Automotive powertrain development: virtually-connected hardware co-simulation

The automotive industry is capital-intensive-and it is not just hefty manufacturing investments that make it that way: product development also is a major sink for industry capital. Development of a new vehicle from a clean sheet may take up to five years, which escalates R&D investments as high as 10% of revenue for small to medium manufacturers.

Because of these long-term deep investments, the industry generally has been reluctant to invest in hasty change.