Developments in 2-Wheeler electric vehicle architecture

Electric vehicles are becoming more popular due to the low-cost investment for individual daily usage, such as traveling to nearby places, offices, and schools. There are environmental benefits that make them green and produce less pollution compared to traditional vehicles. Two-wheeler electric vehicles (EVs) have more electronic components compared to two-wheeler internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. The major components in two-wheeler EVs are the motor and battery. The traction motor is driven by the battery, Battery is a primary energy source in 2Wheeler electric vehicle. An electric vehicle comprises different major electronic components such as the battery management system (BMS), motor control unit (MCU), human-machine interface (HMI), and, in some cases, a vehicle control unit (VCU) as well. Considering a 48V architecture or less than 60V provides advantages of low system cost as it requires less effort for safety measures. Furthermore, this paper explores diverse architectural options for contemporary two-wheeler electric vehicles, offering a range of designs that cater to both simple and complex models. This paper elaborates on different types of electric vehicle architecture based on the vehicle battery (primary, auxiliary) and types of batteries such as fixed, removable, swappable batteries, DC-DC converters (active/passive), charging interfaces, types of motor integrated into the vehicle, types of position sensors on the motor, and functional safety levels to consider in EVs.