi Prado, WesleyFaria Iombriller, SilviaRodrigues da Silva, Marco AndréRenato Oliveira, Lázaro
Brake Pedal Feeling Comfort Analysis for Trucks with Pneumatic Brake System2019-01-21409/15/2019
The brake pedal is the brake system component that the driver fundamentally has contact and through its action wait the response of the whole system. Each OEM defines during vehicle conceptualization the behavior of brake pedal that characterizes the pedal feel that in general reflects not only the characteristic from that vehicle but also from the entire brand. Technically, the term known as Pedal Feel means the relation between the force applied on the pedal, the pedal travel and the deceleration achieved by the vehicle. Such relation curves are also analyzed in conjunction with objective analysis sheets where the vehicle brake behavior is analyzed in test track considering different deceleration conditions, force and pedal travel. On technical literature, it is possible to find some data and studies considering the hydraulic brakes behavior. However, for pneumatic brake systems, the pedal feel theoretical study is not usual, where is normally used for these developments, exclusively the subjective evaluation which become necessary to have more specialists to define the brake pedal behavior. Throughout this article will be revised the characteristics concepts of brake pedal and what impact in pedal feel in pneumatic brake systems. Vehicular measurements will be also presented which provided important information on comfort curve definition of commercial vehicles pedal feel, correlating these measurements with subjective analysis and also considering technologies like ABS and EBS. Such study creates a methodology with objective parameters for the future vehicles to be developed by the brand.
Bolognesi Prado, WesleyIombriller, Silvia FariaSilva, Marco AndreOliveira, Lázaro Renato
Naturalistic Driving Behavior Analysis under Typical Normal Cut-In Scenarios2019-01-01244/2/2019
Cut-in scenarios are common and of potential risk in China but Advanced Driver Assistant System (ADAS) doesn’t work well under such scenarios. In order to improve the acceptance of ADAS, its reactions to Cut-in scenarios should meet driver’s driving habits and expectancy. Brake is considered as an express of risk and brake tendency in normal Cut-in situations needs more investigation. Under critical Cut-in scenarios, driver tends to brake hard to eliminate collision risk when cutting in vehicle right crossing lane. However, under less critical Cut-in scenarios, namely normal Cut-in scenarios, driver brakes in some cases and takes no brake maneuver in others. The time when driver initiated to brake was defined as key time. If driver had no brake maneuver, the time when cutting-in vehicle right crossed lane was defined as key time. This paper focuses on driver’s brake tendency at key time under normal Cut-in situations. Environment factors (for example, traffic condition and road type), cutting-in vehicle type and motion factors were considered as influence factors. To comprehensively take those factors into account, cluster analysis was adopted to extract typical Cut-in scenarios from naturalistic driving database. Seven typical scenarios as well as driver’s behavior data were obtained. It is found that there exists certain linear relationship between Time headway (THW, equals to relative distance divided by subject vehicle velocity) and relative velocity. The linear correlation of brake cases is good, but linearity of no brake cases is weak. In each typical Cut-in scenario, driver's brake behavior was demonstrated by scatter plot on THW-relative velocity plane. This plane was divided into several zones where driver tends to brake or not to brake. A special situation is that cutting-in vehicle surpasses subject vehicle and merges in a brutal way and under such situation driver will brake hard.
Ma, XuehanMa, ZhixiongZhu, XichanCao, JianyongYu, Feng
The Kinematic Analysis of Occupant Excursions and Accelerations during Staged Low Speed Far-Side Lateral Vehicle-to-Vehicle Impacts2019-01-10304/2/2019
The collection of research regarding occupant kinematics during low speed lateral vehicle-to-vehicle impacts is far less comprehensive than the much larger body of literature that quantifies the occupant kinematics associated with low speed rear end (longitudinal) impacts. In order to augment the available data, a series of 39 low speed far-side lateral vehicle-to-vehicle impacts were conducted in a laboratory setting. A combination of accelerometers and 3D motion tracking was used to characterize the motions of both the Target and Bullet vehicles during their collisions. The Target vehicle was initially stationary; the Bullet vehicle impacted the Target vehicle at the front passenger side door. The Bullet vehicle pre-impact speeds across all tests ranged from approximately 2.5 to 5.5 mph (4.0 to 8.9 kph; 1.1 to 2.5 m/s). Eight volunteers participated in the study. Volunteers were seated in the driver seat during the impacts and were outfitted with accelerometers on their head and wore reflective markers for 3D motion tracking on the left side of their body. The experimental design included conducting lateral impacts while the volunteers were in both “non-distracted” and “distracted” states to identify any potential influence on occupant kinematics. In addition, effects of gender and anthropometry were explored. Primary outcome measures that were analyzed for each lateral impact included occupant accelerations measured at the head and the lateral displacement of the head relative to its initial position prior to impact. Volunteer peak resultant head accelerations (including gravity) ranged from 1.90 to 4.32 g. The peak Y-axis displacement of the head relative to the Target vehicle and away from the driver side B-pillar was 3.86 to 12.16 inches (9.80 to 30.89 cm) while the peak Y-axis displacement of the head relative to the Target vehicle and toward the driver side B-pillar ranged from 0.02 to 7.34 inches (0.05 to 18.64 cm). In all trials, the head displacement toward the driver side B-pillar was insufficient to cause physical contact.
Shibata, PeggyRoberts, JuliusSprague, JamesLight, AlysonStegemann, JacobMeza-Arroyo, ManuelCapser, Shawn
Compressible Brake Fluid Turbulent Flow Simulation and Experimental Verification on Brake Bleeding Performance Improvements of an EPB Caliper2018-01-187610/5/2018
Brake bleeding is the process of removing air bubbles present on hydraulic brake systems from the master cylinder to the calipers of a vehicle, including the brake pipes and hoses. This is very important procedure affecting on brake performance, but still has been a key issue in automobile industry for last decades because reaching best bleeding performance has a limit that there is always remaining air in brake system. In this paper, it is reported on numerical and experimental investigations into the topic of bleeding performance improvements. Compressible brake fluid turbulent flow simulation with two-phase mixture model was performed to investigate the details of the bleeding performance drop during its cycles. The rig test of the hollow cylinder was carried out in order to secure the brake consumption amount curve whose results were used for the criterion of the parametric simulations using Tait equation to estimate the property of the brake fluid with the bulk modulus of 19,535 bar and 0.00016%. It was observed that the experimental curve data from the rig test of the hollow cylinder is divided into two regions with high and low compressibility, and more volume change in the low region below 1 bar is required to gain the same pressure variation due to the compression of the tiny air bubbles. The improved design of the nut-spindle with 6 holes in circumferential direction was drawn for the better removal of the trapped air. The simulation of the improved model showed the manual bleeding performance improvements of 18.9% than the baseline model due to the holes effect on circulation of the trapped air. It was experimentally verified that the air bubbles from their visualization are compressed to form the smaller size bubbles in the process of pressurization and gathered on the topmost side, whereas they are again expanded to form the larger size bubbles in the process of pressure release and spread into the wider space. The bleeding performance for the improved model was also experimentally verified to be effective up to approximately 51% through the caliper performance tester.
Mo, Jang-Oh
Comparison of Different Variable Braking Force Systems2018-01-186510/5/2018
An automobile braking system has a crucial role in the safety of the passengers and riding quality of the vehicle. The braking force mainly depends on the normal reaction on the wheel and the coefficient of adhesion between the tire and the road surface. The required braking force for a vehicle varies with the load on the vehicle. If the applied braking force is greater than the required brake force, wheel gets locked which results in increased stopping distance. In order to prevent the wheel lock at low load conditions or deficient braking force at extremely high load conditions, a variable braking force system is developed. Whenever a motorcycle is loaded, the normal reaction on the rear wheel is increased. Thus, the amount of braking force required to halt the motorcycle with minimum stopping distance and stability of the motorcycle is based on the pillion load on the motorcycle. Hence, the amount of braking force developed between the road surface and the tire is varied in the variable braking force system. In this research work, three different variable brake force systems are compared. The different braking force systems are obtained by varying the effective disc radius or varying the pedal leverage or varying the area of piston. Simulation on the vehicle stopping distance is performed to compare the stopping distance of conventional braking system to Variable braking force system.
Subramanian, ChidambaramVinayaga Sundaram, Ganesh
Identifying Traffic Scenarios to Evaluate Driver Readiness in Automated Driving: An Exploratory Study2018-01-05024/3/2018
Automated vehicle technology is rapidly increasing in capability and the adoption of these technologies will become more widespread in the future. In the intermediate stages of automation where the driver is required to supplement the automated technology, it may be necessary to evaluate the driver’s readiness to take-over a part or of all the dynamic driving task (SAE, 2016). Specifically, while driving with a level 2 or 3 automated driving feature, a challenge may be that drivers with low readiness fail to take over in an appropriate manner. One important implication of assessing driver readiness is to assess driver state. In this study, we investigated candidate for a driver readiness index which was compared between manual driving (Level 0) and ACC driving (Level 1). Additionally, one more method to evaluate the readiness of the driver is to measure whether the driver anticipates potential hazards (i.e., does their foot hover over the brake or throttle). To encourage this type of behavior, vehicles could include a human-machine interface (HMI) that supports the driver to understand where potential hazards exist; however, this would need to be designed to prevent annoyance. The hypothesis for the series of studies was that showing overall traffic status allows the driver to more rapidly prepare for potential hazards when compared with no additional information (i.e., next lane vehicle turn signal). This part of the current study measured driver behavior and traffic data along a designated route in a naturalistic setting. Several traffic scenarios were identified that include overt anticipatory behavior. In this paper, we had two research questions. One is how to measure driver readiness level. Two is what type of information would be useful for maintaining readiness.
Fukui, ToshinaoRemtema, ToddAustin, BenjaminDomeyer, JoshuaFukui, ToshinaoRemtema, ToddAustin, BenjaminDomeyer, Joshua
Driver Response Time to Cyclist Path Intrusions2018-01-05314/3/2018
Motor vehicle crashes with cyclists are on the rise, with a six percent increase in fatal crashes from 2006 to 2015 in the USA. Although some research exists on the response time of drivers to some types of path intrusions, data on the perception-response of through drivers to cyclists who fail to stop at a stop sign, and ride into the path of the vehicle has not been researched. The purpose of this study was to quantify the Driver Response Time (DRT) to a cyclist that intrudes perpendicularly in front of a through vehicle at an intersection where the driver has the right-of-way. The DRT was measured from when the cyclist is positioned at the stop sign until the driver reacts, whether by touching the brake pedal, swerving (steering wheel angle change of at least 2 degrees), accelerating, or a combination of those responses. 26 (NFemale = 13; NMale = 13) university aged licensed volunteer drivers participated in the study conducted at the University of Guelph Driving Research in Virtual Environments (DRiVE) lab using an Oktal complete vehicle driving simulator. After a brief practice drive to acclimatize to the virtual environment, participants completed the approximately 10 minute experiment drive during which the cyclist hazard was presented. About one quarter of drivers crashed into the cyclist, with a mean time-to-impact of 3.26 seconds. There were no gender differences in terms of DRT or collision rates.
Toxopeus, RyanAttalla, ShadyKodsi, SamOliver, Michele
An Engine Stop Start System with Driver Behavior Learning and Adaption for Improving the User Experience2018-01-06094/3/2018
Engine Stop/Start System (ESS) promises to reduce greenhouse emissions and improve fuel economy of vehicles. Previous work of the Authors was concentrated on bridging the gap of improvement in fuel economy promised by ESS under standard laboratory conditions and actual driving conditions. Findings from the practical studies lead to a conclusion that ESS is not so popular among the customers, due to the complexities of the system operation and poor integration of the system design with the driver behavior. In addition, due to various functional safety requirements, and traffic conditions, actual benefits of ESS are reduced. A modified control algorithm was proposed and proven for the local driving conditions in India. The ways in which a given driver behaves on the controls of the vehicles like Clutch and Brake Pedals, Gear Shift Lever were not uniform across the demography of study and varied significantly. In addition, Authors also discovered that some drivers also deployed the parking brake during an idle stop. Thus, a concept of autonomous learning algorithm was envisaged, which would learn the driver behavior on the controls which influence the functions of ESS and then adapt the same conditions to trigger the auto engine stop and restart. This was aimed at improving the user experience and yet ensure the benefits of the ESS. In this paper, the findings from previous works are analyzed to make grounds for the new submission and to identify the need for User Experience of ESS. The solution implemented to detect the driver behavior from the set of possible ways is discussed in detail and simulation case studies are discussed to ascertain the functions and benefits of the new algorithm.
Athani, GopalGavarraju, Srinivasa RajuJain, PunitAddala, ShashankP, Satishkumar
Obstacle Avoidance for Self-Driving Vehicle with Reinforcement Learning07-11-01-00039/23/2017
Obstacle avoidance is an important function in self-driving vehicle control. When the vehicle move from any arbitrary start positions to any target positions in environment, a proper path must avoid both static obstacles and moving obstacles of arbitrary shape. There are many possible scenarios, manually tackling all possible cases will likely yield a too simplistic policy. In this paper reinforcement learning is applied to the problem to form effective strategies. There are two major challenges that make self-driving vehicle different from other robotic tasks. Firstly, in order to control the vehicle precisely, the action space must be continuous which can’t be dealt with by traditional Q-learning. Secondly, self-driving vehicle must satisfy various constraints including vehicle dynamics constraints and traffic rules constraints. Three contributions are made in this paper. Firstly, an improved Deep Deterministic Policy Gradients (DDPG) algorithm is proposed to solve the problem of continuous action space, so that the continuous steering angle and acceleration can be obtained. Secondly, according to the vehicle constraints include inside and outside, a more reasonable path for obstacle avoidance is designed. Thirdly, the various sensors data are merged into vehicle so as to satisfy the need of the input information of the algorithm, including the vehicle state and surrounding environment state. In addition to that, the algorithm are tested on an open source vehicle simulator for racing called TORCS which stands for The Open Racing Car Simulator. The result demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the method.
Zong, XiaopengXu, GuoyanYu, GuizhenSu, HongjieHu, Chaowei
Brake System Performance at Higher Mileage2017-01-25029/17/2017
The purchase of a new automobile is unquestionably a significant investment for most customers, and with this recognition, comes a correspondingly significant expectation for quality and reliability. Amongst automotive systems -when it comes to considerations of reliability - the brakes (perhaps along with the tires) occupy a rarified position of being located in a harsh environment, subjected to continuous wear throughout their use, and are critical to the safe performance of the vehicle. Maintenance of the brake system is therefore a fact of life for most drivers - something that almost everyone must do, yet given the potentially considerable expense, it is something that of great benefit to minimize. Additionally, the performance of the brake system (like the tires) can change over the useful life of the components, realized in the form of changing friction levels, fluid consumption, and drag at a brake corner level, and realized to the driver in the form of changing pedal effort, travel, response time, and fuel economy. Most studies of brake system performance, and most regulatory requirements that affect the design of the brake system, focus on the “near-new” condition. This is not accidental, the simple fact is that it is extremely difficult, expensive, and time consuming to realistically accelerate wear of brake components so that performance can be assessed in a worn condition. On a well-designed brake system, components in the hands of an average customer can last 5-10 years before wear out occurs, meaning that any practical study of wear effects must be greatly accelerated to occur within a typical vehicle development timeline. Environmental exposure involves many complex and time-dependent chemical reactions, which puts an upper limit on how much simulated field exposure can be accelerated. The present study is based primarily on evaluation of brake corner performance after vehicle-level durability test exposure. Brake corners from a diverse selection of vehicles (including two hybrid vehicle examples) were retrieved from end-of test vehicles that had received the structural equivalent of 160,000 km of test exposure, along with 10 years of simulated corrosion exposure, and then subjected to performance and residual drag tests. To supplement the findings, lab-based studies of brake hardware with simulated 50% worn use and corrosion exposure are also referenced. Brake corner performance including apparent friction level, fluid consumption, drag, torque variation, and torque hysteresis were studied and related to observations of the physical condition of the parts. The effect of the measured brake corner level performance was then accounted for at a vehicle level in the form of pedal feel, fuel economy, and lining life for representative case studies.
Antanaitis, David B.Robere, Matthew
The Effect of Commercial Vehicle Head-Up Display Reminding System on Driving Safety in Mountainous Area2017-01-25009/17/2017
Head-up Display (HUD) system can avoid drivers’ distraction on dashboard and effectively reduce collisions caused by emergency events, which is gradually being realized by researchers around the world. However, the current HUD only displays information like speed, fuel consumption, other information like acceleration and braking can’t be displayed yet. This research will use the indicator symbol‘s color and position change to remind drivers to brake or accelerate. Drivers can do driving operation timely and accurately. The system has the advantages of safety, intuition and real-time. The vehicle safe speed is calculated according to the road parameters, like adhesion coefficient and slope, and vehicle parameters, such as vehicle mass and centroid. Then, the appropriate braking operations are obtained by combining the vehicle driving state. The braking information is corresponded to the color and position change of the indicator symbol to prompt the drivers by the HUD interface. At the same time, under different driving conditions, experiments will be carried out to find out the difference of driver’s braking operations when there is braking information presentation or there is not. The effects of different braking operations on driving safety performance will be evaluated. Compared with the condition of no braking information presentation, braking information presentation can make the start braking time ahead of schedule. In addition, the emergency braking situation will be reduced appropriately. The results show that the braking information presentation based on the HUD system has significant effects on improving driving safety.
Huang, BoXia, WanyangTan, GangfengXiao, LongjieWang, Zongsong
Vibro-Impact Analysis of Manual Transmission Gear Rattle and Its Sound Quality Evaluation2017-01-04033/28/2017
Experimental schemes, frequency characteristics, subjective and objective sound quality evaluation and sound quality prediction model establishment of a certain mass-production SUV (Sport Utility Vehicle, SUV) manual transmission gear rattle phenomenon were analyzed in this paper. Firstly, vehicle experiments, including experiment conditions, vibration acceleration sensor and microphone arrangements and especial considerations in experiments, were described in detail. Secondly, through time-frequency analysis, broadband characteristics of manual transmission gear rattle noise were identified and vibro-impact of gear rattle occurs in the frequency range of 450~4000Hz on the vehicle idle condition and the creeping condition. Thirdly, based on bandwidth filtering processing of gear rattle noise, subjective assessment experiments by a paired comparison method were carried out. Evaluation results passed triangular loop verification and Spearman correlation coefficient examination, and then subjective annoyance results of each noise sample were calculated. Further, objective evaluation results, based on two physical acoustics parameters and six psychological acoustics parameters, were obtained respectively. Finally, comprehensive evaluation of subjective and objective results was analyzed by the MLR (Multiple Linear Regression, MLR) method. It’s concluded that AI (Articulation Index) was the appropriate parameter that’s closely related to subjective annoyance results, and correlation coefficient of AI and subjective annoyance results was up to 0.948. Sound quality prediction model of gear rattle was then established on the vehicle idle condition and the creeping condition. Overall in this paper, research achievements could be adopted to solve practical engineering problems (especially gear rattle problem), and furthermore it could reduce R&D (Research and Design, R&D) cycle, labor costs and material costs dramatically.
Wu, GuangqiangWu, Huwei
Activation Timing of a Collision Avoidance System with V2V Communication2017-01-00393/28/2017
A vehicle-to-vehicle communication system (V2V) sends and receives vehicle information by wireless communication and assists safe driving. The present study investigated the activation timings of collision information support, collision caution support, and collision warning support provided by a V2V in an experiment using a driving simulator for four situations of (1) assistance in braking, (2) assistance in accelerating, (3) assistance in making a right turn, and (4) assistance in making a left turn at a blind intersection. The four situations are common scenarios of traffic accidents in Japan. Safety margins for collision information support and collision warning support were the time required for the driver to fully apply the brake pedal, while the safety margin for collision caution support was the time required for the driver to begin applying the brake pedal. The study investigated the effects of adding safety margins to standard activation timings. The standard activation timings referred to activation timings defined by V2V guidelines of the Japanese Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism. The effects of new activation timings were investigated in the experiment. Objective (based on the use of the accelerator and braking pedals) and subjective evaluations were made of the activation timings. As result, in the case of collision warning support, the appropriate activation timing of V2V is 2.0 s in all experimental conditions. The timing of 2.0 s means that the safety margin is added twice to the standard activation timing. The collision caution support has appropriate activation timing if the safety margin is added once to the standard activation timing under several experimental conditions. In the case of collision information support, the appropriate activation timing was the addition of one safety margin to the standard activation timing in all experimental conditions.
Hirose, ToshiyaOhtsuka, YasufumiGokan, Masato
Modeling, Simulation and Experimental Analysis of Brake Pedal Feel for Passenger Car2017-01-13713/28/2017
Brake pedal feel plays an important role in the driver's comprehensive subjective feeling when braking, which directly affects the active safety and riding comfort of passenger car. A systematical mathematical model of the vehicle brake system is built in according with the structure and system characteristics of hydraulic servo brake system. A complete hydraulic servo brake system simulation model composed of brake pedal, vacuum booster, brake master cylinder, brake pipe, brake wheel cylinders, brake calipers is established in AMESim. The effects of rubber reaction plate stiffness, rubber valve opening, brake master cylinder piston, brake caliper, brake pipe deformation and friction liner deformation on brake pedal feel are considered in this model. The accuracy of this model is verified by real road vehicle tests under static and dynamic two different conditions. The influence of six structural parameters of vacuum booster, brake pipe and brake caliper on brake pedal feel are analyzed in detail. Finally, based on the evaluation system of BFI, the influence degree of different factors in different levels on the brake pedal feel are discussed through the orthogonal experiment design. The optimal scheme of brake pedal feel is put forward based on the sensitivity of various factors and validated by experiment. This study can serve as important reference for obtaining the best brake pedal feel, and also provides the theoretical basis for pedal simulator design and braking intention recognition in Brake-by-wire.
Pan, HaoGuo, XuexunPei, XiaofeiDong, Xingzhi
Vehicle Touchscreen Shelf Study2017-01-13783/28/2017
Researchers report an estimated 35.7 million of vehicles with touchscreens will be sold in 2019 worldwide [1]. As the use of touchscreens grows in the automotive industry, there is a need to study how driver’s arm and hand moves to access the touchscreen as well as how the driver utilizes the hardware around the touchscreen. In order to aid drivers while using the touchscreen and to minimize distractions, the drivers’ hand must be able to freely move to perform a task on the touchscreen without the trim interfering with the task. At the same time some trim may be used to support the hand and fingers while accessing the touchscreen particularly during tasks that take a longer period of time to complete. A study was performed to understand the effect of the size and the angle of a shelf placed under a touchscreen. Motion capture (Mocap) data of the hand of subjects performing two different tasks on the touchscreen was collected in the Human Occupant Package Simulator (HOPS). The HOPS was set as a medium-sized vehicle. One group of subjects was asked to practice the tasks outside of the mockup prior to the test, while another group of subjects did not practice prior to the test. Subjective responses to questions about usage and discomfort were recorded. Subjects’ objective and subjective feedback was analyzed. This paper documents the methods used to test the use of different shelf configurations. Analysis of objective and subjective feedback is presented and design recommendations are discussed.
Gomez-Levi, Gianna F.Kozak, KseniaWang, NanxinWan, JianMikulionis, Linas
Arttest – a New Test Environment for Model-Based Software Development *CSP Meta QA Testing*2017-01-00043/28/2017
Modern vehicles become increasingly software intensive. Software development therefore is critical to the success of the manufacturer to develop state of the art technology. Standards like ISO 26262 recommend requirement-based verification and test cases that are derived from requirements analysis. Agile development uses continuous integration tests which rely on test automation and evaluation. All these drove the development of a new model-based software verification environment. Various aspects had to be taken into account: the test case specification needs to be easily comprehensible and flexible in order to allow testing of different functional variants. The test environment should support different use cases like open-loop or closed-loop testing and has to provide corresponding evaluation methods for continuously changing as well as for discrete signals. In a joint project of RWTH Aachen University and Ford, a new tool, Arttest, has been developed for testing model-based software. The tool uses a domain specific language to specify the tests. It offers different test evaluation methods for automated open- and closed-loop testing and reactive testing. It automatically executes the tests, evaluates the outputs and generates summary reports indicating passed tests and errors found. The paper presents the tool and its various unique propositions such as domain specific test language, the evaluation properties and other features like open-loop and closed-loop capabilities.
Wiechowski, NorbertRambow, ThomasBusch, RainerKugler, AlexanderHansen, NormanKowalewski, Stefan
Functional Safety (ASIL-D) for an Electro Mechanical Brake2016-01-19539/18/2016
Since more than eight years Vienna Engineering (VE) is working on an electro-mechanical brake (EMB) actuated by eccentrics and a highly non-linear actuation mechanism. The principle allows full braking in approx. 70 milliseconds (including air gap) and only approx. 3 A RMS actuator current at 12 V for classical ABS with oscillations. This EMB reached an elaborated state. Versions for passenger cars, elevators, railway and commercial vehicles (CVs) were derived. Now, as the EMB is going to road tests, it is necessary to fulfill safety requirements closely. What are these safety requirements and how can they be fulfilled? The properties of the overall system, of the mechanics and electronics of the single brake are discussed in this paper. The overall brake system for EMBs needs a truly redundant power supply, a safe control bus and a safe brake pedal. The mechanics of a single brake can be required to release when power is off and it must not get mechanically stuck. The electronics of each brake must fulfill safety integrity level ASIL-D, which can be interpreted as an extreme unlikeliness of a safety critical malfunction. It includes all electrically and electronically parts like connectors, actuator motor, its control, the microprocessor and all electronic components. The mechanical safety requirements were developed with a car manufacturer. The system architecture is an acknowledged bus and supply design. The ASIL-D brake electronics is currently implemented together with an electronics company that originated from safe aircraft electronics, e.g. gas turbine controllers (FADEC). The paper gives an overview of these topics, including details of the EMB control electronics, which is directly integrated into the brake. The simplicity of commanding EMBs and the very short actuation time makes certain EMBs ideal for autonomous driving and autonomous emergency braking.
Putz, Michael HerbertSeifert, HaraldZach, MaximilianPeternel, Jure
Model-Based Pressure Control for an Electro Hydraulic Brake System on RCP Test Environment2016-01-19549/18/2016
In this paper a new pressure control method of a modified accumulator-type Electro-hydraulic Braking System (EHB) is proposed. The system is composed of a hydraulic motor pump, an accumulator, an integrated master cylinder, a pedal feel simulator, valves and pipelines. Two pressurizing modes are switched between by-motor and by-accumulator to adapt different pressure boost demands. A differentiator filtering raw sensor signal and calculating pedal speed is designed. By using the pedal feel simulator, the relationship between wheel pressures and brake force is decoupled. The relationships among pedal displacement, pedal force and wheel pressure are calibrated by experiments. A model-based PI controller with predictor is designed to lower the influences caused by delay. Moreover, a self-tuning regulator is introduced to deal with the parameter’s time-varying caused by temperature, brake pads wearing and delay variation. To verify the controller validity, a Rapid Control Prototype (RCP) test environment based on dSPACE is built. Self-designed HCU and pedal feel simulator are installed in test bench. The close loop test results of pressure tracking are plotted and analyzed by contrasting normal PI controller and proposed controller. The conclusion indicates that the proposed controller can reach a balance of rapidity and accuracy, meanwhile the operating time and energy consumption are also reduced.
Xiong, ZhePei, XiaofeiGuo, XuexunZhang, Chengcai
This SAE Recommended Practice provides basic recommendations for dispensing and handling of SAE J1703 and SAE J1704 Brake Fluids by Service Maintenance Personnel to assure their safe and effective performance when installed in or added to motor vehicle hydraulic brake actuating systems. This document is concerned only with brake fluid and those system parts in contact with it. It describes general maintenance procedures that constitute good practice and that should be employed to help assure a properly functioning brake system. Recommendations that promote safety are emphasized. Specific step-by-step service instructions for brake maintenance on individual makes or models are neither intended nor implied. For these, one should consult the vehicle manufacturer’s service brake maintenance procedures for the particular vehicle. Vehicle manufacturer’s recommendations should always be followed.
Brake Fluids Standards Committee
The Relationship Between Tire Mark Striations and Tire Forces2016-01-14794/5/2016
Tire mark striations are discussed often in the literature pertaining to accident reconstruction. The discussions in the literature contain many consistencies, but also contain disagreements. In this article, the literature is first summarized, and then the differences in the mechanism in which striations are deposited and interpretation of this evidence are explored. In previous work, it was demonstrated that the specific characteristics of tire mark striations offer a glimpse into the steering and driving actions of the driver. An equation was developed that relates longitudinal tire slip (braking) to the angle of tire mark striations [1]. The longitudinal slip equation was derived from the classic equation for tire slip and also geometrically. In this study, the equation for longitudinal slip is re-derived from equations that model tire forces. Human Vehicle Environment (HVE), a common accident reconstruction and vehicle dynamics simulation software package, was then used to compare striation direction as predicted by the striation slip equation to tire force direction in the simulation. This paper focuses on discussions about striations in the literature and the relationship between tire mark striations and tire forces. A companion paper, “Tire Mark Striations: Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analysis”, focuses on the practical use of striation evidence for accident reconstruction purposes [2].
Beauchamp, GrayPentecost, DavidKoch, DanielRose, Nathan
The Wagging Foot of Uncertainty: Data Collection and Reduction Methods for Examining Foot Pedal Behavior in Naturalistic Driving2016-01-15264/5/2016
Pedal misapplications may be rare, but the outcomes can be tragic. A naturalistic driving study with 30 drivers was conducted to gain a better understanding of foot pedal behaviors. Foot movements were observed from the moment subjects entered and positioned themselves in their vehicle, and continued through starting the ignition, shifting into gear, accelerating to driving speed, and finally, resting their foot after parking the vehicle. A coding methodology was developed to categorize the various foot movements and behaviors. Over 3,300 startup and parking sequences were coded. This paper describes the unique challenges involved in classifying foot movements and behaviors when drivers’ intentions are not known. For example, hesitant or interrupted foot movements often occurred when a driver was transitioning from a gas pedal press to a brake pedal press. Such behaviors required definitions beyond what might be typically considered a “pedal error” (e.g., pressing the wrong pedal, or pressing both pedals simultaneously). Over 650 back-pedal hooks (foot catching the underside or side of the brake pedal when transitioning from accelerator), incorrect trajectories, uncertain foot wags, misses, slips, and other behaviors were observed. Understanding such foot movements and behaviors provides insight into how pedal misapplications can occur-and how they might be mitigated in the future.
Ng Boyle, LindaWu, YuqingEbe, KazutoshiFoley, JamesAngell, LindaMcGehee, Daniel V.Roe, Cheryl A.
Study of Muscle Activation of Driver’s Lower Extremity at the Collision Moment2016-01-14874/5/2016
At the collision moment, a driver’s lower extremity will be in different foot position, which leads to the different posture of the lower extremity with various muscle activations. These will affect the driver’s injury during collision, so it is necessary to investigate further. A simulated collision scene was constructed, and 20 participants (10 male and 10 female) were recruited for the test in a driving simulator. The braking posture and muscle activation of eight major muscles of driver’s lower extremity (both legs) were measured. The muscle activations in different postures were then analyzed. At the collision moment, the right leg was possible to be on the brake (male, 40%; female, 45%), in the air (male, 27.5%; female, 37.5%) or even on the accelerator (male, 25%; female, 12.5%). The left leg was on the floor all along. Muscle activation of gastrocnemius, vastus medialis and vastus lateralis of right legs of male drivers in brake pedal region were significantly larger compared to the other positions, and that of soleus and hamstrings were significantly greater compared to air region. Gluteus maximus showed small muscle activation all along (<10%). Right leg showed larger muscle activation than left leg in the air and brake pedal region for most muscles of both genders (except for gluteus maximus). The right and left legs were in different postures at the collision moment, which affects the muscle activation. Differences were also found between muscles and genders. Therefore, muscle activation should be precisely measured, and the influence of these factors should be considered in the future injury analysis of lower extremity.
Gao, ZhenhaiLi, ChuzhaoHu, HongyuChen, ChaoyangZhao, HuiYu, Helen
Why Simulation? An Interesting Case Study2016-01-14844/5/2016
This paper presents an example application for vehicle dynamics simulation software. This example investigates the validity of the vehicle motion presented in the famous car chase scene from the 1968 movie Bullitt. In this car chase, a 1968 Ford Mustang, driven by Det. Frank Bullitt of the San Francisco Police Department, is chasing a criminal driving a 1968 Dodge Charger through the streets of the Russian Hill district of San Francisco. The purpose of the simulation was to reconstruct the chase scene to determine the level of realism in the movie, in terms of conformance to Newton’s Laws of motion. To produce the simulation, several city blocks of the pertinent area of the city were surveyed and exemplar vehicles were measured and inspected. Three-dimensional computer models of the scene and vehicles were built. The movie footage was analyzed to determine vehicle speeds and driver inputs. The event was then simulated using three-dimensional vehicle dynamics simulation software. The results of the simulation confirmed the vehicles could not have navigated through the course at the speeds shown in the movie. It was determined that the vehicles’ speeds in the movie were at least 20 percent faster than the actual speeds of the vehicles when they were driven down Russian Hill. The chase scene could be duplicated using animation software (as opposed to simulation software), but the vehicles’ speeds in the animation would be 20 percent or more too high, and the error could go undetected. This example demonstrates an important benefit of simulation, which requires adherence to the laws of physics, in the analysis of vehicle dynamics presentations. This paper provides the details of the procedures and resulting simulations, as well as the basis for the above conclusions.
Day, Terry D.
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